Human Rights Watch World Report 1995 [Iran-Human Rights
Developments]
The human rights situation in Iran showed no improvement in 1994. A picture
emerged of new obstacles to the rule of law, a marked worsening in the
situation of religious minorities, heightened enforcement of intrusive
restrictions on every day life, limitations on basic freedoms of expression,
thought, opinion and the press, and discrimination against women. The
government generally excluded independent human rights monitors.
The cumulative effect of the erosion of human rights in Iran was reflected
in March in a resolution of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights condemning
Iran's violations of human rights. Its wording was strong, particularly with
reference to Iran's failure, for the third consecutive year, to grant access
to the U.N. Special Representative on the Human Rights Situation in Iran.
The resolution expressed "deep concern at the high number of executions,
cases of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment."
In August 1994 the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination
and Protection of Minorities denounced widespread violations of human rights
by the Iranian government including "arbitrary and summary executions,
arbitrary arrests and imprisonment, unexplained disappearances, the absence
of guarantees essential for the protection of the right to a fair trial."
The Sub-Commission regretted the refusal of the Iranian government to
implement existing agreements for delegates of the International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC) to visit Iranian prisons.
In a population of sixty-two million, Iran's religious minorities include
3.5 million Sunni Muslims, 350,000 followers of the Bahai faith, 80,000
Christians and 30,000 Jews. Tens of thousands of Christians, Jews and
Bahais have fled Iran in the past fifteen years. During 1994 the government
mounted a fierce campaign against the small Christian minority. Churches
have been shut down, scores of young Christians -- many of them converts
from Islam -- have been imprisoned and tortured, especially in the cities
of Gorgan and Kermanshah. Three leading Evangelical Christians were killed
in suspicious circumstances. In January, Bishop Haik Hovasepian Mehr, who
had come to international prominence leading a campaign for the release of
Pastor Mehdi Dibaj, was murdered. Mehdi Dibaj, who converted from Islam to
Christianity about forty-five years ago, had been imprisoned in Sari,
northeastern Iran, from 1983 to 1994. In late June, another evangelical
minister, Tateos Michaelian was shot and killed. He was acting chair of the
Council of Protestant Ministers in Iran, a post he assumed following the
murder of Bishop Hovasepian mehr. Pastor Mehdi Dibaj was killed a week later
in early July.
There was no evidence of a thorough official investigation into the killings,
and Christian sources held the government responsible for the deaths. Iranian
officials claim that evangelical churches have political agendas besides
worship.
There was also no let up in the persecution of the Bahai minority, which is
not recognized as a religion under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic
and is referred to as a heretical sect.
In February a judge released two Muslims who had killed a Bahai citing a
religious authority to the effect that Bahai blood may be shed with impunity.
The judge based his ruling on the late Ayatollah Khomeini' s fatwa (edict)
that a Muslim will not be killed for killing an apostate.
According to Amnesty International, Haji Mohammad Ziaie, a Sunni Muslim
leader from Bandar-Abbas, known to be critical of government policies, was
found dead in suspicious circumstances in July. He had been summoned for
interrogation by security forces in Laar, Fars province on July 15, and he
was never been seen alive again.
These incidents appear to illustrate the growing strength of militant forces
within the Islamic leadership. The persecution of religious minorities,
which received widespread media attention in the West, worked directly
against the interests of others in the government who had hoped to normalize
relations with the West.
One of the few remaining public voices of dissent in Iran appeared to have
been silenced with the detention in Tehran in March of Ali Akbar
Saidi-Sirjani. His associate, Mohammad Sadeq Said, a poet, whose pen-name
is Niazi-Kermani, was also arrested. The arrest of Saidi-Sirjani, a prolific
writer, further narrowed the scope of expression in the Islamic Republic.
Since 1989, the authorities have imposed a complete ban on all of
Saidi-Sirjani's seventeen volumes of essays and social commentary. The
writer responded to this muzzling by circulating open letters to the
authorities, courageously denouncing censorship and the lack of freedom in
Iran.
A month after his arrest the authorities produced an alleged confession they
attributed to Saidi-Sirjani, of a wide range of crimes "conspiring to defame
the Islamic regime and its founders." He also purported to have confessed to
being a homosexual (a criminal offense in Iran punishable by death), as well
as to gambling, drinking, and smoking opium. At the end of the year Mr.
Saidi-Sirjani's status was unclear.
Iran's news media, too, suffered strict controls and editors and journalists
faced arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. For example, in April, Abbas Abdi,
edito- in-chief of the newspaper Salam, and a frequent critic of President
Rafsanjani's policies, was released after serving ten months of a one year
sentence on payment of a bond.
In June, the Press Council, a government appointed body, announced the
withdrawal of the right of publication of a magazine, Havades, which it
deemed "obscene and empty."
In an episode that has chilled freedom of expression worldwide, Salman
Rushdie and all associated with the publication and translation of his novel,
the Satanic Verses, remained under the express threat of assassination on
the authority of the Iranian state. In June, Ayatollah Meshkini -- head of
the eighty-two member Assembly of Experts, which appoints the leader --
endorsed the principle that one fatwa (edict) can be challenged by another,
thus opening the door for Ayatollah Khamenei to revoke the death sentence
on Rushdie. In a public sermon, Ayatollah Meshkini said "if even a religious
leader issues a fatwa, and [the current leader] issues a ruling, the latter
takes precedence." Yet Kohamenei, despite hi title as Iran's supreme
spiritual leader, remains a junior religious figure relative to Khomeini.
For conservative Muslims, any countervailing fatwa he may issue on the
Rushdie case would be unlikely to gain mass support. In addition President
Rafsanjani in his interview with Le Figaro, in September, said "there is
no question of pardon in Rushdie's case, because the fatwa was pronounced
against him. One cannot reverse this. It is not in the interests of the
West to protect someone who has insulted a billion Muslims."
A bill on banning the use of television satellite reception equipment passed
through the parliament in September, but is not yet law. Before the bill
passed, the Head of the Judiciary announced that judges may order the
removal of satellite dishes in order to halt the spread of "corruption."
Ayatollah Yazdi justified the immediate removal of the offending dishes by
siying that "in the view of Islamic judges, satellite programs come under
the category of spreading corruption." Yazdi's opinion appeared to
short-circuit the parliamentary process, and opened the door for the
security forces to enter houses by force to remove dishes with no basis in
law for these actions.
There were conflicting signals for women in Iran, and increasing arbitrary
harassment. In December 1993, the government lifted all restrictions on
what women can study in the nation's universities. On the other hand, single
women were still banned from traveling abroad to study.
In April parliament ratified a bill concerning the selection of judges
enabling qualified women to work as assessors in administrative tribunals,
and in other low-level judicial positions. This was the first time since
1979 that women were permitted by law to work as judges of any kind.
Such small advances for women had to be weighed against a constant barrage
of arbitrary restrictions. For example, in June the police issued a
statement condemning women's smiles as something which could arouse
corruption in men. In September, the daily newspaper Jomhuri- e-Islami
reported on a meeting of officials in which the Minister of the Interior
had called for not toleration of non-compliance with the Islamic dress ode
(Bad Hejabe). He also condemned women who ride motorcycles with men as
disrespectful of Islamic principles.
Public discontent over economic and other conditions led to riots in
Iranian cities. Serious public demonstrations, leading to violent
confrontations between demonstrators and the security forces, took place in
Tehran, Zahedan, Qom, Qazvin, Tabriz, Najafabad and many other cities.
In March, people in Tehran clashed with security forces who had been
ordered to suppress all public manifestations of the traditional "fireday"
observances which mark the Iranian new year. Leader of the Islamic Republic,
Ayatollah Khamenei, codemned such maniestations as "atheist celebrations."
According to journalist Safa Ha'eri, a secret official report recorded
eleven dead and more than five hundred wounded in the clashes.
In August, in Tabriz, the capital of Iranian Azerbaijan, hundreds of angry
demonstrators were arrested and some were reported killed in protests after
the Basij (militia) attacked young women who had mixed with young men at the
end of a soccer match. The government' s interpretation of Islamic rules
forbid social mixing of men and women.
According to Middle East International, Qazvin, an industrial town 150
kilometers west of the capital, was the scene of social unrest and virtual
insurrection in August. After the rejection by parliament of a bill to
promote the status of the surrounding district to a province, thousands of
Qazvinis poured into the streets of the city to show their frustration. The
peaceful demonstration deteriorated into violent confrontations as soon as
non-native security forces were rushed to the scene with orders to open
fire to disperse demonstrators. At least thirty people were killed, 400
wounded and over 1,000 arrested. Putting down the riot in Qazvin, turned
out to be one act of repression too many for some members of Iran's army.
Four generals who claimed to be speaking on behalf of the whole of the
armed forces including the Pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards), which are
generally considered more loyal to the Islamic leadership, warned the
political leadership that the army could "no longer remain silent" while
the country was threatened by "aggression from outside and disintegration
from within."
Nevertheless, in November Associated Press reported that the parliament
passed a bill authorizing law enforcement officers to shoot and kill
demonstrators "to restore law and order at times of unrest."
In June a bomb explosion killed twenty-six and injured scores of other
pilgrims at Iran's holiest shrine in Mashhad. This was the most shocking
incident in a year of widespread social unrest, and came as yet another
sign of spreading discontent. No group claimed responsibility, but in the
politically charged atmosphere conspiracy theories were rampant.
Closer cooperation between the governments of Iran and Turkey, in security
measures targeting opposition groups from both countries, threatened the
security of thousands of Iranian refugees and asylum- seekers in Turkey.
Iranians who were recognized as refugees by the office of the United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and some whose cases were pending,
were forcibly returned by the Turkish authorities to Iran, even though many
of them risked serious human rights violations in Iran. For its part, in
March the Iranian government handed over four alleged members of the
separatist Kurdistan Working Party (PKK) to stand trial in Turkey, where
torture of political prisoners is endemic. Other PKK supporters were
attacked or harassed by the Iranian authorities.
Another group of Iranians at risk in Turkey were refugees who had been
registered by UNHCR in Iraq, but who had moved to Turkey looking for better
living conditions. Some of these refugees feared persecution in Iraq as
Kurds or as former members of the Iranian opposition group, the People's
Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI), based in Iraq. UNHCR refers to such
cases as "irregular movements" and encourages them to return to Iraq despite
the risk of persecution there as well as in their native Iran.
Iran's Kurdish minority continued to suffer persecution inside and outside
the country. In April, two villages in Iraq sheltering displaced Iranian
Kurds were virtually destroyed by Iranian shelling. According to the
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI), in October the Iranian
government activated plans, dating from 1975, to depopulate the border
region with Iraq. Inhabitants of six villages in Piranshahr region, part of
Western Azerbaijan province in Iran, were ordered to evacuate. Members of
Kurdish opposition groups were assassinated in attacks attributed to the
Iranian government by Kurdish sources. In January Taha Kerminch, a refugee,
was killed in Turkey. A leader of the PDKI was assassinated on August 4, in
Baghdad.
Opponents of the Iranian government living abroad continued to fear attack
by Iranian government agents active in Turkey and throughout Europe. In
November, the trial began in Paris of the accused killers of former Prime
Minister Shahpour Bakhtiar. The three defendants, all with links to the
Iranian government, went on trial for the August 1991 murder. Despite the
more than sixty murders of Iranian dissidents abroad, this is only one of
the few times an assassination case has been tried. In most of the other
cases the suspected assassins either escaped arrest or were permitted to
return to Iran by western governments fearing reprisals against their
interests or their nationals by the Iranian government.
In any country, the law, upheld by a strong impartial court system is the
basis of human rights protection. After six years of discussion, a law
reorganizing the court system passed the parliament in August. It is
envisaged that this system will be implemented gradually within a five-year
piriod. In places where the new General Courts (Dadgahayeh Aam) are
established, existing structures of revolutionary courts, penal courts, and
other courts will be dissolved. However, in places where the new system is
not implemented, the old systems still pertain. This means that different
parts of the country will have widely varying court structures; defendants
accused of the same crimes will not necessarily be tried before the same
type of court or enjoy the same procedural safeguards.
For example, the new law provides for the abrogation of the function of the
prosecutor. In the new General Courts, the judge acts as both investigator
and judge. Among the major objectives of this new law is to expedite the
legal process. This means that the two-phase study of a case, first by an
investigating magistrate and then by a trial judge, will be reduced to a
single phase. This will shorten the time needed for cases to pass through
the system at the expense of the rights of the defendant. A right of appeal
to a higher court is not clearly established in the law, and in some cases
it is explicitly ruled out, further contravening international fair trial
standards to which Iran is a party. In support of the new law Ayatollah
Yazdi, the Head of the Judiciary, asserted that giving powers of
investigation to the judge is more consistent with Islamic Law.
Another special characteristic of the new law is that power over the
judiciary, and the appointment of judges in particular, is concentrated in
the hands of the Head of the Judiciary. No reference is made in the law to
regulations governing the qualifications required by those serving as
judges, thus opening the door for unqualified but compliant judges to be
appointed at the discretion of the Head of the Judiciary. The concentration
of such wide powers in the hands of one man works against the independence
of the judiciary, and to the detriment of the rule of law.
Despite continuing efforts by the Head of the Judiciary to promote judicial
reform, the workings of the judicial system continued to be capricious.
Basic fair in trial safeguards have long been absent, particularly in
political trials, which take place before revolutionary courts. Defendants
in such trials have no access to legal counsel and are held in indefinite
incommunicado pre-trial detention.
In an incident that highlighted the contradictions at the heart of the task
of judicial reform in a theocracy, Ayatollah Yazdi traveled to the province
of Khuzestan, in May, to negotiate with local tribal leaders and government
officials "to put an end to practices contrary to religious and civil law."
Ayatollah Yazdi in particular drew attention to the practice of fathers who
murder their own daughters but go unpunished because, under Islamic Law,
they "own the blood." Ayatollah Yazdi condemned "honor crimes" -- crimes
committed on the pretext of defending family honor -- saying, "although the
Lord of the Universe has given the right to the owner of blood, he has also
given the right to the government."
Incidents of corporal punishments which violate international human rights
standards were also reported. According to the daily newspaper Abrar, in
Gilan province seven thieves were punished in one day by amputation of the
four fingers of their right hands in accordance with the penal code. Human
Rights Watch/Middle East received reports of two cases of women stoned to
death for adultery, one in Evin Prison, Tehran in February, the other in
Qom in March. In May an American woman was given eighty lashes in public for
alleged "prostitution."
If the Head of the Judiciary was able to reassess traditional interpretations
of Islamic Law in Khuzestan, he could have acted to prevent such abusive
punishments. President Rafsanjani has been quoted on a number of occasions
in the international press expressing his disapproval of such practices,
and in September, he told Le Figaro, evidently in error, that the punishment
of stoning no longer took place in the Islamic Republic. If the government
asserts that it has a right to legislate against practices which some
defend as condoned by Islamic law, such as honor crimes, then its arguments
that Islam is an immutable system preventing compliance with international
norms lose consistency
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