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. |
Contemporary developments in Baha'i studies:
|
1996-2001 |
JBS |
WO |
BSR |
H-Bahá'í |
Other[16] |
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No. female authors |
16 (46%) |
13 (28%) |
3 (13%) |
1 (7%) |
2 (17%) |
35 (27%) |
Total no. articles |
35 (100%) |
46 (100%) |
23 (100%) |
15 (100%) |
12 (100%) |
131 (100%) |
c23=6.9;
0.05
TABLE 2 JBS WO BSR 2000/01 citations 5 1 5 No. articles 1996-2000 31 37 16 Impact Factor 22% 3% 32% c22=6.2;
p=0.04 TABLE 3 JBS WO BSR No. articles cited 2000-01 12 7 10 Total no. articles 140 340 46 Uncitedness index 91% 98% 78% c22=27.4;
p<0.0001 TABLE 4
Total no. citations (less self-citations)
1988-93 ranking 1 Amanat, Abbas. Resurrection and
Renewal. Ithaca, N.Y.:
Cornell University Press, 1989. 14 10 2= Balyuzi, Hasan. Bahá'u'lláh: The King
of Glory. Oxford: George
Ronald, 1980. 11 2 2= Smith, Peter. The Babi and Bahá'í
Religions: From Messianic Shi'ism to a World Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer¯sity Press,
1987. 11 1 4 From Iran East and West: Studies in
Bábí and Bahá'í History, volume
2. Eds. J Cole and M Momen. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1986. 10 - 5= Cole, Juan. Modernity and Millennium. New York: Columbia University Press,
1998. 7 - 5= Studies in Honor of the Late Hasan M.
Balyuzi. Studies in the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions, volume 5. Ed. M Momen. Los Angeles:
Kalimat Press, 1988. 7 4 7= Buck, Christopher. Symbol and Secret. Studies in Bábí and Bahá'í History, volume 6. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press,
1995. 6 - 7= Momen, Moojan, ed. The Bábí and Bahá'í
Religions, 1844-¯1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts. Oxford: George Ronald, 1981. 6 7 7= In Iran: Studies in Bábí and Bahá'í
History, volume 3. Ed. P
Smith. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1986. 6 10 10= Browne, Edward Granville, comp. Materials
for the Study of the Babi Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1918. 5 6 10= Taherzadeh, Adib. The Revelation of
Bahá'u'lláh. Vol. 2.
Oxford: George Ronald, 1977. 5 - TABLE 5 Author No. citations (less self-citations) 1988-93 ranking 1978-83 ranking 1 M. Momen 35 1 5 2= J. Cole 26 7 - 2= P. Smith 26 4 10 4 H. Balyuzi 22 2 2 5 E. Browne 16 3 1 6= A. Amanat 14 - - 6= S. Lambden 14 10 - 6= R. Stockman 14 - - 9 D. MacEoin 13 5 6 10 A. Taherzadeh 10 6 - Citation analysis is just one way of
examining trends in Bahá'í studies. It does not reflect what material is most
useful for teaching and training purposes, nor does it assume that the most
cited work is that of superior intellectual merit. It quantifies what has been
found to be useful by those writing on the Bahá'í Faith for academic audiences,
and does so in a relatively objective way. Journals There has been a halving of articles on the
Bahá'í Faith in non-Bahá'í periodicals since 1988-93. Part of this may be
secondary to the success of the Bahá'í journals, and one Bahá'í academic has
suggested that potentially interesting articles may have been drawn out of
mainstream or core journals in various fields as a consequence.[17] There has also been a
reduction of articles since the 1980s on the
persecution of the Bahá'ís in Iran and the house of worship in New
Dehli.[18] The real reasons may well be more complex. Whatever they may be, it
is important that Bahá'í academics continue to publish in non-Bahá'í settings. Compared to
1988-93, the number of papers per year published by each of the Bahá'í journals
has changed. In 1988-1993, JBS published 14 articles per year. In the period
1997-2001, this had reduced to 5. WO doubled its output from 4 to 8 articles
per year.[19] The BSR remained at 3-4 papers per year. The citation analyses
demonstrate that the BSR remains the most cited journal, a similar finding to
1988-93. These differences are also borne out by looking at the bibliography to
standard reference works such as A Concise
Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith[20] and A Resource Guide to the Scholarly Study of the Bahá'í Faith.[21] It would not appear to be a resource issue, in that both JBS and WO
have full-time paid editors, while the BSR has been edited on a voluntary
basis. The long delays between WO issues in the late 1980s and early 1990s may
have undermined its credibility. JBS's reputation may have suffered from
reprinting articles from elsewhere. Van den Hoonaard has noted the different
orientations of these journals, and that the BSR is the most accommodating to
current academic methodologies may be relevant.[22] The difference in impact factors between these journals is not
explained by number of subscribers – JBS has the largest subscription
base. This paper also shows that, over the last decade, JBS and WO have become
increasingly uncited, although their impact factors have not changed much since
1998-93.[23] In terms of citations to Bahá'í periodicals in non-Bahá'í journals,
unlike 1988-93 where there were very few,[24] the situation has changed, and JBS and BSR both received citations
in religious studies, sociology, and Middle East studies journals. Women The relative contribution of women to Bahá'í studies has not
changed notably. In 1997-2001, 27% of the articles on the Babi-Bahá'í religions
in Bahá'í and non-Bahá'í academic periodicals were written by women. In
1988-93, it was 21% and in 1978-83 it was 31%. This is similar to the
proportion of women who have written those articles 'likely to find their way'
in the Bahá'í Encyclopedia project that was 27%.[25] How
does this compare to the non-Bahá'í situation? Information is available on the
proportion of women in the academic workforce in different fields – for
example, in the US in 1995, women formed 40% of the workforce in anthropology,
39% in psychology, 36% in sociology, 21% in science and engineering, and 15% in
economics.[26] Books A striking finding is the success of Kalimat Press' series, Studies
in the Babi and Bahá'í Religions. Four of
the nine most cited books are published by Kalimat. Frank Lewis' view that
Kalimat 'has proven itself the most important and long-standing forum for the
academic study of the Bahá'í faith'[27] is endorsed by this
study. Academic presses disproportionately
feature. Abbas Amanat's Resurrection and Renewal is the most cited book. Part of its success may be in that it is the
only academically informed introduction to the Babi movement, and provides an
overview of the social history of Qajar Iran.[28] The
enduring value of Peter Smith's introduction is significant, and this may
partly be due to sociological analysis of the worldwide growth and development
of Bahá'í communities that is included there.[29] Balyuzi's book on
Bahá'u'lláh remains the only comprehensive biography of the founder of the
Bahá'í Faith. Overall, however, the level of
citations that these works are attracting is not particularly high, and
therefore attention should not be paid to the relative differences in ranking.
Of note is that anti-Bahá'í polemical works do not feature among the most cited
works, and the English-speaking academic community, at least, does not appear
to take these works seriously. The overall low level of citations
is indicative of ongoing challenges that the Bahá'í scholarly community faces.
Many academically inclined works make no mention of relevant background
literature, let alone build on them. This approach is unscholarly, and may
reflect an arrogance and anti-intellectualism that requires addressing.[30]
Citation
analysis does not necessarily identify material that has been useful for
teaching or external affairs purposes. An alternative approach is to list the
most downloaded articles from the internet. Information is not widely
available, most papers can be downloaded from multiple sites, but the Bahá'í
Library website periodically publishes statistics. In the months of July 2001
and September 2002, most of the top five downloaded articles were on Bahá'í
theology, with articles by Chris Buck on native messengers of God and Moojan
Momen on fundamentalism featuring prominently.[31] However, the most
downloaded piece is an unpublished article by Robert Stockman on Islam that is
part of the curriculum of a distance learning course, the Wilmette Institute. A
couple of years earlier in May and December 1999, the most downloaded articles
were a critical look at Bahá'í perspectives on Christianity, one by Susan
Maneck on women, and a philological and theological analysis by Stephen
Lambden.[32] It is interesting to compare this
with online journals where, for example, in medicine, the most downloaded
articles are educational overviews, editorials, and current reviews of
treatment literature.[33] Bahá'í articles linked to the
world's most visited websites will most probably have been downloaded more
often. Authors Van den Hoonaard has proposed the presence of several
distinctive scholarly clusters in Bahá'í studies, characterized
by a preference of methods, choice of subject matter, discourse, and,
sometimes, geography. These include British, American, mainland
European, Canadian and formally-established Bahá'í agencies (such as the Bahá'í
Chairs at Maryland and Jerusalem). [34] The ascendancy of
those individuals who are part of the British Newcastle-upon-Tyne/Lancaster
cluster appears to have been confirmed over the last twenty years. Compared to a
decade ago, William Hatcher and Douglas Martin have fallen off the list of most
cited authors, mainly due to their introductory book on the Bahá'í Faith not
sustaining its initial impact. The new entrants are Stockman and Amanat,
historians trained at Harvard and Oxford respectively. Themes The impression from this citation analysis is that Middle
East studies and history are the most prominent subjects in academic Bahá'í
studies. As van den Hoonaard notes, the long-lasting impact of Nabil Zarandi's The
Dawn Breakers and the historical work of
Shoghi Effendi is significant: 'It is not so much the standard, but the very
presence of their works that has given a preeminent place to history and Middle
Eastern Studies as touchstones of serious Bahá'í Studies.'[35]
In a previous paper, a prediction was made that applying the Bahá'í teachings
and correlating to the needs of current society would start to feature more
prominently in Bahá'í studies.[36] This paper has demonstrated that
material on these themes has not made any impact in the academic literature on
the Bahá'í Faith, and no works in the field of peace studies, socio-economic
development, or women's studies have featured in this citation analysis. The
anticipated 'new turn in Bahá'í studies'[37] does not appear to
have materialized.
Future directions What direction might this new turn take? Two areas of Bahá'í
scholarship appear to offer promising possibilities. The first is empirical
studies of contemporary challenges to the Bahá'í community. The Bahá'í community
has gathered a vast experience in certain matters, and scholarship is one way
to systematize and disseminate this accumulated knowledge. The nature of
pioneering, growth trends, interracial marriage, the integration of Persian
refugees, the Bahá'í education of children, social and economic development,
and the participation of women in Bahá'í community life are potentially
interesting areas of enquiry. The second area that Bahá'í studies may turn to
is the Bahá'í response to contemporary problems. What are the problems with
globalization? What are the limits to freedom? What does the economic and
political integration of Europe imply for the concept of the unity of
humankind? Why is it reasonable in the 21st century to believe in
religion? What makes people happy? What is the Bahá'í response to the New Age
movement? Many more subjects await further work. [1] Formerly co-editor of the Bahá'í
Studies Review (until May 2002). [2] H-Bahai for primary texts and the
Bahá'í Library Online for secondary literature have been leading
examples (at www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai
and bahai-library.com
respectively). [3] R Stockman and J Winters, A
resource guide to the scholarly study of the Bahá'í Faith (6th ed. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing
Trust, 1997) on https://bahai-library.com/books/rg/.
[4] See, e.g., Christopher Buck, Paradise
and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Bahá'í Faith (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999);
Juan R.I. Cole, Modernity and the Millennium: the Genesis of the
Bahá'í Faith in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Michael McMullen, The
Bahá'í: the religious costruction of a global identity (Rutgers University Press, 2000); and Will van den
Hoonaard, The Origins of the Bahá'í Community of Canada 1898-1948 (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1996). [5] This
project was started in 1986 by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís
of the USA. An informative update of the Encyclopedia project was written by
John Walbridge, a former editor and member of the editorial board, in Associate (newsletter of the ABS-ESE) no. 18/19 (Winter 1995):
5-6. At that point, he estimated that the project had cost $500,000. The
current editor wrote to all contributors in 1998, explaining that the editorial
board anticipated an interim volume of selected articles beginning with letters
A and B being published in 1998 (Associate no. 27 [Winter 1999]: 9-10). Some of the articles appear on the Bahá'í
Library website. [6] For a wider discussion of the pros
and cons of citation analysis, see S Fazel and J Danesh, 'Bahá'í scholarship:
an examination by citation analysis,' Bahá'í Studies Review 5.1 (1995): 13-26 (https://bahai-library.com/bsr/bsr05/52_fazel_citations.htm).
[7] Most of the relevant papers found in
these databases are listed in Bahá'í Studies Review 8 (1998): 115-117 and Bahá'í Studies
Review 10 (2001/2): 179-182. [8] Fazel and Danesh, 'Bahá'í
Scholarship.' [9] E. Garfield, Citation Indexing: Its
theory and application in science, technol¯ogy, and humanities (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979)
149. [10] E. Garfield, 'The Impact Factor,' Current Contents 13 (20 June 1994): 3-7. [11] D. Pendelbury, Science 251 (1991): 1410-11. [12] Excluding book reviews, essays,
commentaries, reports (including US Senate/Congress submissions and
resolutions), corrections, editorials, and poems. [13] H-Bahai and 'Other' were combined
for this analysis. [14] Fazel and Danesh, 'Bahá'í
scholarship.' [15] Occasional
Papers in the Shaykhi, Babi and Bahá'í Studies was
not included as internet-based journals are not comparable to those published
in traditional ways. [16] Articles in non-Bahá'í academic
periodicals. [17] Will van den Hoonaard, 'Unfreezing
the frame.' [18] For numbers of articles involved,
see S. Fazel, 'The Bahá'í Faith and academic journals,' Bahá'í Studies
Review 3.2 (1993): 81-90. [19] In 1997-2001, there were changes to
the editorial boards of JBS and WO. [20] This work cites 6 articles from the
BSR, 3 from WO, and 2 from JBS. 10 are cited from Bahá'í Studies Bulletin (ed. S Lambden and published in 1982-1992). The
Encyclopedia is written by Peter Smith (Oxford: Oneworld, 2002). Bahá'í Studies Bulletin was not
included in this citation analysis because it was discontinued in 1992.
However, as these figures indicate, it remains an active journal. [21] Only 19% of BSR articles are uncited
in the 1997 (and latest) edition of the Resource Guide. [22] Will van den Hoonaard, 'Unfreezing
the frame: the promise of inductive research in Bahá'í studies,' Bahá'í
Studies Review 10 (2001/2002): 103-114 (https://bahai-library.com/bsr/bsr10/10C5_hoonaard_unfeezing.htm).
[23] For a particular journal, impact
factors from 1988-93 are not strictly comparable to the ones in 1997-2001 as
the baseline number of articles covered was more in 1998-93 (168 articles)
compared to the 131 papers in the latter time period. [24] Fazel and Danesh, 'Bahá'í
Scholarship.' [25] Will van den Hoonaard, 'The social
organization of mentorship in Bahá'í studies,' Journal of Bahá'í Studies 8.3 (1998): 19-38. [26] National Research Council, From
Scarcity to Visibility: Gender differences in the careers of doctoral
scientists and engineers (Washington, DC:
National Academy Press, 2001). [27] Franklin Lewis, Review of 'Studies
in Honor of the Late Hasan M. Balyuzi, ed. M. Momen,' Iranian Studies
32 (1999): 145-148. Lewis adds, 'Kalimat's dedication to providing scholars of
the Bahá'í faith a forum to present their research, despite the commercial and
communal problems encountered in the process, is greatly to be admired.' [28] 'A standard source for the study of
Babism, Qajar Iran, and religious movements in the Islamic world' is the view
of F Kazemi in the International Journal of Middle East Studies 23 (1991): 408-9. [29]
Fazel and Danesh, 'Bahá'í scholarship.' The Amanat and Smith books together
received 15 book reviews. See S Fazel, 'Reviews of books on the Babi-Bahá'í
religions in academic journals,' Associate
7 (1993): 4-5. [30] Peter Khan and Udo Schaefer have
noted this unfortunate tendency in Bahá'í communities. See P Khan, 'Some
aspects of Bahá'í scholarship,' JBS 9.4 (1999): 43-64; U Schaefer, 'Challenges
to Bahá'í studies,' BSR 2.1 (1992): 25-32. [31] In September 2002, the most
downloaded articles were by K Khavari, 'Marriage and the nuclear family' Bahá'í
Studies Notebook 3.1/2 (289 downloads that
month); C Buck, 'Native messengers,' BSR 6 (216); R Landau, 'Environment'
(157); M Momen, 'Fundamentalism and liberalism,' BSR 2.1 (144); Fazel and
Fananapazir, 'Interpretation,' BSR 2.1 (122). In July 2001, the top five were:
Buck, 'Native messengers' (206 downloads); L Abdo, 'Female representations,'
BSR 4.1 (191); Momen, 'Fundamentalism,' (160); Stevens and Lewis, 'Persian
refugees' (131); A-M Ghadirian, 'Human responses to life stress,' Bahá'í
Studies Notebook 3.1/2 (124). This
information is available on the Bahá'í Library website under 'Statistics'
– for the BSR articles, one needs to add the number of downloads from the
'published articles' part of the website to the number from the BSR section
that is mirrored on the Bahá'í Library. [32] In December 1999, the most
downloaded articles were by F Beckwith, 'Bahá'í-Christian dialogue,' (53
downloads that month); S Lambden, 'The word 'Bahá'' BSR 3.1 (31); S Maneck,
'Women and the Bahá'í Faith' (31). In May 1999, the most downloaded articles
were by S Maneck, 'Women ' (38); F Beckwith, 'Bahá'í-Christian,' (33); S
Lambden, 'The word 'Bahá'' (21). [33] See, e.g., British Medical
Journal 325 (2002):1428. [34] van den Hoonaard, 'Unfreezing the
frame.' [35] van den Hoonaard, 'The social
organization of mentorship.' [36] Fazel and Danesh, 'Bahá'í
scholarship.' [37] van den Hoonaard, 'The social
organization of mentorship.'Impact Factors for Bahá'í Journals, 1996-2000
Uncitedness index for Bahá'í journals
Most cited Bahá'í publications
Most cited authors
Conclusions
Notes
|
|