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"Moojan Momen"

1. 'Abdu'l-Bahá, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
2. 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Commentary on the Qur'ánic Verses Concerning the Overthrow of the Byzantines: The Stages of the Soul, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 2 (2001). Commentary on the first few verses of the Quranic Sura of Rum; nine esoteric or mystical interpretations of the word al-Rum, transl. "Rome" or "Byzantium"; different types of soul; the soul's progress through the realms of creation. Published Articles. [about]
3. 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet on the Functioning of the Universal House of Justice: A Provisional Translation and Commentary, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 8 (2007). A translation of and commentary on a tablet by Abdu'l-Bahá on the functioning and powers of the Universal House of Justice, and a lengthy critique of an earlier translation by Juan Cole. Published Articles. [about]
4. 'Abdul-Baha, by Moojan Momen, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
5. Adíb Tálaqání (Hand of the Cause), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 1 (1985). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
6. Afnán: Genealogy of the Afnān Family, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 1 (1985). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
7. Ages and Cycles, by Moojan Momen (1995). Overview of the ideas of specific cycles and periods of time in Bahá'í belief. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
8. Akhund, Haji (Haji Mulla `Ali-Akbar Shahmirzadi), by Moojan Momen (1995). Short biography of an Iranian Hand of the Cause of God. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
9. Akka Traditions (hadith) in the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 4 (2003). The probable source for the Islamic traditions about Akka in Bahá'u'lláh's Epistle to the Son of the Wolf — probably from a 6th-century work named "Fadá’il ‘Akká wa ‘Asqalán" based on hadith transmitted by Bahá ad-Dín al-Qásim in Damascus in 581-585. Published Articles. [about]
10. Alavíyyih Khánum and 'Alí Ján, Mullá, by Mehraeen Mottahedin-Mavaddat and Moojan Momen, in The Bahá'í Encyclopedia (2009). On the couple, both distinguished Iranian teachers of the Bahá’í Faith; Mullá ‘Alí Ján was executed for his faith. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
11. Alí Akbar Shahmírzádí (Hájjí Akhund), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 1 (1985). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
12. Ali Bastami, Mulla, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
13. Alí Bastámí, Mullá, by Moojan Momen, in The Bahá'í Encyclopedia (2009). On the second disciple to recognize the Báb, and the first Bábí martyr. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
14. Amín Hájjí: trustees of Huqúqu'lláh, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 1 (1985). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
15. Amin, Haji Abu'l-Hasan, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
16. Apocalyptic Thinking and Process Thinking: A Bahá'í Contribution to Religious Thought, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 13 (2012). The process of change in religious thinking and how it manifests in expectations about the Lesser Peace, both from Bahá'í texts and within the community. Includes discussions of "the calamity," and of non-Bahá'í political evolution in the 20th century. Published Articles. [about]
17. Attempted Assassination of Nasir al Din Shah in 1852, The: Millennialism and Violence, by Moojan Momen (2004). A new account of the events of 1852, referencing a document that has not been previously used which sheds a different light on the events; also broader context of the study of violent millennialists and contemporary incidents like Waco and Aum Shinrikyo. Audio. [about]
18. Bab, The, by Moojan Momen and Todd Lawson, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
19. Babi and Bahá'í community of Iran, The: A case of 'suspended genocide'?, by Moojan Momen, in Journal of Genocide Research, 7:2 (2005). A description of the four phases of the persecutions that the Babis and Baha’is in Iran have suffered (the Babis, the early Bahá'ís, during the Pahlavi dynasty, and following the 1979 Islamic revolution) and how they fit in with categories of genocide. Published Articles. [about]
20. Babi and Bahá'í Religions 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts, by Moojan Momen (1981). A lengthy collection of first-hand reports and mentions of the Bábí and Bahá'í religions in contemporaneous accounts and newspapers. Books. [about]
21. Babi Movement, The: A Resource Mobilization Perspective, by Peter Smith and Moojan Momen, in In Iran: Studies in Babi and Bahá'í History vol. 3, ed. Peter Smith (1986). Babism from a sociological standpoint, esp. the place of the Babis in their contemporary cultural and economic classes. Published Articles. [about]
22. Badasht, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 3 (1989). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
23. Badí' (Bahá'í) Calendar: An Introduction, The, by Moojan Momen (2014). Summary of the nature of Bahá'í calendar, the way the Badí' calendar works, and the reason for the 2014 revisions inaugurated by the Universal House of Justice. Essays and short articles. [about]
24. Badí` Khurasani, by Moojan Momen (1995). Short biography of Badi, a Bahá'í renowned for his bravery and devotion. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
25. Bahá'í Community of Ashkhabad, The: Its Social Basis and Importance in Bahá'í History, by Moojan Momen, in Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia, ed. Shirin Akiner (1991). Origin and history of the Bahá'ís in Ishqabad (Ashgabat) in Turkistan, analysis of the social composition of this community, and its importance of in terms of the rest of the Bahá'í world. Published Articles. [about]
26. Bahá'í Community of Iran, The: Patterns of Exile and Problems of Communication, by Moojan Momen, in Iranian Refugees and Exiles Since Khomeini, ed. Asghar Fathi (1991). An examination of the causes and patterns of migrations of Iranian Bahá'ís. Published Articles. [about]
27. Bahá'í Conventions, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 3 (1989). Brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
28. Bahá'í Faith 1957-1988, The: A Survey of Contemporary Developments, by Peter Smith and Moojan Momen, in Religion, 19 (1989). A general account of developments in the Bahá'í Faith during these three decades. Published Articles. [about]
29. Bahá'í Faith and the World's Religions (2005). Papers presented at 'Irfán Colloquia. Books. [about]
30. Bahá'í Faith and Traditional Societies, The: Exploring Universes of Discourse, by Moojan Momen, in dialogue magazine, 1:4 (1987). How misunderstandings can arise between pioneers and the cultures they've moved to; traditional vs. modern ways of communication, and the dynamics of conversion. Published Articles. [about]
31. Bahá'í Faith, Scholarship on, by Moojan Momen (1995). This article is a survey of attempts to analyse and study the Bábí and Bahá'í Faith from a scholarly viewpoint. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
32. Bahá'í Faith: The Basics, by Christopher Buck: Review, by Moojan Momen, in Nova Religio, 25:3 (2022). Book Reviews. [about]
33. Bahá'í History, by Moojan Momen and Peter Smith (1993). A general survey of the history of the Bahá'í Faith, including a brief overview of main events in Bábí and Bahá'í history. Next, a series of themes that have developed throughout Bahá'í history is examined. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
34. Bahá'í Influence on the Reform Movements of the Islamic World in the 1860s and 1870s, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin, 2:2 (1983). Bahá'í influences on the Middle Eastern reform movement in the 1860s and 1870s. Published Articles. [about]
35. Baha'i Pioneers, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2013). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
36. Baha'i Sacred Texts, by Moojan Momen (2019). The Baha’i Faith is a scriptural religion. Momen explains the Baha’i beliefs about sacred texts and prophets, the transmission and distribution of the scripture and its role in the community. (Link to document, offsite.) Published Articles. [about]
37. Bahá'í Scholarship: Definitions and Perspectives, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 3:2 (1993). Reflections on strictly religious Bahá'í scholarship vis-à-vis secular scholarship, and how one can effectively study the Faith in different fields. Essays and short articles. [about]
38. Bahá'í Social Teachings, by Moojan Momen (1996). Overview of Bahá'í teachings on prejudice, gender equality, the environment, human rights, economics, and government policy. Essays and short articles. [about]
39. Bahá'í Spirituality, by Moojan Momen (1997). Bahá'u'lláh summons us to a realisation of our true selves, urging us to free ourselves from the illusions of the world and to turn ourselves towards the Divine, the transcendent reality that is the true orientation of our lives. Unpublished Articles. [about]
40. Bahá'í World Centre, by Moojan Momen, in The Bahá'í Encyclopedia (2009). On the spiritual center of the Bahá’í Faith, established in the twin cities of Acre and Haifa, the focal points of devotion for Bahá’ís around the world, and edifices of the administrative center. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
41. Baha'is and the Constitutional Revolution, The: The Case of Sari, Mazandaran, 1906-1913, by Moojan Momen, in Iranian Studies, 41:3 (2008). Accounts of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran have tended to ignore the role of the Baha’is. They educated people about the reforms envisaged and about the modern world, for which they were persecuted. Published Articles. [about]
42. Bahá'íyyih Khánum, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 3 (1989). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
43. Baha'u'llah's Prophetology: Archetypal patterns in the lives of the founders of the world religions, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 5.1 (1995). Explores the theory that the lives of the prophet-founders of the world religions have in some ways re-capitulated each other. Published Articles. [about]
44. Bahá'í Consultation and the Transformation of Society, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 15 (2014). Overview of consultation in the Bahá'í Faith, from its introduction in the Aqdas and first implementation in Iran in the 1870s, and ways in which successive Bahá'í leaders promoted it in the community and for transformation of society. Published Articles. [about]
45. Balyuzi, H. M., by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 3 (1989). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
46. Bayan (Bayán-i-Farsí and Bayán-i-'Arabí), The: Wilmette Institute faculty notes, by Brent Poirier and Christopher Buck (1997). Study Guides. [about]
47. Between Karbalá' and Tabríz: Contested Martyrdom Narratives, by Moojan Momen, in Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East, ed. Sasha Dehghani and Silvia Horsch (2014). On two models of martyrdom in the time after the Islamic Revolution in Iran, that of the ruling elite and that of the Bahá'is. The Bahá'í narrative is closer to the traditional Shiite, whereas modern Shiism is designed to foster the revolutionary spirit. Published Articles. [about]
48. Beyond Pluralism, by Moojan Momen (1995). Brief thoughts on the Bahá'í Faith as a "metareligion." Essays and short articles. [about]
49. Black Pearls: Notes on Slavery, by Moojan Momen and Abu'l-Qasim Afnan, in Black Pearls: Servants in the Households of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh (1988). Editor's note, foreword, preface, and introduction to two editions of Black Pearls; brief overview of the institution of slavery. Essays and short articles. [about]
50. Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit: Chapter 31 of Some Answered Questions, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 10 (2009). An examination of covenant-breaking in the Bahá’í Faith in terms of the Biblical reference to blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. Published Articles. [about]
51. Browne, Edward Granville, by Moojan Momen (1995). Short biography of an English orientalist and famous scholar of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
52. Buddhism and the Bahá'í Faith, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
53. Central Figures of the Baha'i Faith , by Moojan Momen (2019). Momen explores the life of the founder of the Baha’i Faith, as well as the lives of his forerunner and successor. He delves into the key events concerning their beliefs and teachings and reflects on their legacy. (Link to document, offsite.) Published Articles. [about]
54. Change of Culture, A, by Moojan Momen (2003). An overview of the process of cultural change in the Bahá'í community. Unpublished Articles. [about]
55. Changing Reality: The Bahá'í Community and the Creation of a New Reality, by Moojan Momen, in História Questões & Debates, 43 (2005). The Bahá’í teachings criticize the socially created realities of warfare, environmental destruction, and the subordination of women, lower social classes and ethnic minorities, instead promoting a vision of global solidarity and individual worth. Published Articles. [about]
56. Chase, Thornton, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 5 (1992). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
57. Commentary on a Passage in the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 14 (2013). Short biography of the Son of the Wolf, Aqa Najafi; summary of persecutions from 1874-1903; and the Epistle's references to Qayyumu’l-Asma and the Muslim dawn prayer for Ramadan. Published Articles. [about]
58. Commentary on the Islamic Tradition "I Was a Hidden Treasure..." (Tafsír-i-Hadith-i-Kuntu Kanzan Makhfíyyan), by Abdu'l-Bahá, in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin, 3:4 (1995). Translation of a treatise written by 'Abdu'l-Bahá when he was in his teens, expounding on the terms "Hidden Treasure", "Love", "Creation", and "Knowledge" in a manner which suggests that the recipient was a Sufi and an admirer of Ibn 'Arabí. Provisional translations. [about]
59. Comparative Lives of the Founders of the World Religions, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 5.1 (1995). Table comparing the lives of the Founders of the world's religions. Research notes. [about]
60. Comparison between the Commentary and Interpretation of an Islamic Tradition by 'Abdu'l-Bahá and Ayatu'llah Khomeini, A, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 18 (2017). On different interpretations of the hadith regarding taqlíd, "to follow (legal interpretations)," as given by Shi`i clerics like Ayatu’llah Khomeini vs. the interpretation of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Published Articles. [about]
61. Concept of 'Light' in Iranian Religion, The, by Moojan Momen (2003). Audio. [about]
62. Conspiracies and Forgeries: The Attack upon the Bahá'í Community in Iran, by Moojan Momen, in Persian Heritage, 9:35 (2004). Early attacks on the Bahá'í community in Iran were made mostly on the basis of religious accusations, but in the 20th century, non-religious accusations based on widely held and often fantastical conspiracy theories have become more prevalent. Published Articles. [about]
63. Constitutional Movement and the Bahá'ís of Iran, The: The Creation of an 'Enemy Within', by Moojan Momen, in British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 39:3 (2012). Bahá'ís had a complex relationship with the Constitutionalist Movement, sometimes supporting it and sometimes abstaining from involvement, but the impact of the Bahá'ís on the reformers and on the Revolution has been underestimated. Published Articles. [about]
64. Cosmogony and Cosmology, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 6 (1993). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
65. Covenant, The, and Covenant-breaker, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
66. Cyprus Exiles, The, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin, 5:3-6:1 (1991). History of Mirza Yahya's family and the four followers of Bahá'u'lláh exiled with them in Cyprus. Includes genealogies. Published Articles. [about]
67. Dhikr: in the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 7 (1996). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
68. Division and Unity in the Baha'i Community: Towards a Definition of Fundamentalism, by Moojan Momen (2009). 15 criteria that define "fundamentalism," and their applicability and/or inapplicability to the Bahá'í community; it may be more useful to use a psychological definition that sees the phenomenon as a value-free cognitive style, a way of perceiving. Unpublished Articles. [about]
69. Divorce, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 7 (1996). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
70. Dolgorukov Memoirs, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 7 (1996). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
71. Early Western Accounts of the Babi and Bahá'í Faiths, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
72. Epistle to the Son of the Wolf (Lawh-i-Ibn-i-Dhib): Akka Traditions (hadith) in, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 4 (2003). Study Guides. [about]
73. Esslemont, John Ebenezer, by Moojan Momen (1995). Short biography of a famous Bahá'í author and Hand of the Cause of God. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
74. Exploring Universes of Discourse: The Meeting of the Bahá'í Faith and Traditional Society, by Moojan Momen, in dialogue magazine, 1:4 (1987). To communicate, people need to share not just a common language; there must also be a common framework for understanding, a "universe of discourse." Bahá'í pioneers must bridge cultural and linguistic divides when imparting the teachings of the Faith. Published Articles. [about]
75. Fádl Mázandarání, Mírzá Asadu'lláh, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 9 (1999). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
76. Family and Early Life of Tahirih Qurrat al-`Ayn, The, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 11 (2003). Summary of information about the ancestry and background of Tahirih available in Persian and Arabic; tensions in her paternal family, which must have affected her as she grew up. Published Articles. [about]
77. Family in Bahá'í Faith, The, by Moojan Momen (1996). Overview of Bahá'í teachings on marriage, children, and education. Essays and short articles. [about]
78. Fayzí, Abu'l-Qásim (Hand of the Cause), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 9 (1999). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
79. Festivals, Bahá'í, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 9 (1999). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
80. From Iran East and West, in Studies in the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions, Volume 2 (1984). Essays on Bahá'í history in the Middle East, the United States, and India. Books. [about]
81. Fundamentalism and Liberalism: Towards an Understanding of the Dichotomy, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 2:1 (1992). Explores extremes of religious belief in an attempt to understand their distinctions and commonalities. Published Articles. [about]
82. Fundamentalism and Liberalism: Towards an Understanding of the Dichotomy, by Moojan Momen, in Reason and Revelation: Studies in the Babi and Bahá'í Religions, 13 (2002). Explores extremes of religious belief an attempt to understand their distinctions and commonalities. (Updated version.) Published Articles. [about]
83. Globalization of the Bahá'í Community: 1892-1921, The, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í and Globalisation (2005). On the connection between Abdu’l-Baha’s thinking and his practical directives in the global expansion of the Baha’i religion, considered in light of Jan Aart Scholte's globalization categories: normative, psychological, economic, and institutional. Published Articles. [about]
84. God of Bahá'u'lláh, The, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Faith and the World's Religions (2005). A close look at the view of God presented in the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh and analysis of the consequences of a number of His statements. Published Articles. [about]
85. Gulpáygání, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
86. Haydar Alí Isfahání, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 12 (2004). Very brief article, short enough to qualify as "fair use." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
87. Haziratu'l-Quds, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
88. Hidden Words (Kalemát-i-Maknuna), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
89. Hinduism and the Bahá'í Faith, by Moojan Momen (1990). An attempt to explore the relationship between Hinduism and the Bahá'í Faith and to explain the Bahá'í Faith to those who are from a Hindu background. Books. [about]
90. House of Justice (Baytu'l-'Adl), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 3 (1989). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
91. In All the Ways that Matter, Women Don't Count, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 4:1 (1994). The Bahá'í goal of achieving sexual equality cannot be achieved merely by trying to advance the position of women in society, but rather society itself must be "feminized." Published Articles. [about]
92. Insider and Outsider Scholarship in Bahá'í Studies, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 9 (2008). 'Insider' and 'outsider' scholars can both use academic methodolology in the study of religion with productive results. Published Articles. [about]
93. Iran: History of the Bahá'í Faith, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
94. Iran: Province of Ádharbáyján, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
95. Iran: Province of Fárs, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
96. Iran: Province of Gílán, by Moojan Momen (1994). History of the Bahá'í Faith in the Iranian province of Gilan. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
97. Iran: Province of Isfahan, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
98. Iran: Province of Káshán and Central Provinces (Sultánábád, Mahallát, and Gulpáygán), by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
99. Iran: Province of Khamsih (Zanján), by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
100. Iran: Province of Khurásán, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
101. Iran: Province of Khúzistán, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
102. Iran: Province of Qazvín, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
103. Iran: Province of Tehran (including Qumm, Simnán, and Dámghán), by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
104. Iran: Province of Yazd, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
105. Iran: Provinces of Kirmán and Sístán, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
106. Iran: Provinces of Kirmánsháh, Hamadán, Kurdistán, and Luristán, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
107. Iran: Provinces of Mázandarán and Gurgán, by Moojan Momen (1994). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
108. Is the Baha'i Faith a World Religion?, by Moojan Momen, in Soundings: Essays in Bahá'í Theology, ed. Sen McGlinn (1989). The Bahá'í Faith has the potential to become a world religion, but whilst it has achieved a global distribution, it is still limited by the cultural presuppositions of some of its adherents, and so does not reach all types of people. Published Articles. [about]
109. Jamál Effendi and the early history of the Bahá'í Faith in South Asia, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 9 (1999). Includes maps on Jamal Effendi's journeys in India, and journeys in Southeast Asia. Published Articles. [about]
110. Lawh (Tablet), by Moojan Momen and Todd Lawson, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2005). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
111. Learning from History, by Moojan Momen, in Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 2:2 (1989). The challenges caused by the influx of Third World villagers into the Bahá’í world community. The value of a study of the history of the Bahá’í Faith in understanding this development and in helping us towards appropriate presentations of the Faith. Published Articles. [about]
112. Mafia, Mob and Shiism in Iraq: The Rebellion of Ottoman Karbala 1824-1843, by Juan Cole and Moojan Momen, in Past and Present, 112 (1986). On the role of gangs in urban social history of the 19-century Ottoman empire; with a decline in government control, gangs ran protection rackets and acted as a parallel government, making alliances and becoming popular leaders against an alien threat. Published Articles. [about]
113. Marginality and Apostasy in the Bahá'í Community, by Moojan Momen, in Religion, 37:3 (2007). Study of a particular type of articulate and well-educated ex-Bahá'ís, here termed "marginal" and "apostates," who first appeared in the West about 25 years ago and reached the peak of their activity in the last decade. Published Articles. [about]
114. Marking the Bicentenary of the Birth of the Bāb, by Moojan Momen, in Asian and African Studies Blog (2019). Guest post for the launch of the British Library's "Discovering Sacred Texts" exhibition, on three unique haykal and calligraphy works of the Bāb and Bahā’u’llāh which are on display for the first time. Essays and short articles. [about]
115. Martyrs, Bábí, by Peter Smith and Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2005). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
116. Mashriqu'l-Adhkár, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2010). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
117. Mazhar-i Ilahi (Manifestation of God), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2016). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
118. Memorials of the Faithful: The Democratization of Sainthood, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 17 (2016). Hagiography in Judaism, Christianity and Islam; the precedent of Faridu'd-Din's "Memorials of the Saints"; Abdu'l-Bahá innovations in this traditional literary format. Published Articles. [about]
119. Mentions of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths in Encyclopedia Iranica: Sixty Excerpts, by Hamid Algar and Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (1985). Excerpts of 60 articles in the Encyclopedia, with links to the offsite originals, which contain a reference to the Faith. These items are not long enough to warrant a separate entry in this Library, yet are included here for ease of discovery. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
120. Messianic Concealment and Theophanic Disclosure, by Moojan Momen, in Online Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 1 (2007). The argument about exactly when Bahá'u'lláh became aware of his mission. Relevant issues and rival perspectives.  Published Articles. [about]
121. Methodology in Bahá'í studies, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 10 (2001). How Bahá'í scholars can interact with secular academia. Bahá’í scholarship can develop in two ways: interior (scholarship that develops within the Bahá’í community, based on faith) and exterior (academic scholarship based on rationalistic methodology). Published Articles. [about]
122. Millennialism and Violence: The Attempted Assassination of Nasir al-Din Shah of Iran by the Babis in 1852, by Moojan Momen, in Nova Religio, 12:1 (2008). Events leading up to the assassination attempt, and political and social factors leading to the violence. Published Articles. [about]
123. Millennialist Narrative and Apocalyptic Violence: The Case of the Babis of Iran, by Moojan Momen, in Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religions, 20 (2018). How apocalyptic narratives played out in events of 1848-50, stages in the escalation of the conflict, factors that increased the likelihood of violence, and developments after 1852 that moved the focus of the religion from pre- to post-millennialism. Published Articles. [about]
124. Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpáyegání, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 1 (1985). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
125. Mulla Husayn Bushrui, by Moojan Momen and Todd Lawson, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
126. Mysticism and the Bahá'í Community, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Book 3 (2002). The five characteristic features common to mystical orders in Buddhism, Christianity or Islam. Bahá'u'lláh's attitude to these characteristic features. Bahá'u'lláh turns the whole of the Bahá'í community into a mystical fellowship. Published Articles. [about]
127. Names of the Bahá'í Months, The: Separating Fact from Fiction, by Moojan Momen (2012). A blog post, compiled for the Wilmette Institute, on the original source of the names of the months of the Badí calendar — taken from a dawn prayer by the Fifth Shí’í Imám, Muhammad al-Báqir, for the month of Ramadan. Essays and short articles. [about]
128. Nineteen Day Feast, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2014). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
129. Origins of the Bahá'í Community of Canada 1898-1948, The, by Will C. van den Hoonaard: Review, by Moojan Momen (1998). Book Reviews. [about]
130. Perfection and Refinement: Towards an Aesthetics of the Bab, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 12 (2011). The writings of the Bab have implications for the "plastic" arts; significance for native traditions; relevance to the performing arts; and the concept of refinement which comes across in both the person and the writings of the Báb. Published Articles. [about]
131. Persian Bayan, A Summary, by Báb, The and E. G. Browne, in Selections from the Writings of E. G. Browne on the Babi and Bahá'í Religions (1987). Overview and summary of The Bab's Persian Bayán, translated by Browne, edited by Momen. Bahá'í Writings. [about]
132. Power and the Bahá'í community, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 19 (2018). While Bahá'í social teachings may have sounded new and exciting a century ago, that is no longer the case today. The problem the world faces is not in the principles that would lead to a better society, but in their application. Published Articles. [about]
133. Preliminary Survey of the Bahá'í Community of Iran during the Nineteenth Century, A, by Moojan Momen, in Iran im 19. Jahrhundert und die Enstehung der Bahá'í Religion, ed. Christoph Burgel and Isabel Schayani (1998). On the early growth and consolidation of the Bahá'í community in Iran; its membership and social and geographical composition; persecution; institutional developments; communications with Bahá'u'lláh; the conversion of Jews and Zoroastrians; women. Published Articles. [about]
134. Psychology of Mysticism and its Relationship to the Bahá'í Faith, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin, 2:4 (1984). Contrast of theories of mysticism and its physiological components from the perspective of 20th-century psychology. Published Articles. [about]
135. Relativism: A Basis For Bahá'í Metaphysics, by Moojan Momen, in Studies in Honor of the Late Husayn M. Balyuzi, Studies in the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions, vol. 5, ed. Moojan Momen (1988). "Relativism" as a means of reconciling the often widely-divergent theologies of the world's religions. Published Articles. [about]
136. Relativism: A Theological and Cognitive Basis for Bahá'í Ideas about God and the Spiritual World, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 12 (2011). A response to Kluge's critiques of his earlier article on relativism. Published Articles. [about]
137. Religion and Relevance: The Baha'is in Britain 1899-1930, by Lil Osborn: Review, by Moojan Momen, in Religion, 47:1 (2017). Book Reviews. [about]
138. Religions of the World: Divisive or Divine?: A Look at Religious Fundamentalism, by Moojan Momen (2001). What 'fundamentalism' means from the religious viewpoint; sociological and psychological explanations of it; why it is that it has come to the fore at the present time. Unpublished Articles. [about]
139. Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran, by Moojan Momen (1995). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
140. Response to MacEoin's "Problems of Scholarship" and "A Critique of Moojan Momen's Response," A, by Moojan Momen and Denis MacEoin, in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin, 1:4 (1983). A discussion touching on many topics, including scientific objectivity in the study of religion, faith vs reason, liberalism, academic standards, and the nature of sects vs "world religion." Published Articles. [about]
141. Ruh al-Quddus, by Moojan Momen and Todd Lawson, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
142. Russia, by Moojan Momen (1995). Overview of the development of the Bahá'í community in Russia. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
143. Sabet, Habib, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2015). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
144. Sayyid Kazim Rashti, by Moojan Momen, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
145. Scholarship and the Bahá'í Community, by Moojan Momen, in Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 1:1 (1988). The place of scholarship in the Bahá’í community and the value of Bahá’í studies to that community; the problems that may arise for Bahá’í scholars in relation to their own spiritual life and also in relation to the Bahá’í community. Published Articles. [about]
146. Scripture and Revelation: Papers presented at the First Irfan Colloquium (1997). Books. [about]
147. Sheikh Ahmad al-Ahsai, by Moojan Momen, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
148. Shi`i Islam, by Moojan Momen (1995). Overview of Shi'a Islam, including a section on its relations to the Bahá'í Faith. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
149. Shoghi Effendi, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
150. Shoghi Effendi's Translation of Terms Related to Law in Bahá'í Scripture, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 16 (2015). Patterns in the Guardian's translation of terms related to the word law; different Arabic/Persian words translated as "law"; quotations in which Shoghi Effendi translated each word in some other way. Published Articles. [about]
151. Short Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith, A, by Moojan Momen (1997). An introduction to the teachings, beliefs, practices, and history of the Bahá'í Faith. Books. [about]
152. Significance of the New Millennium, by Moojan Momen (1997). Facing a new Millennium, Bahá'ís advocate the goal of increasing unity, peace, and the spiritualisation of our society and our world; the Bahá'í teachings contain a practical programme to attain these objectives. Essays and short articles. [about]
153. Sobhi, Fazlollah Mohtadi, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2015). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
154. Social Basis of the Bábí Upheavals in Iran (1848-1953): A Preliminary Analysis, by Moojan Momen, in International Journal of Middle East Studies, 15 (1983). In the mid-19th century, Iran was shaken by unrest caused by the Bábí movement, which set off a chain of events that led on the one hand, to the constitutional movement in Iran, and on the other, to the establishment of the now world-wide Bahá'í Faith. Published Articles. [about]
155. Spiritual Assembly (Mahfel-i-Ruháni), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
156. Star Tablet of the Bab, The, by Moojan Momen, in Asian and African Studies Blog (2019). Guest post celebrating the bicentenary of the birth of the Bab with an account of one of the Bahá'í Faith's most important manuscripts, the Star Tablet, written in his own hand. Essays and short articles. [about]
157. Story of David and Esther Tanyi, by Enoch Tanyi Nyenti: Review, by Moojan Momen (2018). Book Reviews. [about]
158. Study of Religion, The: Some Comments on Methodology of Studying Religion, by Moojan Momen, in Bahá'í Studies Review, 1:1 (1991). Reasons for the broad variety of different theoretical frameworks from which to view religious phenomena and the lack of a unified model. Published Articles. [about]
159. Study of the Meaning of the Word "Al-Amr" in the Qur'án and in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh, A, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Book 1 (2000). Examines two controversies about the Arabic-Persian term "al-amr"/"amr" regarding Quranic prophecy and the status of Subh-e Azal. Published Articles. [about]
160. Tablet of All Food (Lawh-i-Kullu't-Ta'ám): Wilmette Institute faculty notes, by Muin Afnani and Stephen Lambden (1999). Study Guides. [about]
161. Tablet of the Uncompounded Reality: Translation, by Bahá'u'lláh, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 11 (2010). Provisional translations. [about]
162. Tablet of the Uncompounded Reality: Introduction, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 11 (2010). The conflict in Islam between philosopher-mystics who adhere to the philosophy of existential oneness (wahdat al-wujud) and those who oppose this view as heresy. Published Articles. [about]
163. Tablet of Unity, by Bahá'u'lláh, in Lights of Irfan, 2 (2001). Refers to unities of religion, words, ritual acts, ranks, wealth, and souls. Provisional translations. [about]
164. Tahirih Qurratul-ayn, by Moojan Momen and Todd Lawson, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
165. Tehran, Iran, by Moojan Momen, in The Bahá'í Encyclopedia (2009). On the capital city of Iran and birthplace of Bahá’u’lláh, called by Him the "Land of Tá" (Ard-i-Tá), site of numerous important events in Bahá’í history. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
166. The Báb; Husayn Bushru'i; Ruh al-Quddus; Tahirih, by Moojan Momen and Todd Lawson, in Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia (2004). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
167. The Bahá'ís of America: The Growth of a Religious Movement by Mike McMullen: Review, by Moojan Momen (2016). Book Reviews. [about]
168. Transliteration, by Moojan Momen (1991). Encyclopedia articles. [about]
169. Trial of Mullá 'Alí Bastámí, The: A Combined Sunní-Shí'í Fatwá against The Báb, by Moojan Momen, in Iran: Journal of the British Institute for Persian Studies, 20 (1982). The trial of Mullá `Alí Bastámí was one of the most important episodes of 1844-45, being both the first occasion on which the new Bábí movement encountered the opposition of the ulama, and a crucial turning point in the development of the movement. Published Articles. [about]
170. Turkmenistan, by Moojan Momen (1995). History of the Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
171. Two Episodes from the Life of Bahá'u'lláh in Iran, by Moojan Momen, in Lights of Irfan, 20 (2019). Regarding the conference of Badasht and Baha'u'lláh's arrival at the shrine of Shaykh Tabarsi, and on His experience in the Siyah Chal, close attention to the text of two Tablets leads to conclusions that differ from current Bahá'í history books. Published Articles. [about]
172. Understanding Bahá'í History: Introduction to the study of history, by Moojan Momen (2013). Video and transcript, prepared for the Wilmette Institute, about how to approach and understand the study of history, biases of eyewitnesses, and the subjective construction of facts. Videos. [about]
173. United Kingdom: History of the Bahá'í Faith, by Moojan Momen (1998). A short history of the Bahá'í community of the United Kingdom. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
174. Usuli, Akhbari, Shaykhi, Babi: The Tribulations of a Qazvin Family, by Moojan Momen, in Iranian Studies, 36:3 (2003). The emergence of the Usuli school in the evolution of Shi'is jurisprudence and theology in 18th and 19th-century Iran, viewed through the lens of the Baraghani family as it faced schisms of the Akhbari, Shaykhi, and Bábí movements. Published Articles. [about]
175. Vahíd (Sayyed Yahyá Dárábí), by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 7 (1996). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
176. Women in the works of the Bab and in the Babi Movement, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2011). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]
177. Work of A.L.M. Nicolas (1864-1937), The, by Moojan Momen, in The Bábí and Bahá'í Religions: Some Contemporary Western Accounts (1981). Short bio, including list of the works of Nicolas. Biographies. [about]
178. Works of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í, The: A Bibliography, in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin, Monograph #1 (1991). An annotated encyclopedia of core Shaykhi writings. Based on Shaykh Abu'l-Qasim Kirmani's Fihirist Kutub Masháyikh 'Izám. Research notes. [about]
179. Yahyá, Mírzá, by Moojan Momen, in The Bahá'í Encyclopedia (2009). On the younger half-brother of Bahá’u’lláh, later his opponent, known as Subh-i-Azal, described by Shoghi Effendi as "the arch-breaker of the Covenant of the Báb." Encyclopedia articles. [about]
180. Zuhur al-Haqq, by Moojan Momen, in Encyclopaedia Iranica (2002). Brief excerpt, with link to article offsite. Encyclopedia articles. [about]

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