[page vii]
... I am indebted to Professor Brown’s valuable book entitled "A Year amongst the Persians" for information on the Babi religion, and to Sir A. H. Layard’s classical work on the excavations of Nineveh, which I have frequently had occasion to consult. ...
[page 116]
Chapter 10
Other Religious Sects
The founder of Babism was a native of Shiraz, by name
Mirza Ali Muhammed, born in 1820; it was not till 1844 that he publicly
proclaimed himself to be The Báb or Gate, through which all who
wished for peace and happiness might pass into the inner chambers of
mysticism and sacred mysteries. He soon gathered a large following
around him, and in an astonishingly short time the fame of the
Báb was noised abroad throughout the length and breadth of
Persia. At first the Government and mullahs paid little attention to
this new religion, thinking and believing it to be only a passing fancy
of the people, but in its second year it took such rapid strides that
they began to be alarmed, and to look about for means of checking its
progress. The Báb was placed in prison, and his followers were
forbidden, on pain
[page 117]
of death, to teach or discuss their new
religion. Soon afterwards, however, the Báb escaped, and fled to
Isphahan, where the governor of that city protected him for some
months, but on the death of the governor the Báb was again cast
into prison. During his imprisonment he was not idle, for he wrote many
books, setting forth his doctrines, and exhorting his followers to
remain firm to their new faith in the face of all opposition and
persecution.
While the Báb was busy in prison, his followers were also
busy, preaching and teaching, and by all means trying to extend the
doctrines of their leader, and so great was the opposition and strife
raised that the Government decided that the Báb must forfeit his
life as a means of putting a stop once and for all to this new and
dangerous sect. Accordingly the Báb was brought from Tabriz,
where he had been imprisoned, and after a mock trial was sentenced to
death. On the day appointed for his execution an enormous crowd
gathered to witness his end—many from curiosity, and also many
from love and pity for the youthful martyr, who to the last maintained
the calmness and courage which had characterised his whole term of
imprisonment.
To make the lesson more emphatic, it was decided that two of the
Báb’s chief disciples were to be executed with him. One of
these at the last moment recanted, and so was allowed to go free. It
was said that his recantation arose not from cowardice or fear of
death, but from a special revelation given to him, whereby he was
commanded to recant in order to be able to carry
[page 118]
away
all books and papers belonging to the Báb, and deposit them in a
safe place: however that may be, it is known that after an interval of
two years he too became a martyr. Efforts were made to entice the other
disciple to recant, but all proved unavailing, and he and his master
the Báb were suspended, by ropes placed under their arms, to a
beam placed a few feet from the ground. As they hung thus the disciple
was heard to say, "Master, art thou satisfied with me?" and
then the order was given to fire. When the smoke cleared away the body
of the disciple was found to be riddled with bullets, but no Báb
was visible. What had happened? Had a miracle been performed, and an
angel been sent to rescue him from the hand of his persecutors? This
was the thought of some, and, indeed, a miracle had been performed, for
in spite of the many bullets which had been aimed at him not one had
touched the Báb, but had only brought him deliverance by
severing the ropes which bound him, so that he fell to the ground
unhurt. At first it seemed as if the multitude would have pity on the
unfortunate man, and spare him a second attempt, but these feelings
were only of short duration, and the Báb was again dragged forth
from his hiding-place, where he had taken refuge, and was a second time
suspended. A fresh batch of soldiers had to be told off for the
execution, as the first company absolutely refused to fire again. This
time there was no intervention, and in a second or two the body of the
young martyr of Shiraz was pierced with bullets. The bodies were cast
out to the jackals, but were afterwards recovered and buried
[page 119]
in Teheran by the order of the new Báb, Mirza Yahya.
This event took place in 1850, and in spite of persecutions,
oppositions, and cruelties, the Babis continued to grow in number and
strength, and to-day they form a very large and important community
throughout Persia. In fact, by the very barbarity of the persecutors
their own end was defeated, for all the people were astonished at the
heroism and fortitude displayed by the martyrs. Professor
Brown [footnote: A Year amongst the Persians] says, "Often have I heard Persians who did
not themselves belong to the proscribed sect tell with admiration how
Suleymán Khan, his body pierced with well-nigh a score of
wounds, in each of which was inserted a lighted candle, went to his
execution singing with exultation." The effect of such courage
and heroism was only to stir up more people to be disciples of the
Báb, as the following story shows.
During the persecutions in Yezd, a young man went to scoff and jeer,
but when he saw with what courage the martyrs endured torture, and met
death, he called out, "I am a Babi, kill me too." While we
were in Yezd the Babis were keeping very quiet, but, nevertheless, a
great work was going on amongst them, but none dared say, "I am a
Babi." A year or two after our departure from Persia we heard of
terrible cruelties and persecutions enacted against these suffering
people, but in spite of all, their number continues to grow and
increase throughout the whole land of Persia, and to-day the Babis are
stronger and more numerous than ever before.