translated by Moojan Momen
published in Lights of Irfan, Volume 11, pages 213-222 Wilmette, IL: Irfan Colloquia, 2010
originally revealed as "Lawh Basít al-Haqíqa" in Arabic.
Concerning what the questioner has asked regarding the statement of the philosophers (hukamá)
that "the uncompounded reality(16) is all things", say: know that what is intended by "things" in this
context (lit. station, maqám) is none other than being (wujúd) and the perfections (kamalát) of being
in so far as they are existent [and not privative](17); and by "all" is meant the obtainer (al-wájid).(18)
This "all" contains no plurality and no part of it can be compared to the whole. The meaning is that
the uncompounded reality, insofar as it is uncompounded in all respects, is the obtainer and gatherer
of all the infinite and endless perfections.(19) As it has been said: "His works are limitless."
In the Persian language, it may be said that what the philosopher means by the word "things" in the
afore-mentioned expression is the perfections of being in so far as these are existent [and not
privative]; and by the word "all", is meant possession (dárá'í) that is to say obtaining--the gathering
together of all of the limitless perfections, in an uncompounded manner. They have mentioned
similar things throughout their discourse on the Divine unity (tawhíd), power (quwwat), and
intensity (shiddat) of existence.
The meaning of the philosopher was not that the Necessarily Existent [God] has become dispersed
among (resolved into, lit. dissolved into, munhal) the innumerable existent things. No! Praised be
He! Exalted is He above that! Even as the philosophers themselves have stated: "The
uncompounded reality is all things, but is not any one thing."
And viewed from another aspect, the lights of the uncompounded reality can be seen in all things.
This however is dependent upon the vision of the seer and the discernment of the beholder. A
penetrating vision (absar-i hadídih) is able to see the signs of the Primal Divine Unity in all
things, since all things have been and are the places wherein the Divine Names are manifested. The
Absolute Reality, however, has been and will continue unceasingly to be sanctified from ascent and
descent, from limitations, connections and relationships, while "things" exist and appear in the loci
of limitations. Thus it has been said: "The existence of the Necessarily [Existent] would not be in the
full perfection of its power and intensity, were it possible for It to disperse Itself into the
innumerable existent things, but such a dispersion is not possible." There is much to be said about
this statement and if one were to elaborate fully on the meaning of the philosophers, the matter
would become lengthy.(20)[107] Because the hearts of the noble are perceived to be subtle and
refined, the pen chooses to confine itself to brevity.
Two stations can be observed in the Divine Unity: Existential Oneness (tawhíd-i wujúdí), and this is
that [station] wherein all things are negated with a "no" and only the Absolute Reality is affirmed.
This means the existence of nothing is acknowledged except the Absolute Reality, in the sense that
all things, when compared with Its manifestation and remembrance, have been and will continue to
be absolute nothingness (faná-yi mahd). "All things perish save the [Divine] Face(21)", which
means that compared with Its existence, nothing else has the capacity for existence and so no
mention of the existence of anything else should be made. It has been said "God was and there was
nothing else beside Him. And He is now as He always has been." And yet it can be seen that things
exist and have existed. The meaning of these words is that, in His court, nothing has, or has ever
had, existence. In the Existential Oneness, "all things" perish and are nothing and the [Divine]
"Face(22)", which is the Absolute Reality, and is eternal and unceasing.
[The second station in Divine Unity,] Manifestational Oneness (tawhíd-i shuhúdí), is that [station]
where the signs of the Primal Divine Unity, the manifestations of Eternity, and the effulgences of the
light of Singleness can be observed in all things. Thus in the divine book it is revealed: "We shall
show them Our signs on the horizons and in themselves."(23) [108] In this station the effulgences of
the signs of the uncompounded reality can be observed and are apparent in all things. The meaning
of the philosopher was not that the Absolute Reality is dispersed among the innumerable existent
things. Immeasurably exalted is It from being dispersed in any thing or from being constrained by
any limits or from being associated with any other thing in creation. It is and continues to be
sanctified from and exalted above all else except Itself. We bear witness that It is one in Its Essence
and one in Its attributes. And all things are held in the grasp of the power of Him [God] Who is the
sovereign Protector of all the worlds.
In one aspect, all that has been said or will be said refers back to the first assertion, that the glorified
and exalted Absolute Reality is unknowable, unattainable, and invisible, and this station has been and
will continued to be sanctified from all references and names, and freed from whatever the people of
creation may understand of It. The path is barred and the quest denied. For whatever wondrous
references and powerful descriptions have appeared from the tongue and pen refer to the sublime
Word [of God], the most exalted Pen, the primal Summit, the true Homeland, and the
Dawning-place of the manifestation of mercy. This is [109] the source of Divine Unity (tawhíd)
and the Manifestation of singleness and abstraction. In this station, all of the most beautiful Names
[of God] and the most lofty [Divine] Attributes refer to Him (i.e. the manifestation of God), and do
not refer to anything beyond Him, for, as has been stated, the Unseen Reality is sanctified from all
reference. This locus of the light of Divine Unity, even though outwardly He is given a name and
appears to be bound by limitations, is in His inner reality uncompounded (basít), sanctified from
limitations. This uncompounded state is relative and attributive (idáfí wa nisbí) and not
uncompounded in an absolute sense (min kull al-jihát). In this station, the meaning is as follows: the
Primal Word and the Dawning-place of the light of Primal Oneness is the educator of all things and
the possessor of innumerable perfections. For this word in this station, there is an exposition, hidden
in the treasures of purity (infallibility, `ismat) and recorded in the guarded tablet, which it is not
appropriate to mention now. Perchance God will produce it. He is the All-Knowing, the
All-Informed.
And the objections that have been raised by some to the words of the philosopher are not based on
evidence in that the meaning of his words has not been understood. Truly one cannot regard it as
sufficient to look to the literal (external) meaning of a statement and then stir up malice. This is
except in case of the words [110] of those who are notorious for their unbelief and idolatry. The
words of such souls are not worthy of commentary.
The philosophers have been and are of various factions. Some have derived what they say from the
books of the prophets. And the first who taught divine wisdom (hikma) was Idrís, on account of
which he was given his name,(24) and he is also called Hermes. He is called by a different name in
each language. He has given thorough and convincing expositions in every arena of divine wisdom.
And after him Balínús (Apollonius) derived some of the sciences from the Hermetic tablets. Most of
the philosophers have derived their philosophical and scientific discoveries from his words and
expositions.
Thus this exposition of the philosopher has been and is still capable of numerous praiseworthy and
specific interpretations (ta'wílát). Some of those who have attained [the Divine Presence], wishing
to protect the Cause of God, have outwardly refuted (the words of the philosopher). But this
imprisoned servant does not mention anything but that which is good. Furthermore this day is not
the day for human beings to occupy themselves with understanding such expositions, for such
knowledge and its like has never been and will never be conducive to making human beings
self-sufficient (able to do without, detached from all save God, ghaní). For example, the philosopher
who spoke these words, [111] were he to be alive, and also both they who accepted what he said
and those who opposed him over it, all of them would now be in one position: every single one of
them who, after the raising of the call of the King of Names from the right hand of the luminous
spot, affirmed his belief, is accepted and praiseworthy,(25) and all others are rejected.
How many the souls who considered themselves as being at the highest pinnacle of reality and
mystical knowledge to the extent that they considered that what issued forth from their mouths was
the balance by which [the truth of] human utterance should be weighed or the astrolabe with which
the calendar of the beginning and the end should be fixed. Despite all this, in the days of the
spring-time of the All-Merciful and the blowing of the winds of trials, we did not discover in them
either acceptance or constancy. If a soul were today to be omniscient in all the sciences of the world
and yet hesitate in affirming his belief (lit. speaking the word "yes"(26)), he would not be mentioned in
the Divine Presence and would be accounted among the most ignorant of people. The goal of the
religious sciences is to attain knowledge of the Absolute Reality. Any soul who holds back from this
most holy and most mighty adornment is recorded in the tablets as being of the dead.
O Husyan! This wronged one declares: words need deeds. Words without deeds are as bees without
honey or as trees without fruit.
Consider the philosopher Sabzivárí (27)[112]. Among his verses, there is a poem, which conveys the
following meaning: "No Moses is alive to hear it, otherwise the chant of `I verily am God!' exists in
every tree [bush]." Such words as these has he spoken and his meaning is that the true knower of
God rises to such a station that his eyes perceive the lights of the effulgences of the luminous Source
of manifestation (mujallí) and his ears discern His call from all things. There is no objection to these
words of the philosopher(28), but, as we have already stated, this is the realm of words. In the realm
of deeds, however, it can be seen that although the call of the divine lote-tree has been raised upon
the highest spot in creation in clear and unambiguous (min ghayr ta'wíl) language and is inviting all
beings through the loftiest of summonses, he has paid no heed whatsoever. For had he hearkened, he
would have arisen to make mention of it. Either we must say that these were empty words which
flowed from his mouth, or that, for fear for his reputation and love of his livelihood (lit. his bread),
he remained deprived of this station (of belief) and of testifying to it. Either he understood and
concealed [his belief] or he understood and denied [Bahá'u'lláh's claim].
Woe to those who waste [113] their whole lives in trying to establish the truth of their vain
imaginings and yet, when the lights of the Divine Presence are shining forth from the horizon of the
name of the Self-Subsisting (al-Qayyúm), they remain deprived thereof. The Cause is in God's
hands. He grants what He wishes to whomever He wishes, and withholds whatever He desires from
whomever He desires. He is to be praised in His doings and obeyed in His judgements. No God is
there but He, the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.(29)
In these days, the following was revealed in a tablet: How many men, attired with a turban [i.e.
learned], have held back and opposed and how many women wearing veils have recognized and
accepted and have said "Praise be to Thee, O God of the Worlds!" Thus it is that we have made the
most exalted among them to become the most abased, and the most abased to become the most
exalted. Verily your Lord is Ruler over whatsoever He wishes.
O Husayn! Say to the questioner: forsake this small pond when the most mighty ocean is before
you. Draw near and drink from its waters in the name of your Lord, the Knowing, the All-Informed.
By my life! It will cause you to reach a station wherein you will see in the whole world naught but
the effulgences of the presence of the Ancient of Days and you will hearken unto the lote-tree which
has been elevated upon the knowledge that there is no god but He, the Powerful, the Mighty, the
Omnipotent.
In this day, it is encumbent upon all souls, when they hear the call from the Dawning-Place of
Creation, to leave behind [114] the people of the world and their opinions and arise and say:
"Yes,(30)O my Desire!" and then to say: "I obey! O Beloved of the Worlds."
Say: O questioner! Were the sweetness of the wine of the exposition of your Lord to seize you and
were you to recognize the wisdom and illumination that is in it, you would forsake this contingent
world and arise to assist this wronged exile and would proclaim: "Praise be to the one who has
manifested the fluid [waters] as the solid [ice],(31) and the uncompounded [reality] as a circumscribed
[creation], and the hidden as the manifest; the one who, were one to behold him in his outward
form, one would find him in the form of a man standing before the people of tyranny. Were one to
contemplate him his inner reality, however, one would recognize him as lord over all who are in the
heavens and earths."
Listen to what the fire is proclaiming from the luminous lote-tree raised upon the crimson spot: "O
People! Hasten with all of your hearts to the shore of the Beloved. Thus has the matter been decided
and the decree has issued forth from He who is all-powerful and trustworthy."
O questioner! Your words have been mentioned in the Divine Presence(32) in this manifest prison.
Thus has been revealed this tablet from the horizon of which shines forth the sun of the benevolence
of your Lord the mighty, the all-praised. [115] Know its true worth and value it greatly. This would
be best for you, if you are among those who have true knowledge. We ask of God that He confirm
you in His Cause and make mention of you and decree for you that which will profit you in this
world and the next. He verily answers the prayers of those who call upon Him and He is the most
merciful of the merciful.
O servant! Were you to be attracted by the breezes of the utterances of the Lord of Names and were
you to seek illumination from the lights of the [Divine] Face(33), which shine forth from the
Dawning-place of eternity, you would turn your face towards the all-highest Horizon.
Say: O Creator of the heavens and Lord of Names! I ask You by Your name through which You
have opened the door of meeting with You to Your creatures and have caused the sun of Your
bounty to shine forth upon those who are in Your kingdom, that You may cause me to be sincere in
Your love, detached from all save You, arising for Your service, looking towards Your Face, and
speaking in praise of You. O Lord! assist me in the days of the Manifestation of Your Self and the
Dawning-place of Your Cause, such that I may burn away the clouds [that obscure You] by Your
grace and favour and may consume the veils [that separate me from You] with the fire of Your love.
O Lord! You are strong and I am weak; You are rich [116] and I am poor. I ask You, by the ocean
of Your bounty, that You do not cause me to be deprived of Your grace and Your Love. All things
bear witness to Your greatness, Your glory, Your power and Your might. Guide and assist me
through (lit. take my hand in the hand of) Your will and save me by Your sovereignty. Write down
then for me what You have written down for Your confidants, those who have near acces to You
and are faithful to Your Covenant and Testament, who soar in the atmosphere of Your will and
speak Your praise among Your creatures. Verily You are the Powerful, the Protector, the Lofty, the
Mighty, the Generous.
Notes
16. Basít al-Haqíqa. Basít is here translated as "uncompounded". It has been translated by
James Morris as "simple" (The Wisdom of the Throne, pp. ). Although this is technically a correct
translation in the philosophical sense of the word as something that is uncompounded, I felt that the
word "simple" has too many other meanings in common use and would be confusing. The translator
of the Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh (p. 61) has translated the term as "elementary". There is also the fact
that this word is being used in a genitive construction and not adjectivally (i.e. the Arabic may be
rendered literally as "the uncompounded of reality"). The root of the word basít means "to
spread out" or "to stretch out", and in this sense of something spread out, I was tempted to translate
the phrase as "the field of reality". This would render the passage "the field of reality is all things"
which has a striking resonance with modern physics in the sense that all physical reality is in modern
physics considered to consist of electro-magnetic fields in which fluxes occur. This would however,
apart from being anachronistic also be a departure from the sense in which the original author Mullá
Sadrá intended this passage. His meaning was derived from the philosophical notion that all reality is
compounded and that the only uncompounded reality is God.
17. i.e. those perfections that are positive and existent, rather than those which are negative and
privative.
18. This is a somewhat unusual use of the word wájid, which derives from the root meaning "to
get" or "obtain". According to Sayyid Ja`far Sajjádí, (Farhang-i Ma`árif-i Islámí, Tehran, 1373, 3rd
vol., p. 2090, citing Sharh-i Kalamát-i Bábá Táhir) wájid is used by Bábá Táhir `Uryán to refer
to someone who has emptied himself of all vestige of self and has detached himself from all save
God.
19. The basic language of the text changes from Arabic to Persian at this point, although there
continue to be numerous Arabic phrases and passages in what follows.
20. These numbers refer to the page numbers in the original text in Iqtidarát.
24. The name Idrís can be considered to derive from the root "d-r-s" which means "to teach".
25. Lit. Attained to the word "Balá" (lit. "Yes"). A reference to Qur'án
7:172, where, in the pre-eternal Covenant, to God's question "Am I not your Lord?" The children of
Adam are made to reply "Yes (Balá)." In other words, Bahá'u'lláh is saying that were Mullá Sadrá
together with his supporters and opponents all to be alive in Bahá'u'lláh's day, they would all be in
the position of having to face the challenge of Bahá'u'lláh's claim.
27. Mullá Hádí Sabzivárí (d. 1878) the most prominent of the Iranian philosophers of the nineteenth
century. An English translation of one of his major works is available The Metaphysics of Sabzavárí
(trans. T. Izutsu and M. Mohaghegh, New York, 1977).
28. Indeed Bahá'u'lláh himself says much the same in one of the prayers for the fast: "...this
Revelation - a Revelation the potency of which hath caused every tree to cry out what the Burning
Bush had aforetime proclaimed unto Moses, Who conversed with Thee" (Prayers and Meditations,
no. 85, p. 144).
29. This paragraph is paraphrased and quoted by Bahá'u'lláh in the Words of Paradise (Kalimát
Firdawsiyyih), Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 61