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date	event	locations	tags	see also
1910 8 Aug	Birth of Mary Sutherland Maxwell, Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, Hand of the Cause of God, in the borough of Qeens, New York City.	New York; United States	Mary Maxwell; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths; Births and deaths
1919 26 Apr-1 May	The 14 Tablets of the Divine Plan were unveiled in a dramatic ceremony at the Hotel McAlpin in New York, during the `Convention of the Covenant'. The Tablets had been brought to America by Ahmad Sohrab at the request of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. [ABNYP172Note24, BBD219; PP437; SBBH1:134; SBBH2:135; SBR86; AB434; TDPXI] For details of the convention programme, Tablets and talks given see SW10, 4:54-72; SW10, 5:83-94; SW10, 6:99-103, 111-12 SW10, 7:122-7, 138; SW10, 10:197-203; and SW10, 12:2279. Mary Maxwell (Rúhíyyih Khánum) was among the young people who unveil the Tablets. [PP437] Hyde and Clara Dunn and Martha Root responded immediately to the appeal, the Dunns went to Australia where they open 700 towns to the Faith, and Martha Root embarked on the first of her journeys which are to extend over 20 years. [GPB308; MR88] See also CT138-9. Agnes Parsons arrived from her pilgrimage just before the close of the convention and was able to convey the instructions from `Abdu'l-Bahá to arrange a Convention for `the unity of the coloured and white races'. [BW5:413; SBR87] The book Unveiling of the Divine Plan includes nine talks given by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab to the National Convention. Shoghi Effendi calls the Tablets of the Divine Plan a charter for the propagation and the establishment of the Administrative Order. It has also been called a charter for the teaching of the Faith. [MBW84; LOG1628] For the significance of the Tablets of the Divine Plan see ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Champion of Universal Peace by Hoda Mahmoudi and Janet Khan.	New York; United States	Tablets of the Divine Plan; Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of; Charters of the Bahai Faith; Conventions, National; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Agnes Parsons; Hyde Dunn; Clara Dunn; Martha Root; Race (general); Race amity; Race unity; Ahmad Sohrab
1932 (In the year)	Shoghi Effendi’s translation of Nabíl’s Narrative entitled The Dawn-Breakers was published. Maṭāleʿ al-anwār, as Nabíl's word was entitled, was the most authentic and the main primary source on the early history of the Bábí movement in Iran, was regarded by the Bahá'ís as the definitive account of the Bāb’s dispensation. The work has been translated into many languages, and it has played a major role in familiarizing the Bahá'ís around the world with the historical background of their faith and helping them understand its link to the socio-religious climate of the Persian society in the early days of its development. The original Persian manuscript of Maṭāleʿ al-anwār, has been preserved at the International Bahá'í Archives in Haifa. It is comprised 1,014 pages of 22-24 lines.[“Nabil-e aʿzam Zaranadi, Mollā Mohammad,” by Vahid Rafati, Encyclopædia Iranica, GBF91; PP215] Shoghi Effendi's translation covered only the first part of Nabil's manuscript, up to 1852, and it may have been an abridgement. The original covered up until the time of the book's completion in 1890. [RR425] The work took him two years of research. [PP217] He sent Effie Baker to Iran to take photographs for the book. [PP217] For George Townshend’s assistance to the project see GT59, 60, 64–9. For Shoghi Effendi’s purpose in translating and editing the book see WOB123. See also BBD64; GBF913 PP215–18. In the "Acknowledgement" Shoghi Effendi credited Lady Blomfield for her suggestions, "an English correspondent for his help in the preparation of the Introduction, Mrs E Hoagg for typing the manuscript and Effie Baker for the photographs. [DB page lxi] See RR422-440 for other historical accounts that might be used as source documents for the Bábí-Bahá'í history. See Mary Maxwell's article The Re-florescence of Historical Romance in Nabil. [BW5p595]		Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Translations by; Nabil-i-Azam; Dawn-Breakers (book); Effie Baker; George Townshend; Publications; Translation; Lady Blomfield; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Shoghi Effendi, Works of
1937 25 Mar	Shoghi Effendi married Mary Maxwell, Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum. [PP151; UD115; BN No107 April 1937 p1]] For a description of the simple wedding see GBF68–9 and PP151–2. Shoghi Effendi stressed that the marriage drew the Occident and the Orient closer together. [GBF69–70; PP153] The American Bahá’í community sent $19 from each of its 71 Assemblies as a wedding gift. [GBF70; PP153] An extension was built onto Shoghi Effendi’s apartment on the roof of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s house in Haifa to accommodate the couple. [BBD107; DH152] See also MA89.	Haifa	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Interracial marriage; Gifts; Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1940. 14 or 15 May	Shoghi Effendi determined to go to England; he and Rúhíyyih Khánum left Haifa for Italy via aquaplane en route to London. [PP 178] For the difficulties and dangers of this journey that took them from Haifa to Heraklion on Crete and then on to Reggio and then a further 700km to Rome and another 500km to Genoa see PP178–80. After the passing of his wife, Mr. Maxwell had been invited by Shoghi Effendi to come and live in Haifa. On the same day that Shoghi Effendi and Rúhíyyih Khánum left the Holy Land, Sutherland Maxwell left Montreal to meet up with them in Europe. A few days after their arrival in Italy, Rúhíyyih Khánum travelled to Genoa to meet her father who had arrived on the Italian vessel, the S.S. Rex, that had departed New York. [PP178]	Haifa; Genoa; Italy; London; United Kingdom	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline; World War II; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1940 25 May	After having obtained a visa for Britain in Rome, Shoghi Effendi and Rúhíyyih Khánum left for England. They entered France at Menton and then travelled to Marseilles and eventually to St. Malo. A few days later the Italians enter the war against the Allies. [PP179]	Rome; Italy; Menton; Marseilles; France; United Kingdom	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; World War II
1940 2 Jun	Shoghi Effendi, Rúhíyyih Khánum and Sutherland Maxwell left St Malo, France, for England and arrived the next morning In Southhampton. The following day St. Malo was occupied by the Nazis. Shoghi Effendi seemed acutely aware of the danger to himself and to the Faith should he fall into the hands of the Nazis because the Cause had already been banned in Germany and his inveterate enemy, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was allied with them. [PP 179–80] Their passage from St Malo to Southhampton took place on the same day as the history troop evacuation from Dunkirk was in full swing when every available vessel was involved in moving troops from France to England.	St Malo; France	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; World War II
1940 28 Jul	Shoghi Effendi, Rúhíyyih Khánum and Sutherland Maxwell left England for South Africa aboard the SS Capetown Castle. It was Mr Maxwell's close friendship with the Canadian High Commissioner in London, Vincent Massey, that helped them secure the sea passage. [PP180] They departed Southhampton just three days before the German High Command issued an order to the Luftwaffe to establish air superiority along the British Channel coast in preparation for the invasion of England. This resulted in the bombing and strafing of all civilian shipping out of British Channel ports. Risking U-Boat attacks the ship took them to Durban where they found that all flights to Khartoum had been booked by the military. They left Mr. Maxwell in Durban to await a flight to Khartoum while Shoghi Effendi and Rúhíyyih Khánum tried to make their way to Khartoum overland. The trip across Africa took them to Stanleyville, Congo; Juba in the Sudan; down the Nile to Khartoum and back to Palestine through Cairo. [PP180–1, TG159] They arrived in Kisangani then Stanleyville a few weeks later (July 28, 1940), stayed for a week at the Stanley Hotel and made an excursion in the virgin forest. On the way to Juba, the Guardian also stayed in the village of Nia-Nia. [bahai.org]	United Kingdom; Africa; South Africa; Congo; Sudan; Egypt	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Sutherland Maxwell; World War II; Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1940 27 Dec	Shoghi Effendi and Rúhíyyih Khánum returned Haifa. [PP181]	Haifa	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1946. (In the year 1946 or 1947)	While visiting in Famagusta (Gazimağusa) Rúḥíyyih Khánum is quoted as saying: “Shoghi Effendi was working very intensely in Haifa and people were knocking on his door all the time to ask questions; because of that, during his unofficial travels to rest (holidays), he was traveling around quietly (incognito), and without contacting the believers. We came to Cyprus together for two or three weeks in one of the years 1946 or 1947 – if I look (in my diary) I can find the year. We went to Nicosia, and then we got a car and went to Famagusta, Larnaca and then again Nicosia. I can’t remember whether we went to Limassol. Afterwards we went to St. Hilarion. There weren’t good hotels in the Troodos area then, and because of that we stayed in a small house for a while. This is all I can say about this visit.” [Notes of the Visit to Famagusta of Amatu'l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum in the home of Erol & Şafak Olkar Notes taken by: Erol Olkar. The English translation of the original Turkish language handwritten manuscript of Erol Olkar was by Deniz Oraç.]	Famagusta; Gazimağusa; Nicosia; Larnaca; St Hilarion; Cyprus	Shoghi Effendi, travels of; Amatul-Baha Ruḥiyyih Khanum, Journeys of
1950 (In the year)	The publication of Prescription for Living by Rúhíyyih Rabbani by George Ronald. The first edition was a run of 300 copies, done in a dark blue cloth, serial numbered and autographed by the author. There were subsequent printings in 1950, 1960, 1972, and 1978. [BEL7.2181-2185; CBN No 13 May 1950] In 1971-1972 the book was transcribed by Gertrude D. Schurgast of Tuscon, AZ into braille. Another "printing" was done by the Service for the Blind Committee in Stevenage, England in 1983. [BEL8.118-119]		Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Publications
1952 8 Mar	Shoghi Effendi announced the enlargement of the International Bahá’í Council to eight members. [MBW22; PP252–3] Its members were Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, Mason Remey, Amelia Collins, Ugo Giachery, Leroy Ioas, Jessie Revell, Ethel Revell and Lotfullah Hakim. [BW12:379; MBW22]	Haifa	International Bahai Council; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Charles Mason Remey; Amelia Collins; Ugo Giachery; Leroy Ioas; Jessie Revell; Ethel Revell; Lutfullah Hakim
1952 26 Mar	Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum was appointed Hand of the Cause of God to replace her father. [GBF111; MBW132–3]	Haifa	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Hands of the Cause, Appointments
1954 26 May	Shoghi Effendi, Rúhíyyih Khánum and Leroy Ioas returned the visit of President Ben Zvi by visiting him in Jerusalem. [GBF140; PP293–4]	Jerusalem; Israel	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Leroy Ioas; Ben Zvi; Presidents
1957 4 Nov	Passing of Shoghi Effendi Shoghi Effendi passed away in London of coronary thrombosis after a bout of Asian influenza. [CB377; PP446 BW13:207-225] The 1957 influenza pandemic (the "Asian flu") was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of avian influenza that originated in China in early 1956 lasting until 1958. It originated from a mutation in wild ducks combining with a pre-existing human strain. A vaccine for H2N2 was introduced in 1957, and the pandemic slowed down. There was a second wave in 1958, and H2N2 went on to become part of the regular wave of seasonal flu. Estimates of worldwide deaths vary widely depending on the source, ranging from 1 million to 4 million, with WHO settling on "about two million". [Sino Biological website] He was in London to purchase some furniture to complete the interior of the International Archives Building at the time of his passing. [PP445] For a tribute to Shoghi Effendi written by Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum see BW13:58–226.] See also Rabbání, The Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith and The Priceless Pearl.	London; United Kingdom	Shoghi Effendi, Life of; Shoghi Effendi, Passing of; Shoghi Effendi, Travels of; International Bahai Archives; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; - Basic timeline, Condensed; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline; Appointed arm; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Covenant (general); Shoghi Effendi, Works of
1957 10 Nov	The Hands of the Cause met in London. [TG157] See SDSC191-195 and SDSC430 note 8 for excerpts from the transcript of the talk recorded in shorthand by Rose M Wade and given by Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum to the gathered Hands and other friends.	London; United Kingdom	Shoghi Effendi, Passing of; Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Activities; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum
1957 15 Nov	Hands of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum, Mason Remey, Amelia Collins and Leroy Ioas, accompanied by Hand of the Cause Ugo Giachery, entered the apartment of Shoghi Effendi and sealed with tape and wax the safe where his important documents were kept as well as the drawers to his desk. [BW13:341] The keys to the safe were placed in an envelope, which was sealed and signed by the five Hands and then placed in the safe of Leroy Ioas. BW13:341]	Haifa	Shoghi Effendi, Passing of; Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Activities; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Charles Mason Remey; Amelia Collins; Leroy Ioas; Ugo Giachery
1957 19 Nov	Nine Hands of the Cause were chosen by Rúhíyyih Khánum to examine Shoghi Effendi’s apartment. [BW 13:341] They were the five members of the International Bahá’í Council (Rúhíyyih Khánum, Mason Remey, Amelia Collins, Ugo Giachery and Leroy Ioas), an Afnán (Hasan Balyuzi), a representative of the Hands of the Western Hemisphere (Horace Holley), a representative of the Hands of the African continent (Músá Banání) and the Trustee of the Huqúqu’lláh (‘Alí Muhammad Varqá). [BW13:341] After seeing that the seals were intact, the Hands examined the contents of Shoghi Effendi’s safe and desk. [BW13:341] The nine Hands signed a document testifying that no Will or Testament of any nature executed by Shoghi Effendi had been found. This was reported to the entire body of Hands assembled in the Mansion of Bahjí. [BW13:341] See CB378–9 for an explanation of why Shoghi Effendi left no Will.	Haifa; Bahji	Shoghi Effendi, Passing of; Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Activities; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; International Bahai Council; Charles Mason Remey; Amelia Collins; Ugo Giachery; Leroy Ioas; Hasan Balyuzi; Horace Holley; Musa Banani; Varqa, Ali-Muhammad
1957 25 Nov	Nine Hands were chosen to serve as Custodians of the Faith residing in the Holy Land. [BBD57; BW13:342; DH215] The Hands residing in the Holy Land were established as a legal body under the title ‘The Custodians of the Bahá’í World Faith’. The Hands chosen as first Custodians are Rúhíyyih Khánum, Mason Remey, Amelia Collins, Leroy Ioas, Hasan Balyuzi, ‘Alí Akbar Furútan, Jalál Kházeh, Paul Haney and Adelbert Mühlschlegel. [BW13:345–6; MC40–1]	Haifa; BWC	Shoghi Effendi, Passing of; Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Activities; Hands of the Cause, Institution; Custodians; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Charles Mason Remey; Amelia Collins; Leroy Ioas; Hasan Balyuzi; Ali Akbar Furutan; Jalal Khazeh; Paul Haney; Adelbert Muhlschlegel; Appointed arm
1958 23–28 Jan	The first Intercontinental Conference held at the mid-point of the Crusade convened in Kampala, Uganda. [BW13:317] Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, who had been designated by the Guardian as his representative, attended, accompanied by Dr Lutfu’lláh Hakím. For the message of the Custodians to the conference see MC56–60. For a report of the conference see BW13:317.	Kampala; Uganda; Africa	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Lutfullah Hakim; Conferences, Bahai; Conferences, Teaching; Conferences, Intercontinental; Ten Year Crusade; First conferences
1958 26 Jan	The foundation stone of the first Mashriqu’l-Adhkár of Africa was laid by Hands of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and Músá Banání. [BW13:317] The Guardian had sent special gifts to be presented during the laying of the foundation stone. These included a Persian carpet from the Holy Shrine at Bahji, some plaster from the prison of Máh-Kú and a silver box containing the earth from Bahá'u'lláh's Shrine. These last two items were placed beneath the foundation stone by Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and Hand of the Cause Músá Banání. [CG44]	Kampala; Uganda	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Kampala; Foundation stones and groundbreaking; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Musa Banani
1961 15 Jan	The House of Worship in Kampala, the Mother Temple of Africa, is officially opened by Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum in a public service attended by 1,500 people. [BW13:715–18; MoC15] For message of the Custodians to the dedication service see MoC2503. For cable of the Custodians to the Bahá’ís of the world see MoC253. Specifics Location:Northern Kampala, on Dikaaya Hill in Kawempe Division. Foundation Stone: 26 Jan 1958 (Beneath the stone is a silver box containing the sacred earth from the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh and a wooden box containing a piece of the plaster from the Prison Fortress of Máh-Kú where the Báb had been incarcerated.) Construction Period: Land purchased: 20 April 1954, January 1958 – 14 January 1961 Site Dedication: 14 January 1961 (Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum brought a gift from the Guardian- a carpet from the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh was hung on the inside of the door facing the Qiblih.) Architect: Charles Mason Remey Seating:Over 400 (800 for Dedication ceremony) Dimensions: Dome at its base-44ft. Diameter of inner floor-84ft. Circumference: 265ft yielding 5,550 sq ft of floor space. Height of the building-124ft. Cost: $ ? (initial budget was 42,00 Pounds Sterling) Dependencies: References: BW13p704-719, CEBF241, CG45	Kampala; Uganda	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Kampala; Mason Remey, architect; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Dedications; Architects; Gifts; Boxes containing dust, earth or plaster; Bahaullah, Shrine of; Mah-Ku; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1961 16 Sep	The House of Worship in Sydney, the Mother Temple of the Antipodes, was dedicated by Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum in a service for Bahá’ís only. [BW13:729; MoC15] For details of the service and pictures see BW13:726–32.	Sydney; Australia	Mashriqul-Adhkar, Sydney; Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Dedications
1961 17 Sep	The House of Worship in Sydney, the Mother Temple of the Antipodes, was officially opened by Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum in two public services, each attended by 900 people. [BW13:732] For message of the Custodians to the dedication service see MoC309–12. For cable of the Custodians to the Bahá’ís of the world see MoC313. Specifics Location:Sydney, Australia (Ingleside on the MonaVale Road). Foundation Stone: 26 Jan 1958 (Clara Dunn and Hand of the Cause Charles Mason Remey, who had been designated by the Guardian as his representative, while attending the 2nd International Conference 21-24 March, 1958. A small bag of earth from the inner Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh and a piece of plaster from the room of the Báb in Máh-Kú was deposited under the floor.) Construction Period: 1957-1961 Site Dedication:16 September 1961 (Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum brought a gift from the Guardian- a green silk carpet from the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh.) Architect C.M. Remey Seating: 500 Dimensions: 124ft at the base and 130ft high Cost: Original budget was 120,000 Pounds Sterling Dependencies: References: BW13:319-322, BW13p720-732 CEBF241	Sydney; Australia	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Sydney; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Dedications; Clara Dunn; Mason Remey, architect; Architects; Boxes containing dust, earth or plaster; Bahaullah, Shrine of; Mah-Ku; Gifts; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1963 19 May	The Hands of the Cause cabled the annual conventions with the names of the five Hands chosen to reside in the Holy Land: Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, Leroy Ioas, ‘Alí-Akbar Furútan, Paul Haney and Abu’l-Qásim Faizí. [MoC427]	Haifa	Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Activities; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Leroy Ioas; Ali Akbar Furutan; Paul Haney; Abul-Qasim Faizi
1964 3 Feb	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion Violette Nakhjavání left Haifa at the start of their 55,000 mile, 9-month journey through India, Ceylon, Nepal and Sikkim. [AV114; VV11]	Haifa; India; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Sikkim	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani
1964 4 Jul	The House of Worship in Langenhain, Germany, the Mother Temple of Europe, was dedicated. [BW14:483–4] The interior of the auditorium is bounded by 27 pillars, supporting the dome. Twenty-seven ribs lead from the floor to the apex of the dome, culminating in a ring which carries a lantern. The dome segments are arranged in a special way in order to permit full access of daylight. These produce an interesting play of lights and shadows, attractively brightened by the sun's reflexes on the 570 glass panels. The supporting parts of the structure consist of prefabricated concrete material reinforced by steel fillings, which were produced in the Netherlands. For the message of the Universal House of Justice see BW14:485–6. For pictures see BW14:482, 483, 485, 491. For a description of the teaching conference accompanying the dedication see BW14:586–8. See also MC14–15; PP432–4. See this brief film on Vimeo on the life of Anneliese Bopp and her part in the building of this Temple. Specifics Location: Frankfurt, Germany (near the village of Langenhain in the Taunus Hills) Foundation Stone: 20 November 1960 by Hand of the Cause Amelia Collins representing the World Centre. She placed Sacred Dust from the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh in the foundations. Construction Period: 1960-1964 Site Dedication:4 July 1964 Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum represented the Universal House of Justice. Architect: Teuto Rocholl (plans approved by Shoghi Effendi) Seating:450 – 600 Dimensions: Diameter at the base: 48m (158ft), Height from the base to the top of the dome: 28m (92ft), Outer diameter: 25m (82ft); Inner diameter: 23m (69ft), Inner height of the dome: 24m (72ft). Height 20.5m (67ft) Cost: Dependencies: A home for the aged. Note: The construction of this temple was delayed by legal roadblocks instigated by church opposition, both Protestant and Catholic. References: BW14p483, BW14p483-484, BW18p104, CEBF241	Langenhain; Frankfurt; Germany; Europe	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Langenhain; Amelia Collins; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Teuto Rocholl; Architects; Opposition; Boxes containing dust, earth or plaster; Gifts; Bahaullah, Shrine of; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1967 8 Oct	The foundation stone of the Mother Temple of Latin America was laid by Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum in Panama City. [BW14:494]	Panama; Latin America	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Panama; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Foundation stones and groundbreaking
1969. 4 Aug	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion, Violette Nakhjavání, arrived in Kampala, Uganda, at the start of the ‘Great African Safari’. [BN No 468 March 1970 p2-12] On August 5, 1969, the wheels of our plane touched down at Entebbe airport, Kampala, Uganda—at last the long-promised visit of Amatu’l-Bahá to the believers of Africa was commencing. In 1961, at the time when she dedicated the Mother Temple of Africa for public worship, Rúḥíyyih Khánum promised the friends to come back and really visit them, touring as many Centres as possible. After nine years, this has now been fulfilled. [BW15p594] It was the start of a four-leg journey that took the Hand of the Cause to 34 African countries, travelling 36,000 miles, addressing 40,000 people including 19 heads of state in some 400 gatherings. Beginning her Safari in East Africa, she crossed the whole breadth of the continent to the Gambia, turned back to the center of the Congo, and went down to the tip of South Africa in Cape Town before returning to East Africa. She met nineteen Heads of State among them Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, President Hamani Diori of Niger, President Dr. William V.S Tubman of Liberia, King Motlotletlehi Sobhuza II of Swaziland, President Gregoire Kayibanda of Rwanda, and President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia. For a map and details of the safari as well as pictures see BW15:593–607. See The Great African Safari: The travels of Rúhíyyih Khánum in Africa, 1969-73 by Violette Nakhjavani published by George Ronald in 2003. A diary of Rúhíyyih Khánum's travels through Africa was serialized in Bahá'í News in 26 issues (468-513) from 1970 through 1973. These travels lead to significant exposure of the Faith in the public domain, from governments to civil leaders to mass media, propelling the development of national institutions across the continent in a new dimension of work. One can say these events greatly contributed to the emergence of the Faith from obscurity in Africa. [A Brief Account of the Progress of the Bahá'í Faith in Africa Since 1953 by Nancy Oloro-Robarts and Selam Ahderom p9]	Kampala; Uganda	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani; Great African Safari; George Ronald
1969. 5 Aug - 1970 11 Mar	The itinerary for the first leg of the Great African Safari was as follows: Aug 4 - 14, 1969, Uganda Aug 15 - Sept 1,1969, Kenya Sept 2 - 26, 1969, Tanzania (and Mafia Island) Sept 28 - Oct 14, 1969, Kenya Oct 15 - Nov 17, 1969, Ethiopia. See BW15p186-187 where it is reported that over a thousand new Bahá'ís joined the ranks. Nov 17 - Dec 2, 1969, Kenya Dec 3, 1969 - Jan 2,1970, Uganda Jan 3 - 12, 1970, Zaire (now Central African Republic) Jan 13 - 24, 1970, Zaire (now Central African Republic) Jan 25 - Feb 7, 1970, Chad Feb 8 - 10, 1970, Nigeria Feb 11 - 18, 1970, Niger Feb 19 - 26, 1970, Dahomey (now Benin) Feb 27 - Mar 1, 1970, Togo Mar 2 - 11, 1970, Ghana [BW15p606]	Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Mafia Island; Ethiopia; Central African Republic; Chad; Nigeria; Niger; Benin; Togo; Ghana	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani; Great African Safari
1970 19 – 21 Jun	Rúhíyyih Khánum interrupted her African teaching safari to meet with more than 2,000 youth at the National Youth Conference in the United States. [BW15:331; VV10]	United States; Africa	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Conferences, Bahai; Conferences, Youth; Youth
1970. 20 Nov - 28 May 1971	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion, Violette Nakhjavání, arrived in Ghana, at the start of the second leg of the ‘Great African Safari’ covering Western Africa. The itinerary was as follows: Nov 20 - 28, 1970, Ghana Nov 29 - Dec 21, 1970, Ivory Coast (now Côte d’Ivoire) Dec 23, 1970 - Jan 14, 1971, Liberia Jan 13 - 14, 1971, Ivory Coast (now Côte d’Ivoire) Jan 15 - Feb 1, 1971, Mali Feb 2 - 11, 1971, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) Feb 12 - 21, 1971, Ghana Feb 22 - Mar 2, 1971, Ivory Coast (now Côte d’Ivoire) Mar 3 - 15, 1971, Liberia Mar 16 - 25, 1971, Sierra Leone Mar 26 - Apr 8, 1971, Senegal Apr 9 - 26, 1971, Gambia (now The Gambia) Apr 26, 1971, Senegal Apr 27 - May 10, 1971 Ivory Coast (now Côte d’Ivoire) May 11 - 28, 197l, Ghana [BW15p606-607]	Accra; Ghana; Ivory Coast; Liberia; Mali; Burkina Faso; Sierra Leone; Senegal; Gambia, The	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani; Great African Safari
1971. 6 Aug - 31 May 1972	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion, Violette Nakhjavání, arrived in Ghana, at the start of the third leg of the ‘Great African Safari’. [BW15:594–607] The itinerary was as follows: Aug 6 - 10, 1971, Ghana Aug 11 - Sept 6, 1971, Dahomey (now Benin) Sept 7 - Oct 4, 1971, Nigeria Oct 5 - Nov 2, 1971, Cameroon Republic By sea? Dec 11, 1971 - Jan 31, 1972, Zaire (now Central African Republic) Feb 1 - Mar 9, 1972, Zambia Mar 10 - 31, 1972, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) [BW15p606-607]	Accra; Ghana; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Zambia; Zimbabwe	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani; Great African Safari
1972 29 Apr	The House of Worship in Panama, the Mother Temple of Latin America, was dedicated in a series of ceremonies held throughout the day attended by Hands of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, Ugo Giachery and Dhikru’lláh Khádem and four thousand Bahá’ís. [BW15:634; VV14] For the history of the House of Worship see BW15:643–6. For statistics on the House of Worship see BW15:647–9. Specifics Location:Panama City, Panama (On the Cerro Sonsonate (Singing Hill), a few miles north of Panama City) Foundation Stone: 8 October 1967 (Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum) Construction Period: 1969-1972 Site Dedication: 29 April, 1972 (Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum) Architect: Peter Tillotson Seating: 550 Dimensions: Cost: Dependencies: References: BW14p493, BW15p632-649	Panama City; Panama	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Panama; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Dedications; Ugo Giachery; Dhikrullah Khadem; Peter Tillotson; Architects; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1972 30 Apr	The House of Worship in Panama was publicly dedicated by Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum in two sessions. [BW15:634]	Panama	Mashriqul-Adhkar, Panama; Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Dedications
1972. 11 May - 24 Feb 1973	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion, Violette Nakhjavání, arrived in Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe), at the start of the fourth leg of the ‘Great African Safari’. This leg of the tour ended in Kenya. [BW15:594–607] The itinerary was as follows: May 11 - Jun 8, 1972, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) June 4, 1972, Zambia June 9 - 28, 1972, Botswana June 29 - July 6, 1972, Republic of South Africa July 7 - 11, 1972, South West Africa (Namibia) July 12 - 19, 1972, Republic of South Africa July 19 - Aug 4, 1972, Lesotho Aug 4 - 14, 1972, Republic of South Africa Aug 15 - Sept 19, 1972, Swaziland Sept 20 - 21, 1972, Mozambique Sept 22 - 23, 1972, Swaziland Sept 24 - 27, 1972, Republic of South Africa Oct 2 - 10, 1972, Kenya Oct 11 - Nov 2,1972, Malawi Nov 3 - 8, 1972, Kenya Nov 9 - 24, 1972, Seychelles Nov 25 - Dec 12, 1972, Kenya Dec 5 - 18, 1972, Rwanda Dec 13 - 14, 1972, Tanzania (And Mafia Island) Dec 19, 1972 - Jan 13, 1973, Zaire (now Central African Republic) Jan 14 - 22,1973, Rwanda Jan 23 - 24, 1973, Burundi Jan 25 - Feb 2, 1973, Tanzania (And Mafia Island) Feb 2 - 24, 1973, Kenya [BW15p606-607]	Harare; Zimbabwe; Zambia; Botswana; South Africa; Namibia; Lesotho; Swaziland; Mozambique; Malawi; Nairobi; Kenya; Seychelles; Rwanda; Tanzania; Mafia Island; Burundi	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani; Great African Safari
1973 Feb	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion Violette Nakhjavání completed their tour of Africa. For details of the safari see BW15:593–607. They drove some 36,000 miles to visit more than 30 countries. [BW15:596; VV12] See BW15:606–7 for the countries, islands and territories visited and the heads of state and other dignitaries who received them.	Africa; Haifa	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Violette Nakhjavani; Great African Safari
1973 5 Jun	The International Teaching Centre was established at the Bahá’í World Centre for the purpose of continuing the work of the Hands of the Cause of God into the future. [BBD118–19; BBRSM132–3; BW16:134, 411–14; BW17:322–5; VV16, CEBF200; Wikipedia] For cable of the Universal House of Justice see BW16:413. Hands of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, ‘Alí-Akbar Furútan, Paul Haney and Abu’l-Qásim Faizí and Counsellor members Hooper Dunbar, Florence Mayberry and Aziz Yazdí were appointed. [BW16:413] For pictures see BW16:412 and VV16. The duties and the organization of the International Teaching Centre were deliniated in the Message from the Universal House of Justice of June 8th, 1973. See Wikipedia article for the names of the Counsellor members since its inception.	BWC; Haifa	International Teaching Centre; International Teaching Centre, Members of; Hands of the Cause; Hands of the Cause, Activities; Counsellors; Universal House of Justice, Basic timeline; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Ali Akbar Furutan; Paul Haney; Abul-Qasim Faizi; Hooper Dunbar; Florence Mayberry; Aziz Yazdi; Appointed arm; - Basic timeline, Expanded
1974 May c.	The first National Youth Conference of Burma took place during the visit of Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum. [BW16:251]	Myanmar (Burma)	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Conferences, Bahai; Conferences, Youth; Youth; First conferences
1975 (In the year)	The first all-Quechua Bahá'í Conference was held in Cusco, Peru, attended by Bahá’ís from Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. [BW16p445] This conference was attended by Rúhíyyih Khánum and some of her companions on the Green Light Expedition. [BW16p439] The supreme deity of the Incas, Ilya-Tiqsi Viracocha Pachayachachiq (“Ancient Foundation, Lord, Teacher”), was incarnated and dwelled among men as the Inca prophet of God. Viracocha promised to return one day and that hope has been realized. [Indigenous Messengers of God by Christopher Buck and Kevin Locke p13; Native Messengers of God in Canada?: A Test Case for Bahá'í Universalism by Christopher Buck]	Cuzco; Peru	Quechua; Conferences, Bahai; Conferences, International; First conferences; Native Americans; Native American messengers; Indigenous people; Viracocha; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Green Light Expedition
1975 (In the year)	Elizabeth Martin, with the help of Chris Lyons produced film entitled Invitation. It was a memoir of Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum incorporating footage from Khánum's Andean trip along with memories of her childhood years in Montreal. [HNWE36]	Montreal; Canada; Latin America	Film; Invitation (film); Elizabeth Martin; Chris Lyons; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of
1975 Feb - Aug	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum set out on the Green Light Expedition to visit the indigenous peoples of the Amazon Basin in South America. [VV30–2] For a pictorial description of the expedition see BW16:419–48. See Green Light Expedition, a film by Rodney Charters, Mark Sadan, David Walker and Anthony Worley.	Latin America	Green Light Expedition; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Rodney Charters; Mark Sadan; David Walker; Anthony Worley
1977 17 Oct	At the end of the Asian Bahá’í Women’s Conference Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum laid the foundation stone of the Mother Temple of the Indian Subcontinent. [BW17:85, 180, 368–70; VV35]	New Delhi; India; Asia	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Delhi; Lotus temple; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Foundation stones and groundbreaking; Conferences, Bahai; Conferences, Women
1979 27 Jan	In Samoa, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II and Hand of the Cause of God Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum laid the cornerstone of the first Bahá’í House of Worship of the Pacific Islands. [BW17:188, 371; VV36] For the text of the address delivered by His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II see BW17:372. For excerpts from the address of Hand of the Cause of God Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum see BW17:373. For pictures see BW17:374.	Apia; Samoa; Pacific	Malietoa Tanumafili II of Western Samoa; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Apia; Foundation stones and groundbreaking; Islands
1984 1 Sep	The House of Worship in Apia, Western Samoa, the Mother Temple of the Pacific, was dedicated in the presence of Hand of the Cause of God Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, Hand of the Cause Dr Ugo Giachery, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II and more than a thousand Bahá’ís from 45 countries. [BW19:100–1; VV64] The architect has utilized the form of the Samoan file roof and the open plan of the fale itself in conceptualizing the design of the Temple. The white mosaic tiled dome rests atop nine pairs of buttresses clad in granite of a soft red tone. The nine ribs of mirrored glass, the graceful arch windows and the wide expanse of glazing over each portal seemingly draw the light through the structure itself. Modern techniques have allowed the dome to be built in this manner, providing an iridescent effect when lit at night. The shell of the dome and the internal structure are of a white, rendered concrete, bushhammered to a soft texture and accented with distinctive native ifilele wood joinery and a warm red quarry tile floor finish. The main hall seats 500 and a cantilevered mezzanine level rings the perimeter providing additional seating for 200 including the choir. [from the pamphlet distributed to guests] For a report of the dedication see BW19:552–3. For the text of the address of His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II see BW19:556. For pictures see BW19:553 and VV64. Marble for the House of Worship was cut and chiseled by Margraf, a firm from Chiampo, Italy formerly known as Industria Marmi Vincentini. [BWNS1223] Specifics Location: Apia, Samoa (9km south of the city) Foundation Stone: Laid by Malietoa Tanumafili II and Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum on 27 January 1979. She placed a small casket of Dust from the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh in a niche in a stone. Period: 1980-1984 Site Dedication:1 September 1984 Architect:Husayn Amanat Seating: 500 - 700 Dimensions:Top of the dome to ground: 28m (92ft), Top of the dome to basement floor: 31m (102ft), Height of the dome: 19m (62ft), Width of the dome: 27M (88ft) Cost: $6.5m Dependencies: References: BW16p488-489, BW17p371-374, BW18p104, 585-588, BW19p547-557,	Apia; Samoa; Pacific; Chiampo; Italy	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Ugo Giachery; Malietoa Tanumafili II of Western Samoa; Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Apia; Dedications; Marble; Husayn Amanat; Malietoa Tanumafili II of Western Samoa; Architects; Boxes containing dust, earth or plaster; Gifts; Bahaullah, Shrine of; BWNS; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Margraf
1986 24 Dec	The House of Worship in New Delhi, the Mother Temple of the Indian Subcontinent, was dedicated in the presence of Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and more than 8,000 Bahá’ís from 114 countries. [AWH47; BINS161; BW19:102 BW20p732-733, VV92] On October 1st, 1954 the Guardian announced that a plot lying in the outskirts of New Delhi has been secured at the price of a hundred thousand rupees as the site of the first Mashriqu'l-Adhkar of the Indian subcontinent. [CBN No58 Nov 1954 p1] See VV93–4 for pictures. Marble for the House of Worship was cut and chiseled by Margraf, a firm from Chiampo, Italy formerly known as Industria Marmi Vincentini. [BWNS1223] The Universal House of Justice reported that the Bahá’í Temple received more than 120,000 visitors within the first thirty days of its dedication. [Ridván 1987] Specifics Location: New Delhi, India (Bahapur (Abode of Light)) Foundation Stone: 17 October 1977 (Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum) Construction Period: April 1980 - December 1986 Site Dedication:24 December 1986 (Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum placed a silver casket containing Dust from the Shrines of Bahá’u’lláh and the Báb into the crown of the Prayer Hall arch facing ‘Akká) Architect/Project Manager: Fariburz Sahbá Seating: 1200 Dimensions:Inner buds are 34.3m high, the outer leaves are 15.4m wide and 22.5m high. Cost: $10m Dependencies: References: BW16p486-487, BW17p368-370, BW18p103-104, 571-584, BW19p559-568, BW20p731-753	New Delhi; India; Chiampo; Italy	Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship); Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts; Mashriqul-Adhkar, Delhi; Lotus temple; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Dedications; Marble; Fariburz Sahba; Architects; Boxes containing dust, earth or plaster; Gifts; Bahaullah, Shrine of; Bab, Shrine of; BWNS; - Basic timeline, Expanded; Margraf
1989 (Summer)	The founding of the Maxwell International Bahá'í School. It was a co-ed Bahá'í school located on Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, Canada. It offered day students and boarding students from many parts of the world instruction from grades 7-12. Its educational philosophy was based on the principles of the Bahá'í Faith. The school was opened in a ceremony with guest of honour Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum (Mary Maxwell, daughter of May and Sutherland) and wife of the Bahá'í Faith's Guardian, Shoghi Effendi). A tree was planted in dedication to the opening of the school. In the early 2006-2007 school year, the school board decided to drop "Bahá'í" from its name, changing it to "Maxwell International School". The school closed on its 20th anniversary in 2008. [Wiki]	Shawnigan Lake BC; British Columbia; Canada	Maxwell International School; Bahai schools; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Maxwell International School
1992 15 Sep	Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum was officially invited to open the Exhibition of Bahá'í Manuscripts at the British Museum in London. [VV134]	London; United Kingdom	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Exhibitions of Bahai manuscripts and relics; British Museum and British Library
1997. 1 Oct	The release of the film Crossing Frontiers: Portrait of a World Citizen - Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum by Badiyan Distribution. This video, on the life of the Hand of the Cause of God Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, explored the frontiers she crossed in her travels to over 185 countries promoting the essential teachings of the Bahá'í Faith. In the course of her travels she gave countless lectures, met many leading dignitaries, and was interviewed on radio, television and by the press throughout the world, continually promoting the teachings of the Bahá'í Faith. [9 Star Media] The video has been made available on YouTube.		Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of; Film; Documentaries
1998 31 Jan	The Spiritual Assembly of Budapest set up a marble plaque in the garden of the National Museum at the site where Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhiyyih Khánum planted a tree during her visit in 1993 to commemorate 'Abdu'l-Bahá's visit in 1913. The ceremony opened the National Spritual Assembly's campaign marking the eighty-fifth anniversary of the Bahá'í Faith in Hungary. [BW1997-98 p 103-104]	Budapest; Hungary	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Trees; Abdul-Baha, Travels of; Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour
2000 19 Jan	The passing of Hand of the Cause of God Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum (born Mary Sutherland Maxwell) in Haifa. She was born in New York on 8 August 1910. [One CountryVol.11,Issue4, Mess86-01p699-700, 19 January, 2000] Shoghi Effendi had appointed her as a Hand of the Cause of God after the passing of her father, Hand of the Cause of God Sutherland Maxwell on the 26th of March, 1952. [MoCxxiv] See A Tribute to Amatu’l-Bahá Ruhiyyih Khanum by Violette Nakhjavani. Photo of her Resting Place.	Haifa	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Mary Maxwell; In Memoriam; Births and deaths; Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths; - Basic timeline, Expanded
2001. 15 May	A tribute to Ruhiyyih Khanum, much in the form of music and drama, was held at Canada House in Trafalgar Square in London. It was attended by some 150 prominent people including Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The main focus of the evening was a theatrical performance entitled A Life So Noble, which had been inspired by Ruhiyyih Khanum's life. Written by Canadian-born actress/writer Beverley Evans and directed by Annabel Knight, the show took four major aspects of Khanum's life and character and personified them in four women actresses, Maria Friedman, Beverley Evans, Sarah Clive and Kerry-Ann Smith, who told her story using words taken from Ruhiyyih Khanum's own lectures and writings.[BWNS124]	London; United Kingdom	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Prince Philip; Annabel Knight; Violette Nakhjavani

from the chronology of Canada

date	event	locations	tags	see also
1937 25 Mar	Shoghi Effendi married Mary Maxwell, Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum. [PP151; UD115] For a description of the simple wedding see GBF68–9 and PP151–2. Shoghi Effendi stressed that the marriage drew the Occident and the Orient closer together. [GBF69–70; PP153] The American Bahá’í community sent $19 from each of its 71 Assemblies as a wedding gift. [GBF70; PP153] An extension was built onto Shoghi Effendi’s apartment on the roof of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s house in Haifa to accommodate the couple. [BBD107; DH152] See also MA89.	Haifa	Marriage; Mary Maxwell; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum
1952. 26 Mar`	Shoghi Effendi appointed Ruhíyyih Khánum Hand of the Cause of God to replace her father. [UC34]	Haifa	Hand of the Cause; Ruhiyyih Khanum
1953. 9 or 10 May	Following her attendance at the Intercontinental Conference in Wilmette Ruhiyyih Khanum met with Bahá'í friends in her former home. She discussed the donation of the Maxwell House to the National Spiritual Assembly as a shrine and suggested how it might be suitably used. The following day friends gathered in Mount Royal Cemetery for a commemorative service for her father, Sutherland Maxwell. Rose petals from the Tomb of Bahá'u'lláh were scattered on the grave. [CBN Vol 13 No 3 July 2000 p5] She was accompanied by Hand of the Cause and member of the International Council Amelia Collins. [CBN No 41 June 1953 p3; CBN No 45 October, 1953 p3]	Montreal, QC	Amelia Collins; Ruhiyyih Khanum; Sutherland Maxwell; Shrine
1953. 21 May	Ruhíyyih Khánum gave the Maxwell home at 1548 Pine Avenue West in Montreal, to the Canadian Bahá'í Community. [UC41]	Montreal, QC	Shrine; Ruhiyyih Khanum
1953. 5 - 6 - 7 Sep	Maritime Summer Conference was held during the Labour Day weekend at Little Sands on Prince Edward Island. Bahá'ís from three of the Atlantic Provinces attended-with a total of 18 adults and one youth. Peggy Ross of Scarboro gave a course on "The Reality of Man". The Charlottetown friends presented the play written by Ruhiyyih Khanum, A Spiritual Assembly's Growing Pains. This play included a scene from a real incident which took place in early Montreal Bahá'í history between Ruhiyyih Khanum and Charlottetown Bahá'í Ernest Harrison. []CBN No 45 October 1953 p4	Little Sands, PE	Maritime Summer Conference; Conference; Peggy Ross; Ernest Harrison; Ruhiyyih Khanum; play; A Spiritual Assemblys Growing Pains
1958 Jan	Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá’ Rúhíyyih Khánum met the Bahá’ís of Winnipeg during her visit to Canada. [Bloodworth, Grains of Wheat p20]	Winnipeg, MB	Ruhiyyih Khanum
1960 16 May - 2 Jun	‘Amatu’l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum was in North America from May 4 to June 5. She made a coast to coast tour of Canada from May 16 to June 2, 1960. She had a TV interview in Regina and was interviewed by newspaper representatives in Ottawa and other cities. In Montreal she gave an address in the Union Church. One of the recurring themes in her talk was the importance of Native teaching. During her tour she visited a Navajo First Nation in the US and the Peigan (Piikani) Reserve in Alberta. In Calgary she spoke to a group that included Native people and members of the Blackfoot First Nation declared his faith. [CBN No 126 July 1960 p5]. As a gift to the National Assembly she brought an illuminated Tablet of Bahá'u'lláh in Arabic. It was written in a circle in the centre of which was a lock of Bahá'u'lláh's hair. [CBN No 126 July 1960 p7]. iiiii	Piegan; Piikani First Nation; Blackfoot First Nation	Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Archive
1960. 21 May	Hand of the Cause Ruhiyyih Khánum visited the Piikani First Nation (Peigan Reserve), AB during her tour of Canada at the home of Councillor Samson Knowlton. During this visit she had the honour of being given a name by the chiefs of the tribe (Our Blessed Mother). [CBN No 126 July 1960 p5] For details of the visit see [CBN No 129 October 1960 p3-4; BN No 356 November 1960 p2].	Piikani First Nation (Peigan Reserve), AB	Hand of the Cause Ruhiyyih Khanum
1975 (In the year)	Elizabeth Martin, with the help of Chris Lyons produced film entitled Invitation. It was a memoir of Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum incorporating footage from Khánum's Andean trip along with memories of her childhood years in Montreal. [HNWE36]	Toronto, ON	film; Invitation; Elizabeth Martin; Chris Lyons; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum
1981. 29 - 31 May	The 6th annual Conference of the Association for Bahá'í Studies was held in Ottawa and was attended by some 350 Bahá'ís. This year, with the approval of the Universal House of Justice, the name of the Association was changed from the Canadian Association for Studies on the Bahá’í Faith to the Association for Bahá’í Studies in recognition of its increasingly international character. Also, the Association recently purchased a modest house on the campus of the University of Ottawa to serve as a Center for Bahá’í Studies and as an administrative headquarters for the organization. The presentations included: “The Psychological and Spiritual Aspects of Personal Growth,” by Hossain Danesh, a member of the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada who is a practicing psychiatrist; a discussion of the use of computers in indexing the Bahá’í Writings, presented by Edward Fox, a doctoral candidate in computer science at Cornell University; “John the Baptist—The Forgotten Manifestation,” by Jack McLean, a doctoral candidate in religious studies at the University of Ottawa; and a presentation on the life and works of Mishkín-Qalam, the famous Bahá’í calligrapher, by Gol Aidun of Brandon, Manitoba. Also included in the conference was the second annual Ḥasan Balyúzi Lectureship—given this year by Douglas Martin, secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada, who spoke on the persecutions of the Bahá’ís in Iran under the Pahlavi regime, and by Glenford E. Mitchell, secretary of the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, who discussed the reaction of people in the West to the current wave of persecutions in Iran. The last presentation of the conference was that of Amatu’l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum who had recently arrived in North America after several months in Central America. Although not entirely recovered from an illness acquired during her travels, she spoke vigorously—although, uncharacteristically, while seated. Her principal theme was the corrosive effects of the prejudice of the educated toward the illiterate, though she stressed the importance of the contribution of the educated in the Faith and in society. She also urged the Bahá’ís to redouble their efforts, citing a passage pointed out to her by the beloved Guardian, Shoghi Effendi, in which Bahá’u’lláh, while still in Baghdád, had said that if the Bahá’ís had busied themselves with what He had commanded them to do, “now the entire world would be clothed in faith.” [BN Issue 607 October 1981 p7; BCVol 3 No 5 July/August 1981 p5]	Ottawa, ON	Bahai Studies, Associations for; Hossain Danesh; Edward Fox; Jack McLean; Gol Aidun; Douglas Martin; Glenford E. Mitchell; Ruḥiyyih Khanum
1981. 29 May - 3 Jun	The International Conference on Marriage and the Family was held May 29-June 3 was held in Ottawa concurrent with the ABS conference to hear papers presented by scholars on various aspects of Bahá’í studies. Just as Amatu’l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum had ended the Association’s annual conference, so she opened the three days of its International Bahá’í Conference on Marriage and the Family, speaking first about the problem of divorce, endemic among the Bahá’ís as it is in the world at large, and a source of great concern at the World Centre. Although marriage, she said, is not in itself a commandment, it is essential that Bahá’ís obey and take seriously the Bahá’í laws on marriage. One of the speakers at the International Bahá’í Conference on Marriage and the Family, sponsored by the Association for Bahá’í Studies was Mrs Yoshiko Nomura, a housewife from Tokyo, Japan, who was the founder and executive director of the Center for Lifelong Integrated Education. Other speakers included Kerry Mothersill, A.M. Ghadirian, Khalil A. Khavari, Michael Bruwer, Jane Faily, Frank Haendel, Hossain Danesh, Eric Frost, Sandra Roberts, N. Peseschkian, Ruth Eyford, and Anne McGillivray. [BN Issue 607 October 1981 p7]	Ottawa, ON	International Conference on Marriage and the Family; Amatul-Baha Ruḥiyyih Khanum; Kerry Mothersill; Abdul-Missagh Ghadirian; Khalil A. Khavari; Michael Bruwer; Jane Faily; Frank Haendel; Hossain Danesh; Eric Frost; Sandra Roberts; Nossrat Peseschkian; Ruth Eyford; Anne McGillivray
1989 (Summer)	The founding of the Maxwell International Bahá'í School. It was a co-ed Bahá'í school located on Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, Canada. It offered day students and boarding students from many parts of the world instruction from grades 7-12. Its educational philosophy was based on the principles of the Bahá'í Faith. The school was opened in a ceremony with guest of honour Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum (Mary Maxwell, daughter of May and Sutherland) and wife of the Bahá'í Faith's Guardian, Shoghi Effendi). A tree was planted in dedication to the opening of the school. In the early 2006-2007 school year, the school board decided to drop "Bahá'í" from its name, changing it to "Maxwell International School". The school closed on its 20th anniversary in 2008. [Wiki]	Shawnigan Lake, BC	Maxwell International School; Bahai schools; Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum; Maxwell International School
2001. 15 May	A tribute to Ruhiyyih Khanum, much in the form of music and drama, was held at Canada House in Trafalgar Square in London. It was attended by some 150 prominent people including Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The main focus of the evening was a theatrical performance entitled A Life So Noble, which had been inspired by Ruhiyyih Khanum's life. Written by Canadian-born actress/writer Beverley Evans and directed by Annabel Knight, the show took four major aspects of Khanum's life and character and personified them in four women actresses, Maria Friedman, Beverley Evans, Sarah Clive and Kerry-Ann Smith, who told her story using words taken from Ruhiyyih Khanum's own lectures and writings.[BWNS124]	London; United Kingdom	Ruhiyyih Khanum; Prince Philip; A Life So Noble; Annabel Knight; Violette Nakhjavani

from the main catalogue

Address to the 6th Annual ABS Conference in Canada, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1981). Address to the 6th Annual Association for Bahá’í Studies Conference, Canada. [about]
Address to the National Convention, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1983). [about]
Amatu'l-Bahá Visits India, by Violette Nakhjavani (1966). The story of Rúhíyyih Khánum's 9-month journey across India and Southeast Asia in 1964, as told by her travel companion. [about]
Changing Needs in a Changing World, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1960). Talk given in New York City in 1960, on bringing peace to the world. [about]
Dawn Fasting Prayer, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1982). Essay from ‘Amatu’l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum's book The Desire of the World. [about]
Desire of the World, The: Materials for the contemplation of God and His Manifestation for this Day, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1982). Compiled from the Words of Bahá’u’lláh. Includes a compilation of names and titles of God and of Bahá'u'lláh. [about]
Eagle and Pillar over Shoghi Effendi's resting place, and his visits to Scotland, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1981). Transcript of Ruhiyyih Khanum talking about Shoghi Effendi's visits to Scotland and how the pillar and eagle came to be over his resting place [about]
Freedom and Liberty, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1981). Short talk on the meanings of "liberty" in the Bahá'í writings. [about]
Glimpse of Ruhiyyih Khanum and Her 17 Days in Korea, by Jack Davis (n.d.). Overview of of Ruhiyyih Khanum (Mary Maxwell)'s tour through Korea, May 6-23, 1984. [about]
Great Safari of Hand of the Cause Rúhíyyih Khánum, The, by Violette Nakhjavani, in Bahá'í News, 468-513 (1970). A diary of Ruhiyyih Khanum's travels through Africa. Serialized in Bahá'í News in 26 issues, from 1970 through 1973. [about]
Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, The, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1988). An abridged and updated version of the author's biography Priceless Pearl. [about]
Guardian's Wartime Travels, The, by Harry Liedtke (2016). Brief chronology of world events 1938-1940 juxtaposed with Shoghi Effendi's travels in 1940, when he left Haifa for England nine months after the beginning of the war. [about]
Haifa Notes of Shoghi Effendi's Word: Volumes 1 and 2, by May Maxwell and Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1937). Transcriptions of talks given by Shoghi Effendi by May Maxwell and Ruhiyyih Khanum, taken during their pilgrimage in 1937. [about]
Hands of the Cause of God: Personal Recollections, by Bill Washington (2014). Recollections of A.Q. Faizi, A.A. Furútan, Clara Dunn, Rúhíyyih Khánum, Ugo Giachery, Leroy Ioas, Enoch Olinga, Rahmátu’lláh Muhajir, Bill Sears, Agnes Alexander, John Robarts, Collis Featherstone, and Jalal Khazeh. [about]
Khamsis, The: A Cradle of True Gold, by Boris Handal (2020). Biography of the five-brother Báqirof-Khamsi clan, designated by Bahá'u'lláh as the "Five Siyyids" after they accepted the Bahá'í Faith in 1881. [about]
Letter to John B. Cornell, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1943). Short personal letter relating answers from Shoghi Effendi to various questions of Cornell, on voting age, the election of the House, the "Source of all knowledge," etc. [about]
Letter to the Ecole des Jeunes May Bolles Maxwell Conference, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1997). [about]
Letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States, 1998, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1998). [about]
Letter to the United States and Canada on racism, 1961, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1961). [about]
May Maxwell and the Maxwells of Montreal, by Jack McLean (2019). Presentation of Violette Nakhjavani's book The Maxwells of Montreal. [about]
Message to the Indian and Eskimo Bahá'ís of the Western Hemisphere, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1969). An overview of the Bahá'í Faith, written to the native Inuit and First Nations peoples of North America. [about]
Passing of Shoghi Effendi, The: 1896-1957, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum and John Ferraby (1958). Detailed account of the final days of the life of the Guardian. [about]
Path of Beauty, The: The Literary Life of Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, by Sandra Lynn Hutchison, in World Order, 31:2 (1999). An extensive review of the varied literary works of Ruhiyyih Khanum – poems, plays, ethical guidance, practical guidelines for Baha’i pioneering and teaching, inspirational essays, literary and scriptural commentary, biography, and even a film script. [about]
Prescription for Living, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1950). Thoughts on how to weave a happy individual life and a happy, united, world life: on love and marriage, death, work, habits, sorrow and trial, and the Bahá'í teachings. [about]
Priceless Pearl, The, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1969). The classic biography of The Guardian, written by his wife. [about]
Quote from Ruhiyyih Khanum to Mrs. J.E. Bolles, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1953). One short note about the "urgency of this particular time in history," from Ruhiyyih Khanum to Mrs. J.E. Bolles, contained in a letter from Agnes Alexander to "Lucy," June, 1953. [about]
Re-florescence of Historical Romance in Nabil, The, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum, in Bahá'í World, Vol. 5 (1932–1934) (1934). Essay reflecting on the dominant themes of The Dawn-Breakers, an early narrative of Bábí history authored by Nabil-i-A'zam. [about]
Ruhiyyih Khanum, by Loni Bramson, in World Religions: Belief, Culture, and Controversy (2011). [about]
Ruhiyyih Khanum's Tribute to Shoghi Effendi at the Kampala Conference (Uganda) 26 Jan 1958, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1958). Notes of the moving tribute by Ruhiyyih Khanum to Shoghi Effendi immediately after his passing, given at the Kampala International Conference (Uganda), 26 January 1958 [about]
Shoghi Effendi, by Marcus Bach, in The Circle of Faith, Chapter 3 (1957). Dr. Bach set out to meet the five people of his time whom he felt best exemplified the teachings of Jesus Christ. He travelled the world to pursue this aim, interviewing Helen Keller, Pope Pius XII, Albert Schweitzer, Therese Neumann, and Shoghi Effendi. [about]
Shoghi Effendi: The Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1970). [about]
Signs of God on Earth, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1963). Talk presented at the First Bahá'í World Congress in London, 1963, about pioneering, teaching indigenous people, and about her memories of the Guardian. [about]
Speaking in Edinburgh, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1981). Address at Edinburgh Bahá'í Centre. Includes discussion of Shoghi Effendi in Scotland and the eagle and pillar at his resting place. [about]
Spiritual Assembly's Growing Pains, A, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1976). A play, in 28 pages, showing "some of the workings of a Bahá'í Spiritual Assembly: some of the blunders, some of the problems; how certain types of people fit better into one office and others into another." [about]
Story of Mr. Rufino Gualvisí, by Ralph Dexter (2020). Biography of a well-known travel teacher in Ecuador. English and Spanish text by Dexter; includes section by Isabel Pavon de Calderón; includes photographs. [about]
Teaching Problems / Success in Teaching, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum, in Bahá'í News (1949). Three versions of an article: first published as "Teaching Problems" in March 1949, then as "Success in Teaching" in June 1949, and a Persian translation. [about]
Third Bahá'í Intercontinental Conference, Chicago: Notes, by Emma Maxie Jones and Anonymous (1958). Notes, with comments by Borah Kavelin, Rúhíyyih Khánum, Leroy Ioas, Horace Holley, John Robarts, Ugo Giachery, et al., on topics such as raising funds for Temples, pioneering, Native Americans, reflections on Shoghi Effendi, and Mt. Carmel. [about]
This is Faith, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1954). One poem. [about]
Three Talks in Africa, by Ali Nakhjavani and Violette Nakhjavani (2001). Three talks given in East London, South Africa circa August-September 2001, on personal reminiscences of Ruhiyyih Khanum and Enoch Olinga, some history of the Faith in Africa, and stages of spiritual growth and teaching. [about]
Tribute to Amatu'l-Bahá Ruhiyyih Khanum, A, by Violette Nakhjavani (2000). Born Mary Maxwell in Montreal, Amatu’l-Bahá Ruhiyyih Khanum’s life spanned almost the entire 20th century. To her husband, Shoghi Effendi, she was his "helpmate", "shield" and "tireless collaborator in the arduous tasks I shoulder." [about]
Twenty-Five Years of the Guardianship, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1948). An early account of Shoghi Effendi's ministry, written by his wife while he was still alive. [about]
What it is to be a Bahá'í?: A letter to the Bahá'í youth from Ruhiyyih Khanum, by Ruhiyyih (Mary Maxwell) Khanum (1948). The object of life to a Bahá'í is to promote the oneness of mankind. [about]

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