From mystical Islam stems the ideal of servanthood, which is preferred over a concept of martyrdom that includes physical death; on ideological motivations for the persecution of Bahá'ís in different socio-historical circumstances.
published in Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East, ed. Sasha Dehghani and Silvia Horsch, pages 33-41 Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2014
About this issue [from which the following article was extracted]: This volume assembles contributions from different academic perspectives (religious and Islamic studies, literary and theatre studies, theology, sociology and history) on modern manifestations of martyrdom in the diverse Middle Eastern religious traditions, including Islam, Christianity, Judaism and the Bahá'í-faith. The latter is considered in more detail since it is often not included in comparative studies on the monotheistic religions. An excursus into the farer East composes the contribution on Mahatma Ghandi. The volume considers central sociological, philosophical and theological problems which lie at the heart of the phenomenon of martyrdom, the significance of martyrdom in different conflicts, the competing martyr figures which develop in the course of these conflicts as well as the accompanying representations in art and ritual. Special attention is directed to the transitions of traditional forms of martyr representation and the emergence of a global discourse on martyrdom, which can be noticed both in the dissemination of martyr practices as in the reactions to certain martyr events on a global scale. [nomos-elibrary.de]