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[New Zealand Bahá'í News, May 1997] <li>See <a href="1941-02-11">11 February, 1941</A> for biographical information. <li> For a photo see <a href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/32282/first-new-zealand-bahai">Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a> <Li>She was the first New Zealand Bahá'i, and for 10 years from 1912, the only one. When the first New Zealand Bahá'i group formed in 1924, Stevenson was elected its president. Her two sisters also joined the faith. Stevenson remained secretary of the Bahá'i Spiritual Assembly in New Zealand until her passing in 1941.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_Zealand.html">New Zealand</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Margaret_Stevenson.html">Margaret Stevenson</a>; <a href="../tags/First_Bahais_by_country_or_area.html">First Bahais by country or area</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first believer in New Zealand.; first group in New Zealand</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1826 27 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Passing of <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u> Ahmad-i-Ahsá'í, the leader of the <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u>ís, in Haddíyyih near Medina near the tomb of Muhammad, at approximately 75 years. He was buried in the cemetery of Baqí` in Medina. [B2,; M16; H20] <li> At his passing Siyyid Kázim-i-Ra<u>sh</u>tí became his designated successor. [BBD12; DB9-11] <li>BBD12 says it was 1828 and he was 81 years old <li>See MH20 for three chief articles of faith of the <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u>ís. <li> See BBRSM8 for a brief account of his life. Says he lived from 1753 to 1826. <li>See DB1-18 for a brief history of his life. <li>DB18 says he died in 1268 A.H. (4 August, 1826 to 25 July, 1827) <li> See MH22 for a picture. <li>KA239n171 says <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u> Aḥmad-i-Ahsá’í lived from 1753 to 1831. He was the founder of the <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u>í School and the first of the “twin luminaries that heralded the advent of the Faith of the Báb”. <li>See <a href="../momen_abc-clio_shaykh_ahmad-al-ahsai.html"><i>Sheikh Ahmad al-Ahsai</i></a> by Moojan Momen for a brief history of <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u> Aḥmad-i-Ahsá’í and the <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u>í School and his continuing influence today. <li>See <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahsai-shaikh-ahmad"><i>Ahsá'í, Shaykh Ahmad</i></a> by Denis MacEoin. <li>See BBRSM8-13 for a history of <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u>ism. <li>See GPB92 for his predictions regarding the Twin Manifestations. iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haddiyyih.html">Haddiyyih</a>; <a href="../locations/Medina.html">Medina</a>; <a href="../locations/Saudi_Arabia.html">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shaykh_Ahmad-i-Ahsai.html">Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsai</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyyid_Kazim-i-Rashti.html">Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti</a>; <a href="../tags/Shaykhism.html">Shaykhism</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1844 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Edict of Toleration: The relaxation of the order for the exclusion of the Jews from the Holy Land. GPB iv Luke 21:24 <li>See <a href="../sours_ottoman_edict_toleration.html"><i>The 1844 Ottoman 'Edict of Toleration' in Bahá'í Secondary Literature</i></a> by Michael W Sours.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Israel.html">Israel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Edict_of_Toleration.html">Edict of Toleration</a>; <a href="../tags/Jews.html">Jews</a>; <a href="../tags/Judaism.html">Judaism</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1844</span> 22 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>Declaration of the Báb's Mission</b> <p> Two hours and eleven minutes after sunset Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad made His declaration to Mullá Husayn-i-Bushrú'í in the upper room of His House. [DB52-65]<p> “I am, I am, I am, the promised One! I am the One whose name you have for a thousand years invoked, at whose mention you have risen, whose advent you have longed to witness, and the hour of whose Revelation you have prayed God to hasten. Verily I say, it is incumbent upon the peoples of both the East and the West to obey My word and to pledge allegiance to My person.” [DB315-316] <li>See SI231 for information on the anticipated return of the Hidden Imam. See BBR2pg42-3 and DB57 for a list of signs by which the Promised One would be known. <li>See BW5p600-4 for a brief biography of William Miller the founder of the Adventist sect who, after intense study of the Bible, had predicted the return of Christ on March 21, 1844. See BW5p604 for mention of other Christians who made similar predictions. <li>See DB383 and BBR2pg25 for information on Mulla Husayn-i-Bushru’i. See CoB110 for the significance of the first believer. <li> See SBBH1:14 for a possible explanation for Mullá Husayn's presence in <u>Sh</u>íráz at this time. <li> Nabíl-i-A`zam relates that Mullá Husayn was welcomed at the Báb's mansion by Mubárak, His Ethiopian servant. Others resident in this house at the time were Fiddih (f), responsible for the preparation of the food and the mother of Siyyid 'Alí-Muhammad, Zahrá Bagum. [DB53; KBWB5] <li>For more information about Mubarack see <a href="https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/9789004226005/B9789004226005_003.xml"><i>Black Pearls: Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha'U'Llah</i></a> p21-22. <li> He revealed the first chapter of the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá' (the Commentary on the Súrih of Joseph. The entire text would later be translated from the original Arabic by Táhirih. [B19–21; BBD190–1; BBRSM14–15; BKG28; BW12:85–8; BWMF16; DB52–65, 264, 216, BBR2pg14-15, GPB23, 73; MH56–71; SBBH17, HotD30] <ul><li>Bahá'u'lláh has described this book as being `the first, the greatest, and mightiest of all books' in the Bábí Dispensation. [GPB23] <li>See SBBH5pg1 for discussion on the Qayyumu’l-Asma’. <li> This text was the most widely circulated of all the Báb's writings and came to be regarded as the Bábí Qur'an for almost the entirety of His mission. [BBRSM32] <li>Images of the Qayyum al-asma' (‘Maintainer of the names’) can be see at the website of the British Library, <a href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-qayyum-al-asma-maintainer-of-the-names"><i>Discovering Sacred Texts</i></a>.</ul> <li> This date marks the end of the Adamic Cycle of approximately six thousand years and the beginning of the Bahá'í Cycle or Cycle of Fulfilment. [BBD9, 35, 72; GPB100] Shoghi Effendi is quoted as saying that this is the second most important anniversary on the Bahá'í calendar. [ZK320] <li> The beginning of the Apostolic, Heroic or Primitive Age. [BBD35, 67] <li> See MH86–7 for an explanation of the implication of the word `Báb' to the <u>Sh</u>í'í Muslims. <li> Three stages of the Báb's Revelation: <ol><li> He chose the title `Báb' and Mullá Husayn was given the title Bábu'l-Báb (the gate of the Gate). <li> In the second year of the Revelation (from His confinement in the house of His uncle in <u>Sh</u>íráz) He took the title of Siyyid-i-<u>dh</u>ikr (<u>dh</u>ikr means `remembrance of God') and gave the title `Báb' to Mullá Husayn. At Fort Tabarsí Mullá Husayn was called `Jináb-i Báb' by his companions. <li> At His public declaration the Báb declared Himself to be the promised Qá'im. [MH87–8]</ol> <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Shiraz.html">Shiraz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Declaration_of.html">Bab, Declaration of</a>; <a href="../tags/Holy_days.html">Holy days</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Writings_of.html">Bab, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Mulla_Husayn.html">Mulla Husayn</a>; <a href="../tags/Qayyumul-Asma_(book).html">Qayyumul-Asma (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Surih_of_Joseph.html">Surih of Joseph</a>; <a href="../tags/Tahirih.html">Tahirih</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Cycles.html">Cycles</a>; <a href="../tags/Ages_and_Epochs.html">Ages and Epochs</a>; <a href="../tags/Heroic_age.html">Heroic age</a>; <a href="../tags/Qaim.html">Qaim</a>; <a href="../tags/Promised_One.html">Promised One</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bab, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Mubarak.html">Mubarak</a>; <a href="../tags/Letters_of_the_Living.html">Letters of the Living</a>; <a href="../tags/Fiddih.html">Fiddih</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_House_of_(Shiraz).html">Bab, House of (Shiraz)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First, the greatest, and mightiest of all books in the Bábí Dispensation</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1845 Feb - Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Báb returned to Bú<u>sh</u>ihr. He sent Quddús to <u>Sh</u>íráz with a letter addressed to His uncle Hájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí who, upon receiving it, embraced his Nephew's Cause, the first, after the Letters of the Living, to do so in <u>Sh</u>íráz. The Báb also entrusted Quddús with a treatise for him entitled <i><u>Kh</u>asá'il-i-Sab`ih</i> (`the Seven Qualifications') and promised him his impending martyrdom. Later he gave his life as one of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran, see <a href="1850-02-20">1850 19 or 20 Feb</a>. [Bab77–8; DB142–3; MS2, GPB9-10] <li>To the departing Quddus He promised intense suffering in <u>Sh</u>íráz and eventual martyrdom. [DB142-143] <li>Bab77 and GPB10 say the Báb arrived in Bú<u>sh</u>ihr in February - March. <li> SSBH1p23 and BBRSM216 say 15 May, 1845. <li> Before leaving on pilgrimage the Báb had stated that He would return to Karbalá and asked His followers to congregate there. An explanation in part for the large following that had gathered there is the messianic expectation associated with the year 1261, a thousand years after the Twelfth Imám's disappearance in 260 A.H.. This gathering was perceived as a threat by the authorities. [BBRSM15, 45, 216; DB157–8; SBBH1p23, 32] <li> The Báb changed His plan to meet His followers in Karbalá and instructed them to go to Isfahán instead. A number abandon Him, regarding this as <i>badá'</i>, `alteration of divine will'. [BBRSM16; DB158; MH125; SBBH23] <li> Some speculate that He did not go to Karbalá to avoid conflict and sedition. Many Bábís had gone to Karbalá armed in preparation for holy war, `jihád'. [BBRSM21–2; SBBH1:23] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bushihr.html">Bushihr</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Shiraz.html">Shiraz</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Pilgrimage_of.html">Bab, Pilgrimage of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Family_of.html">Bab, Family of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Uncles_of.html">Bab, Uncles of</a>; <a href="../tags/Uncles.html">Uncles</a>; <a href="../tags/Quddus.html">Quddus</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Mirza_Siyyid_Ali.html">Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali</a>; <a href="../tags/Dhasail-i-Sabih_(Seven_Qualifications).html">Dhasail-i-Sabih (Seven Qualifications)</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/First_believers.html">First believers</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Writings_of.html">Bab, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first to embrace the Cause after the Letters of the Living.</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1845</span> 28 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Prince Dolgorukov was appointed Russian ambassador to Tihrán. He was previously first secretary of the Russian legation at Constantinople. He arrived in Tihrán in January 1846. <li>See <a href="../momen_conspiracies_forgeries.html"><i>Conspiracies and Forgeries: The Attack upon the Bahá'í Community in Iran</i></a> by Moojan Momen where it says "Prince Dolgoruki....was Russian Minister in Tehran from 1845 to 1854".</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Istanbul_(Constantinople).html">Istanbul (Constantinople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a>; <a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Russia.html">Russia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Prince_Dolgorukov.html">Prince Dolgorukov</a>; <a href="../tags/Ambassadors.html">Ambassadors</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Iran%2c_General_history.html">Iran, General history</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1845</span> 1 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><i>The Times</i> of London carried an item on the arrest and torture of Quddús, Mullá Sádiq-i-<u>Kh</u>urásání, Mullá `Alí-Akbar-i-Ardistání and Mullá Abú-Tálib in <u>Sh</u>íráz in June. This was the first known printed reference to the Revelation in the Western press. A similar article was reprinted on 19 November. [<a href="../first_newspaper_accounts_babism.html"><i>First newspaper story of the events of the Bábí Faith</i></a> compiled by Steven Kolins; B76–7; BBR4, 69] <li>See <a href="http://smk99.blogspot.com/2016/02/it-was-in-news.html">In was in the news...</a>. In this blog by SMK, he has provided an extensive list of English newspaper articles on the persecution of the Báb and the Bábís in 1845 and 1846. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Shiraz.html">Shiraz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Quddus.html">Quddus</a>; <a href="../tags/Ismullahul-Asdaq_(Mulla_Sadiq_Khurasani).html">Ismullahul-Asdaq (Mulla Sadiq Khurasani)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mulla_Ali-Akbar-i-Ardistani.html">Mulla Ali-Akbar-i-Ardistani</a>; <a href="../tags/Mulla_Abu-Talib.html">Mulla Abu-Talib</a>; <a href="../tags/Times_(newspaper).html">Times (newspaper)</a>; <a href="../tags/Newspaper_articles.html">Newspaper articles</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Mentions.html">Mentions</a>; <a href="../tags/Babism%2c_Early_Western_Accounts_of.html">Babism, Early Western Accounts of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First known published reference to The Báb.</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1846 Sep - Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">On His approach to Isfahan the Báb wrote to Manú<u>ch</u>ihr <u>Kh</u>án, the governor-general of Isfahán, and asked him where He should take shelter. The governor requested that Siyyid Muhammad, the Imám-Jum`ih of Isfahán, accommodate Him. During His stay of 40 days the Báb impressed His host as well as many of the clerics. [Bab109–10, 13; DB199–202, 208] <li> See Bab108–9 for information on Manú<u>ch</u>ihr <u>Kh</u>án. <li> It was during His six-month stay in Isfahán that the Báb took a second wife, Fátimih, the sister of a Bábí from that city. She was the sister of Mulla Rajab-`Alí Isfahání. [RB1:249] <uL><li>She became the 6th wife of Mírzá Yahyá in 1854 - 1856. He married her in Baghdad during Bahá'u'lláh's absence in Sulaymaniyah, and divorced her about a month later, giving her in marriage to Sayyid Muhammad Isfahani. [<a href="../momen_cyprus_exiles.html"><i>The Cyprus Exiles</i></a> by Moojan Momen] </ul>iiiii <li>See <a href="../abdul-baha_light_world.html#sdendnote44anc"><i>Light of the World: Selected Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bahá</i></a> Section 28 para 6 for information on this and additional marriages of Mírzá Yahyá while in Baghdad.  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Isfahan.html">Isfahan</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Manuchihr_Khan.html">Manuchihr Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Governor-generals.html">Governor-generals</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyyid_Muhammad_(Imam-Jumih).html">Siyyid Muhammad (Imam-Jumih)</a>; <a href="../tags/Fatimih.html">Fatimih</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Yahya_(Subh-i-Azal).html">Mirza Yahya (Subh-i-Azal)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1847 c. 1 – 17 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">One night the Báb disappeared and was found the next morning on the road coming from the direction of Tihrán. A look of confidence had settled on Him and His words have a new power. [B120–1; DB228–9] <li>Had He and Bahá'u'lláh met secretly? See SLH51 para96. <li>Also see <a href="http://bahaistudies.net/meeting.html"><i>Indications in the Writings and Historical Records Relative to the Question Whether Bahá'u'lláh and the Báb Met</i></a> from the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice. Also published in <i>‘Andalib Magazine</i>, vol. V, no. 17, pp. 20-21. <li>See DB461 where it is recorded that Bahá'u'lláh told the leading mullá in Amul that He had never met the Báb face-to-face. <LI>'Abdu'l-Bahá stated that They did not meet. [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/additional-tablets-extracts-talks/333345301/1#375758597">Bahá'í Org website</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Amul.html">Amul</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1848 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The birth of Mírzá Mihdí, `the Purest Branch', the son of Bahá'u'lláh and His wife Ásíyih Khánum (Navváb) in the family’s rented house near the Shemiran Gate (Darvázih Shimrán) in northern Tehran. [BBD155] <li> He was named after Mihdí, Bahá’u’lláh’s elder full brother, who was dear to Him and who had recently died. In later years Bahá’u’lláh gave Mírzá Mihdí the title "the Purest Branch." <li>In January of 1853 Bahá'u'lláh and His family left Tehran on the first stage of their exile. Mírzá Mihdí, who was unwell at the time and unfit to undertake three months of hard travel across the Iranian Plateau and the Zagros Mountains in severe winter weather, had to be left behind in the care of relatives. The Research Department of the Universal House of Justice, which has no definitive information on the topic, suggests that it is possible that more than one relative may have cared for Mírzá Mihdí over the seven years before he rejoined his parents in Baghdad. RoL165 says that he was left with his maternal grandmother, CH45 says it was his maternal great-grandmother, BKG13 says it was his paternal aunt, Hadrat-i-Ukht, identified as Sárih Khánum. <li>He was reunited with his parents in 1860 after Bahá’u’lláh’s return from the mountains of Sulaymaniyah and the family remained in Baghdad for another three years, until April 1863. <li>Mírzá Mihdí accompanied Bahá’u’lláh in His successive exiles to Istanbul, Edirne, and, finally, to Akka. <li>Despite his youth, Mírzá Mihdí was accustomed to hardship and was recognized as "a pillar of strength" among the exiles during the difficult period after their departure from Baghdad. He resembled ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in appearance and character and was noted for his piety, gentleness, dignity, courtesy, and patience. Throughout his brief adult life, Mírzá Mihdí was Bahá’u’lláh’s companion and served as one of His secretaries, recording the sacred tablets that He revealed. Many such manuscripts in Mírzá Mihdí’s excellent handwriting are extant." [<a href="http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=163:mihdi-mirza&catid=37:biography">Bahá'í Encyclopedia</a>] <li>See also <i>Mírzá Mihdí: The Purest Branch</i> by Boris Handal published by George Ronald Publisher, 2017 <li> See <a href="1870-06-22.html">22 June 1870</a> and <a href="1870-06-23.html">23 June 1870</a> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mirza_Mihdi_(Purest_Branch).html">Mirza Mihdi (Purest Branch)</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Family_of.html">Bahaullah, Family of</a>; <a href="../tags/Boris_Handal.html">Boris Handal</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1848</span> c. 26 Jun - 17 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>The Conference of Bada<u>sh</u>t</b><p> Bahá'u'lláh, who hosted and directed the event, rented three gardens, one for Quddús, another for Táhirih and the third for Himself. [Bab168; GPB31, 68; MF200]<p> The conference coincided with the removal of the Báb to Tabríz for interrogation in July. It was held near the village of <u>Sh</u>áhrúd in Semnan province. [BBRSM23; DB292] <li> `The primary purpose of that gathering was to implement the revelation of the Bayán by a sudden, a complete and dramatic break with the past — with its order, its ecclesiasticism, its traditions, and ceremonials. The subsidiary purpose of the conference was to consider the means of emancipating the Báb from His cruel confinement in <u>Ch</u>ihríq.' [BBRSM23; BKG43; DB297–8; GPB31, 157] <li>From the beginning of His ministry the Báb had implicitly claimed some higher spiritual station than merely that of being the "bábu'l-imám" and in the early months of 1848 while still in prison in Máh-Kú He put forward these claims to his companions. He proclaimed HImself to be the Imam Mahdi, the promised Q´'im (He who will arise), the inaugurator of the Resurrection and the abrogator of the Islamic holy law. [BBRSM23] <li>Bab167 says that the Bábís did not come to Bada<u>sh</u>t to make plans to rescue the Báb. <LI>It was attended by 81 believers and lasted 22 days. [BKG43–4, 46; DB292–3; GPB312] <li> Each day Bahá'u'lláh revealed a Tablet, and on each believer He conferred a new name. Each day an Islamic law was abrogated. Henceforth, when the Báb was addressing the believers, He used the new name that Bahá'u'lláh had bestowed upon them. [DB293; GPB32] <li> See BKG44–5; DB293 and MF201 for the story of the central event, Táhirih's confrontation with Quddús and removal of her veil. <ul><q> Ṭáhirih, seizing upon the opportunity, arose and, unveiled, came forth from the garden. She proceeded towards the tent of Bahá’u’lláh crying out and proclaiming: “I am the Trumpet-blast; I am the Bugle-call!”—which are two of the signs of the Day of Resurrection mentioned in the Qur’án. Calling out in this fashion, she entered the tent of Bahá’u’lláh. No sooner had she entered than Bahá’u’lláh instructed the believers to recite the Súrih of the Event from the Qur’án, a Súrih that describes the upheaval of the Day of Resurrection.</q><br> [<a href="http://www.bahai.org/r/638794850"><i>Twelve Table Talks given by ‘Abdu'l-Bahá in ‘Akká,</i></a> no. 9, "Ṭáhirih and the Conference of Badasht"]</ul> <li>Also see Bab167–9; BBD31–2; BBRSM46; BKG43–7; DB292–8; RB2:353. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_18/Issue_2/Text#pg44"><i>The World-Wide Influence of Qurratul-'Ayn</i></a> by Standwood Cobb.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Badasht.html">Badasht</a>; <a href="../locations/Tabriz.html">Tabriz</a>; <a href="../locations/Shahrud.html">Shahrud</a>; <a href="../locations/Chihriq.html">Chihriq</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Conference_of_Badasht.html">Conference of Badasht</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Quddus.html">Quddus</a>; <a href="../tags/Tahirih.html">Tahirih</a>; <a href="../tags/Veils.html">Veils</a>; <a href="../tags/Women.html">Women</a>; <a href="../tags/Womens_rights.html">Womens rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Gender.html">Gender</a>; <a href="../tags/Equality.html">Equality</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bayan.html">Bayan</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bab, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Letters_of_the_Living.html">Letters of the Living</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1848</span> Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">After three months in <u>Ch</u>ihríq, the Báb, on the order of Háji Mírzá Áqási was taken under escort to Tabríz. He was to be tried for apostasy before a gathering of high-ranking religious leaders (Mujtahid) in the presence of the young crown prince Másiri'd-Dín Mírzá . [Bab137; BW18:380; TN14] <li>Just prior to His leaving, in June of 1848 He was seen in public discourse with His followers by a Russian student named Mochenin from St. Petersburg University. It is believed that he and Dr William Cormick were the only Westerners to have seen the Báb. [BBR75] <li>En route He stopped in Urúmíyyih for ten days where the governor, Malik-Qásim Mírzá, tested the Báb by offering Him an unruly horse to ride to the public bath. The horse remained docile under the Bab's control and was the same when He came out and rode him on the return. The local people were certain that they had witnessed a miracle and broke into the bath to procure His bath water. [Bab138; BBR74; DB309–11, EB86-87; For73] <li> A sketch of the Báb was made by local artist Aqa Bala Bayg from which he made a full-scale black and white portrait. Later Bahá'u'lláh directed that Aqa Bala Bayg make two copies of the portrait in water colour. The sketch and one of the water colours are now in the International Archives. [For73; EB87; Bab138–9, <i>Juhúrú'l-Haqq</i> by Asadu'lláh Fádil-i-Mázindarání p.48 quoted in <a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_9/Issue_2">World Order Winter 1974-95 p41</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.academia.edu/36126479/The_Bab_in_the_World_of_Images?auto=download&campaign=weekly_digest">"The Báb in the World of Images"</a> by Bijan Masumian and Adib Masumian. [Bahá'í Studies Review, Volume 19, Number 1, 1 June 2013, pp. 171-190(20)] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chihriq.html">Chihriq</a>; <a href="../locations/Tabriz.html">Tabriz</a>; <a href="../locations/Urumiyyih.html">Urumiyyih</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mochenin.html">Mochenin</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Trial_of.html">Bab, Trial of</a>; <a href="../tags/Portraits.html">Portraits</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Portrait_of.html">Bab, Portrait of</a>; <a href="../tags/Aqa_Bala-Big_Naqqash-bashi.html">Aqa Bala-Big Naqqash-bashi</a>; <a href="../tags/Horses.html">Horses</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bab, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1848</span> last week<br> in Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>Trial of the Báb</b><br><br> The Báb arrived in Tabríz and was brought before a panel of which the 17-year-old Crown Prince Násiri'd-Dín Mírzá was the president. The Báb publicly made His claim that He was the Qá'im. This claim had also been announced to those gathered at Bada<u>sh</u>t. [Bab140–7; BBR157; BBRSM23, 216; BW18:380; DB314–20; GPB21–2; TN14] <li> The purpose of the public forum was to force the Báb to recant His views; instead He took control of the hearing and embarrassed the clergy. After considerable argument and discussion, they decided He was devoid of reason. [GPB22; BBRSM216] <li>The Báb was bastinadoed. [B145; BBD44; DB320; GPB22; TN14–15] This is the first formal punishment He received. [BBRSM20] <li> This constituted the formal declaration of His mission. [GPB22] <li>The clergy issued a <i>fatwa</i> or legal pronouncement against the Báb condemning Him to death for heresy, but to no purpose as the civil authorities were unwilling to take action against Him. [BBRSM19–20] <li>See <a href="../maceoin_trial_bab"><i>Trial of the Báb: Shi'ite Orthodoxy Confronts its Mirror Image</i></a> by Denis MacEoin. <li> He was first attended by an Irish physician, Dr William Cormick, to ascertain His sanity and later to treat Him for a blow to the face that occurred during the bastinado. Cormick is the only Westerner to have met and conversed with Him. [Bab145; BBR74–5, 497–8 DBXXXIL–XXXIII] <li>For an account of the life of Dr. William Cormick see <a href="https://connectionsbmc.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/dr-william-cormick/#fn13">Connections</a> by Brendan McNamara. <li>See the YouTube video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTvUoK8k_7o&t=23s">The Irish Physician Who Met The Báb</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tabriz.html">Tabriz</a>; <a href="../locations/Badasht.html">Badasht</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Trial_of.html">Bab, Trial of</a>; <a href="../tags/Nasirid-Din_Shah.html">Nasirid-Din Shah</a>; <a href="../tags/Qaim.html">Qaim</a>; <a href="../tags/Bastinado.html">Bastinado</a>; <a href="../tags/William_Cormick.html">William Cormick</a>; <a href="../tags/Fatwa.html">Fatwa</a>; <a href="../tags/Conference_of_Badasht.html">Conference of Badasht</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bab, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First formal punishment of the Báb</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1849</span> 16 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Quddús was tortured and, in the public square, he was struck down with an axe, dismembered and burnt. [Bab176; BBD191; BW18:381; DB409–13; MH283–4] When the <p><ul>"When the procession reached the public square, where the execution was to take place, Quddús, this youth of only twenty-seven years, cried out, "Would that my mother were with me, and could see with her own eyes the splendour of my nuptials!" As these words were being spoken the wild multitude fell upon him, tearing him limb from limb and throwing the scattered pieces into a fire which they had kindled for that purpose. Another account states that the Sa'ídu'l-'Ulamá had himself cut of Quddús' ears and struck him on the head with an axe." [TtP92]</ul> <li> As he died he begged God's forgiveness for his foes. [DB411; MH284] <li>His remains were gathered and buried by a friend. [Bab176; DB413] <li> See GPB49–50 for the rank and titles of Quddús. <li>See <a href="http://bahaitalks.blogspot.com/2010/12/quddus-companion-of-bab-by-harriet.html">Quddus, Companion of the Bab</a> by Harriet Pettibone.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Barfurush.html">Barfurush</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Babol.html">Babol</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Quddus.html">Quddus</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Letters_of_the_Living.html">Letters of the Living</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1850</span> 19 or 20 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Martyrdom of the Seven Martyrs of Tihrán. Seven of the Bábís were executed in Tihrán on the false charge of having plotted to kill the Grand Vizier. [B182–5; BBD225; BBR100–5; BBRSM28, 216; BKG71; BW18:381; DB462; GPB47–8; <a hre="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg381">BW19p381</a>] <li>See BBD225, BBR100 and BW18:381 for a list of their names. <li>Three of the victims were so eager to be martyrs that they asked the executioner if they could be the first to die. [Bab183; BBD225; GPB47] <li>Their bodies were left in the public square for three days. [BBD225; GPB47] <li>See GPB478 for the chief features of the episode. <li>The martyrs are the ‘Seven Goats' referred to in Islamic traditions that were to ‘walk in front' of the promised Qá'im. [GPB47–8] <li>See Bab206–7 and BBR100–5 for the accounts of the event and responses of Prince Dolgorukov and Lt-Col Sheil. <li>The were: Haji Mirzá Siyyid ‘Ali (uncle of the Báb, the middle brother, known as "The Greatest Uncle"), Mirzá Qurban-‘Ali, Haji Mullá Isma'il-i-Qumi, Sayyid Husayn-i-Turshizi, Háji Muhammad-Taqiy-i-Kirmani, Muhammad—Husayn-i-Maraghi’i. [<a hre="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg381">BW19p381</a>] <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/haji-mirza-siyyid-ali-haji-mirza-siyyid-muhammad-and-haji-mirza-hassan-ali/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for the story of the three uncles of the Báb, Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali (the Greatest Uncle - he was the middle brother), Haji Mirza Siyyid Muhammad (the Greater Uncle, the eldest) and Haji Mirza Hassan Ali, the younger Uncle.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Seven_martyrs.html">Seven martyrs</a>; <a href="../tags/Seven_martyrs_of_Tihran.html">Seven martyrs of Tihran</a>; <a href="../tags/Grand_Viziers.html">Grand Viziers</a>; <a href="../tags/Prince_Dolgorukov.html">Prince Dolgorukov</a>; <a href="../tags/Sheil.html">Sheil</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1850</span> 27 May-<br>21 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">First Nayríz upheaval.<p> Vahíd traveled from Yazd towards <u>Sh</u>íráz, eventually coming to Nayríz. He went to the Mosque of Jum‘ih where he ascended the pulpit and proclaimed the Cause of God. The governor moved against him and Vahíd ordered his companions to occupy the fort of <u>Kh</u>ájih. The siege that followed lasted a month. [B178, 204–5; BBR109–13; BW18:381; For23] <li> See RB1:325–31 for the story of Vahíd. See also GPB50, KI223. <li>See also B178–82; BBD171; BBR109–13; BBRSM28, 216; DB485–99; GPB42–4; RB1:264; TN245. <li> See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg381">BW19p381</a> for a chronicle of events. <ul> The main events were: <li>27 May: Entry of Vahid into Nayriz; his address at the Jum‘ih mosque; the Governor made moves against him; Vahid ordered his companions to occupy the fort of <u>Kh</u>ájih.. <li>about 6 June: Arrival of Mihr-‘Ali Khan-i-Nuri with troops from Shiraz. <li>about 8 June: Night sortie by Bábis routed troops. <li>about 9 June: Prolonged fighting on this day led to many deaths on both sides. <li>17 June: Vahid, having received a promise of safety written on the Qur’án, left the fort for Mihr-‘Ali Khan’s camp. <li>21 June: The Bábis were, through treachery, induced to leave the fort, then set upon and killed. <li>24 June: The arrival in Shiraz of thirteen severed heads of Bábfs which were paraded through the town. <li>29 June: Martyrdom of Vahfd. <li>11 July: Mihr-‘Ali Khan arrived in Shiraz with Bábi’ prisoners and decapitated heads. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Nayriz.html">Nayriz</a>; <a href="../locations/Yazd.html">Yazd</a>; <a href="../locations/Shiraz.html">Shiraz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Vahid_(Siyyid_Yahyay-i-Darabi).html">Vahid (Siyyid Yahyay-i-Darabi)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mosques.html">Mosques</a>; <a href="../tags/Jumih.html">Jumih</a>; <a href="../tags/Governors.html">Governors</a>; <a href="../tags/Fort_Khajih.html">Fort Khajih</a>; <a href="../tags/Nayriz_upheaval.html">Nayriz upheaval</a>; <a href="../tags/Upheavals.html">Upheavals</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Nayríz upheaval</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1850</span> 9 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>Martyrdom of the Báb</b> <p> In the morning the Báb was taken to the homes of the leading clerics to obtain the death-warrants. [Bab155; DB508] <li> The warrants were already prepared. [Bab155–6; DB510] <li> Anís's stepfather tried to persuade him to change his mind. Anís's young son was also brought to ‘soften his heart' but Anís's resolve remained unshaken. [Bab156–7; DB509–10] <ul>See <a href="../video_story_anis_zunuzi.html"><i>The Story of Anis Zunuzi</i></a>, a film by Houri Skuce.</ul> <li>At noon the Báb and Mirza Muhammad-Ali Zunuzi, known as Anis were suspended on a wall in the square in front of the citadel of Tabríz in Sarbazkhaneh Square. They were shot by 750 soldiers in three ranks of 250 men in succession. [Bab157; DB512] <li> When the smoke cleared the Báb was gone and Anís was standing, unharmed, under the nail from which they were suspended. The Báb, also unhurt, was found back in his cell completing His dictation to His secretary. [Bab157–8; DB512–13] <li> See BBD200–1 and DB510–12, 514 for the story of Sám <u>Kh</u>án, the Christian colonel of the Armenian regiment which was ordered to execute the Báb. <li>The Báb and Anís were suspended a second time. A new regiment, the Násirí, was found to undertake the execution. After the volleys, the bodies of the Báb and Anís were shattered and melded together. [Bab158; DB514] <li> See BBR77–82 for Western accounts of the event. <li> The face of the Báb was untouched. [Bab158] <li> At the moment the shots were fired, a gale sweeps the city, stirring up so much dust that the city remained in darkness from noon until night. [Bab158; DB515] <li> See CH239 and DH197 for the story of the phenomenon of the two sunsets.</li> <li> During the night, the bodies were thrown onto the edge of the moat surrounding the city. Soldiers were posted to stand guard over them and, nearby; two Bábís, feigning madness, keep vigil. After paying bribes to the guards, tIhe bodies were removed and hidden under cover of darkness. [Bab159; TN27; LWS147] <li>See David Merrick's <a href="../merrick_martyrdom_bab_outline.html"><i>Outline for Researchers</i></a>. <li>See Sen McGlinn's blog <a href="https://senmcglinn.wordpress.com/2008/12/25/750-muskets/">750 Muskets</a>. <li>See <a href="http://smk99.blogspot.com/2016/02/it-was-in-news.html">It was in the news...</a>. In this blog SMK points out the parallel between the history of early Christianity and that of the Bábí-Bahá'í Faith. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tabriz.html">Tabriz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Martyrdom_of.html">Bab, Martyrdom of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Life_of.html">Bab, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Remains_of.html">Bab, Remains of</a>; <a href="../tags/Holy_days.html">Holy days</a>; <a href="../tags/Anis_Zunuzi_(Mirza_Muhammad-Aliy-i-Zunuzi).html">Anis Zunuzi (Mirza Muhammad-Aliy-i-Zunuzi)</a>; <a href="../tags/Sam_Khan.html">Sam Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bab, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1852 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh had a vision of the Maiden, who announced to Him that He was the Manifestation of God for this Age. [BBD142–3, 212; BKG823 ESW11–12, 21 GPB101–2; KAN62]<p> <li>"While engulfed in tribulations I heard a most wondrous, a most sweet voice, calling above My head. Turning My face, I beheld a Maiden-" [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/summons-lord-hosts/3#719232199">SLH5-6</a>] <li> This experience compares to the episode of Moses and the Burning Bush, Zoroaster and the Seven Visions, Buddha under the Bodhi tree, the descent of the Dove upon Jesus and the voice of Gabriel commanding Muhammad to ‘cry in the name of thy Lord'. [GPB93, 101] <li> The Báb repeatedly gave the year nine as the date of the appearance of ‘Him Whom God shall make manifest'. The Declaration of the Báb took place in AH 1260; year nine was therefore AH 1269, which began in the middle of October when Bahá'u'lláh had been in prison for about two months. [CB46–7] <li>Subsequently in His Writings Bahá’u’lláh declared that He was the "Promised One" of all religions, fulfilling the messianic prophecies found in world religions. He stated that being several messiahs converging one person were the spiritual, rather than material, fulfilment of the messianic and eschatological prophecies found in the literature of the major religions. His eschatological claims constitute six distinctive messianic identifications: from Judaism, the incarnation of the "Everlasting Father" from the Yuletide prophecy of Isaiah 9:6, the "Lord of Hosts"; from Christianity, the "Spirit of Truth" or Comforter predicted by Jesus in His farewell discourse of John 14-17 and the return of Christ "in the glory of the Father"; from Zoroastrianism, the return of Shah Bahram Varjavand, a Zoroastrian messiah predicted in various late Pahlavi texts; from Shi'a Islam the return of the Third Imam, Imam Husayn; from Sunni Islam, the return of Jesus, Isa; and from the Bábí religion, He whom God shall make manifest.<li> While Bahá’u’lláh did not explicitly state Himself to be either the Hindu or Buddhist messiah, He did so in principle through His writings. Later, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá stated that Bahá’u’lláh was the Kalki avatar, who in the classical Hindu Vaishnavas tradition, is the tenth and final avatar (great incarnation) of Vishnu who will come to end The Age of Darkness and Destruction. Bahá’ís also believe that Bahá’u’lláh is the fulfilment of the prophecy of appearance of the Maitreya Buddha, who is a future Buddha who will eventually appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure Dharma. Bahá’ís believe that the prophecy that Maitreya will usher in a new society of tolerance and love has been fulfilled by Bahá’u’lláh's teachings on world peace. [<a href="https://bahaikipedia.org/Bahá’u’lláh">Bahaipedia</a>] <li>See P&M195-196 (1969), 298-299 (1987) where states, "...the First Call gone forth from His lips than the whole creation was revolutionized, and all that are in the heavens and all that are on earth were stirred to the depths". What was "the First Call"?. See GPB121, “These initial and impassioned outpourings of a Soul struggling to unburden itself, in the solitude of a self-imposed exile (many of them, alas lost to posterity) are, with the Tablet of Kullu’t-Tá’am and the poem entitled Rashh-i-‘Amá, revealed in Ṭihrán, the first fruits of His Divine Pen.” <p> <ul> "While engulfed in tribulations I heard a most wondrous, a most sweet voice, calling above My head. Turning My face, I beheld a Maiden—the embodiment of the remembrance of the name of My Lord—suspended in the air before Me. So rejoiced was she in her very soul that her countenance shone with the ornament of the good pleasure of God, and her cheeks glowed with the brightness of the All-Merciful. Betwixt earth and heaven she was raising a call which captivated the hearts and minds of men. She was imparting to both My inward and outer being tidings which rejoiced My soul, and the souls of God’s honoured servants.<p> Pointing with her finger unto My head, she addressed all who are in heaven and all who are on earth, saying: By God! This is the Best-Beloved of the worlds, and yet ye comprehend not. This is the Beauty of God amongst you, and the power of His sovereignty within you, could ye but understand. This is the Mystery of God and His Treasure, the Cause of God and His glory unto all who are in the kingdoms of Revelation and of creation, if ye be of them that perceive. This is He Whose Presence is the ardent desire of the denizens of the Realm of eternity, and of them that dwell within the Tabernacle of glory, and yet from His Beauty do ye turn aside." Súriy-i-Haykal para 6-7; SLH5-6</ul> <li>See <a href="../momen_episodes_bahaullah_iran.html"><i>Two Episodes from the Life of Bahá’u’lláh in Iran</i></a> (2019) pp12-20 by Moojan Momen for an analysis of the provisional translation of a Tablet of Bahá'u'lláh. His interpretation is as follows: As a child Bahá’u’lláh read a story of the sufferings and unjust killing of the Banú Qurayza tribe in the time of Muhammad. It filled Him with such sorrow that He beseeched God to bring about what would be the cause of love and harmony among the people for the world. While imprisoned in the Siyáh Chál, He had an experience that caused great turmoil within Him and elevated His spiritual state. The duration of this state is considered as the beginning of His mission as a Manifestation of God and occurred over a twelve day period from 2 Muharram to 13 Muharram 1269, which equates to 16 October to 27 October 1852 A.D. It was after this that He began to reveal verses. Later He openly manifested Himself in the Garden of Ridván in Baghdad. Finally He revealed the Kitáb-i-Aqdas and then a series of Tablets such as Ishráqát, Tajalliyyát, the Tablet of the World and the Book of the Covenant in which he gave all of the guidance necessary to eliminate the causes of suffering, distress, and discord and to bring about unity and fellowship, thus fulfilling what He had longed for in His childhood. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Birth_of_Revelation_of.html">Bahaullah, Birth of Revelation of</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyah_Chal_(Black_Pit).html">Siyah Chal (Black Pit)</a>; <a href="../tags/Dreams_and_visions.html">Dreams and visions</a>; <a href="../tags/Maid_of_Heaven.html">Maid of Heaven</a>; <a href="../tags/Angels.html">Angels</a>; <a href="../tags/Year_nine.html">Year nine</a>; <a href="../tags/Promised_One.html">Promised One</a>; <a href="../tags/Prophecies.html">Prophecies</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Dreams.html">Dreams</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first emanations of the Supreme Pen</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1852 (Between Oct - Nov)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The revelation of <i>Rashh-i-Ama</i> (The Clouds of the Realms Above) while in the Síyáh-Chál in Tehran. This tablet is considered to be among the first revealed by Bahá'u'lláh after being apprised that He was to be the Manifestation of God. <li>See P&M295-196(1969), 298-299(1987) where states, "...the First Call gone forth from His lips than the whole creation was revolutionized, and all that are in the heavens and all that are on earth were stirred to the depths". What was "the First Call"?. See GPB121, “These initial and impassioned outpourings of a Soul struggling to unburden itself, in the solitude of a self-imposed exile (many of them, alas lost to posterity) are, with the Tablet of Kullu’t-Tá’am and the poem entitled Rashh-i-‘Amá, revealed in Ṭihrán, the first fruits of His Divine Pen.” <li>See also RoB1p45-52 for information on "The First Emanations of the Supreme Pen". Taherzadeh explains that this tablet has great significance in Islamic prophecy where it is said that when the Promised One appears He will utter one word that will cause the people to flee Him. Islamic prophecy also holds that the well-known saying, "I am He" will be fulfilled. In this tablet and many that were to follow, Bahá'u'lláh proclaims that "I am God". <br>Taherzadeh also states Bahá'u'lláh disclosed for the first time one of the unique features of His Revelation, namely, the advent of the "Day of God". <br>"In a language supremely beautiful and soul-stirring, He attributes these energies to Himself. His choice of words, and the beauty, power, depth and mystery of this poem...are such that they may well prove impossible to translate." [RoB1p45] <li>In 2019 an authorized translation of this poem was published in the collection <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/call-divine-beloved/1#959114648"><i>The Call of the Divine Beloved</i></a>. <li>See a <a href="../wilmette_rashh_ama_outline.html">study outline</a> by Jonah Winters (1999). <li>See <a href="../sharon_clouds_hiding_god.html"><i>Clouds and the Hiding God: Observations on some Terms in the Early Writing of Bahá'u'lláh</i></a> by Moshe Sharon published in Lights of Irfan, Vol 13, 2012,p363-379 for an exploration of the mystical terms found in the Tablet. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Rashh-i-Ama_(Sprinkling_from_the_Cloud_of_Unknowing).html">Rashh-i-Ama (Sprinkling from the Cloud of Unknowing)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Poetry_of.html">Bahaullah, Poetry of</a>; <a href="../tags/Poetry.html">Poetry</a>; <a href="../tags/Call_of_the_Divine_Beloved_(book).html">Call of the Divine Beloved (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyah_Chal_(Black_Pit).html">Siyah Chal (Black Pit)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Birth_of_revelation_of-2.html">Bahaullah, Birth of revelation of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1853</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shortly after Bahá'u'lláh's arrival in Baghdad, the first messenger to reach Him was <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u> Salmán who returned to his native Hindiyan with Tablets addressed to the friends. This became his habit, once a year he would set out on foot to see Bahá'u'lláh bringing letters and leaving wth Tablets, faithfully delivering each on for whom it was intended. He visited Him in Baghdad, Adrianople and Akka, carrying Tablets to many cities, Isfahan, Shiraz, Kashan, Tehran... During the 40 years that he continued this service and never lost a single letter or Tablet. <p> He always travelled on foot and ate noting but bread and onions. He earned the title "The Bábí's Angel Gabriel". After the passing of Bahá'u'lláh he continued to provide courier service between Persia and the Holy Land. <li>See <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/illiterate-genius-early-bahai-shaykh-salman/">An Illiterate Genius: The Early Baha’i Shaykh Salman</a>. <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/shaykh-salman/">Bahá'í Chronicles<a/>. <p>He died in Shiraz. [MoF13-16] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Hindiyan%2c_Iran.html">Hindiyan, Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shaykh_Salman.html">Shaykh Salman</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1853</span> Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Second Nayríz upheaval. [BBR147–51; BBRSM:217; BW18:382; DB642–5;] <li> The new governor of Nayríz, Mírzá Na‘ím-i-Núrí, arrested a large number of Bábís and pillaged their properties. The Bábís retreated to the hills to take up defensive positions against hundreds and then thousands of troops that had been called in from the region by the governor in Shiraz. [BW18:382; GPB17] <li> See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg382">BW18:382</a> for a chronicle of events by Moojan Momen. <ul> <li>October: Mirza Na‘im-i-Nuri, the new Governor, began to treat the Bábl’s harshly, arresting a large number of them and pillaging their property. In response the Bábis fled to the hills and took up defensive positions there. <li>mid—October: Mirzá Na‘i’m’s troops launched major attack on the Bábl’ positions in the hills during the night but were thrown back in much confusion and with great loss of life. <li>31 October: Bábis asked to negotiate terms. <li>early November: Bábis tricked into leaving their positions then attacked and over a hundred killed. Some 600 women prisoners, 80-180 male prisoners and the heads of some 180 martyrs were taken to Shiraz. </ul> <li> See BBR147–51 for Western accounts. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Nayriz.html">Nayriz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Nayriz_upheaval.html">Nayriz upheaval</a>; <a href="../tags/Upheavals.html">Upheavals</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Naim-i-Nuri.html">Mirza Naim-i-Nuri</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Arrests.html">Persecution, Arrests</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1854 10 Apr - 1856 19 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>Bahá'u'lláh in Sulaymaniyyih</b><br> Bahá'u'lláh suddenly left Baghdád and went to the mountainous wilderness of Sar Galu, around Sulaymaniyyah in Iraqi Kurdistán. [BKG115-122; DB585; GPB120-124; TN38; CH256; KI250-251; AB392] <li> Before He left, Bahá'u'lláh asked His family to look after Mírzá Yahyá during His absence. [CB70–1; CH50–1,] <li>Bahá'u'lláh lived for some time as a dervish in a cave on the mountain of Sar-Galú. He took the name Darvísh Muhammad-i-Írání to conceal His true identity. [BBD214–15; BBRSM:60–1; BKG116–19; GPB120–1; TN38–9] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahaullah.org/baghdad/solitude-in-mountains">photo.</a> <li> This action compares to Moses' going out to the desert of Sinai, to Buddha's retreat to the wilds of India, to Christ's walk in the wilderness and to Muhammad's withdrawal to the hills of Arabia. [BKG114] <li> Áqá Abu'l-Qásim-i-Hamadání was His only companion. Áqá Abu'l-Qásim was killed by thieves on a journey to collect money and provisions. [BKG116–17] <li>"It was this period of voluntary seclusion, following shortly after the execution of the Báb in 1850, which bequeathed to history irrevocable proof that Bahá'u'lláh and not His half-brother, Subhi-Ezel, was, in reality, the one celebrated by the Báb and for whom the Bábí Movement was the spiritual preparation. By this act of voluntary retirement, Bahá'u'lláh gave Sebhi-Ezel unhampered opportunity to exercise the spiritual leadership over the Bábís which the latter claimed as his right. The result, however, demonstrated Subhi-Ezel's utter incapacity to maintain unity among the Bábís, inspire them with faith and confidence sufficient to meet their many difficulties and guide them along lines of true future progress. Nonother than the return of Bahá'u'lláh could re-quicken the flames of their ardour or supply them with the more universal principles of conduct and faith required to transform the Bábí Movement into a world religion." [BW2Surveyp33] <li> It was during this time that Bahá'u'lláh revealed the poem <i>Qasídiyi-i-‘Izz-i-Varqá'íyyih</i> (Ode of the Dove). It was composed of 2,000 couplets but Bahá'u'lláh allowed only 127 to be preserved. [BBD215; BKG118; GPB123] <li> See BKG114, GPB117–19 and K1250 for reasons for Bahá'u'lláh's retirement. <li> Before and during His absence no fewer than 25 people claimed to be the One promised by the Báb. [BBRSM29, 59; EB269; GPB125] <ul><li>As his position as nominal head deteriorated Mírzá Yahyá became more desperate, he had one such claimant, Mírzá Asadu'lláh <u>Kh</u>í'í Dayyán, assassinated around 1856. [<i>Bahá'u'lláh and the Naq<u>sh</u>bandí Sufis in Iraq</i> by Juan Cole p4]</ul> <li> See BKG115–19 and GPB120 for Bahá'u'lláh's activities while in Kurdistán. <li> See KI248–51 for Bahá'u'lláh's own account of the episode. <li> See BKG119–22 and GPB124–6 for the condition of the Bábí community in Baghdád during this period. <li> The son born to Navváb shortly after the family's arrival in Baghdád became ill and died during Bahá'u'lláh's absence. [CB71; CH51–2] <li>See SBBR2:1–28 for Bahá'u'lláh's contact with Súfís. <li> BW16:528 for an account of Daoud Toeg, who visited the caves of Sar-Galú and photographed them in August of 1940. <li> Also see Bahá'í News No 145 July 1941 p<a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File%3ABaha%27i_News_145.pdf&page=11">11</a> and <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File%3ABaha%27i_News_145.pdf&page=12">12</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Kurdistan.html">Kurdistan</a>; <a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Sulaymaniyyih.html">Sulaymaniyyih</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Dervishes.html">Dervishes</a>; <a href="../tags/Sulaymaniyyih.html">Sulaymaniyyih</a>; <a href="../tags/Sar-Galu.html">Sar-Galu</a>; <a href="../tags/Aqa_Abul-Qasim-i-Hamadani.html">Aqa Abul-Qasim-i-Hamadani</a>; <a href="../tags/Poetry.html">Poetry</a>; <a href="../tags/Qasidiyyih-Varqaiyyih_(Ode_of_the_Dove).html">Qasidiyyih-Varqaiyyih (Ode of the Dove)</a>; <a href="../tags/Navvab_(Asiyih_Khanum).html">Navvab (Asiyih Khanum)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Yahya_(Subh-i-Azal).html">Mirza Yahya (Subh-i-Azal)</a>; <a href="../tags/Sufism.html">Sufism</a>; <a href="../tags/Mysticism.html">Mysticism</a>; <a href="../tags/Daoud_Toeg.html">Daoud Toeg</a>; <a href="../tags/Caves.html">Caves</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Sulaymaniyyih.html">Sulaymaniyyih</a>; <a href="../tags/Dayyan_(Mirza_Asadullah).html">Dayyan (Mirza Asadullah)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1857 c.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The revelation of <i>Sahíiy-i-<u>Sh</u>attíyyih</i> (Book of the River or Book of the Tigris) by Bahá'u'lláh. <li>See <a href="../bahaullah_sahifih_shattiyyih_cole.html">Tablet of the River [Tigris] by Bahá'u'lláh</a> translated by Juan Cole, 1997 for the background to the Tablet and a translation. Cole contends, by his translation, that at this time Bahá'u'lláh, had no thought of advancing any claim to Revelation. <li>See <a href="../saiedi_book_river.html">Concealment and Revelation in Bahá'u'lláh's Book of the River</a> by Nader Saiedi published in Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 9:3, 1999 where Saiedi postulates, based on his translation that Bahá'u'lláh was fully aware of His mission from at least the time of his imprisonment in the Siyah-Chal and rejects any suggestion that Bahá'u'lláh's consciousness evolved in this regard. <li>See <a href="../momen_messianic_concealment.html">Messianic Concealment and Theophanic Disclosure</a> by Moojan Momen published in Online Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 1 Association for Bahá'í Studies of New Zealand, 2007, where Momen contends that the controversy is an illusory one caused by the specific nature of the meaning of the word "amr" and that the phrase that is the subject of dispute proves neither side's case, however it is translated. He explains it by say there is a theological schematic of the stages of the evolution of the mission of the Manifestations of God, the phenomenon of a period of messianic concealment followed by a theophanic disclosure. He then imposes this schematic upon the dispensation of the Báb creating a new interpretation of His ministry and further suggests it could be applied to the Revelation of Muhammad and Jesus.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shahifiy-i-Shattiyyih_(Book_of_the_River).html">Shahifiy-i-Shattiyyih (Book of the River)</a>; <a href="../tags/Rivers.html">Rivers</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Birth_of_Revelation_of.html">Bahaullah, Birth of Revelation of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Declaration_of.html">Bahaullah, Declaration of</a>; <a href="../tags/Tigris_river.html">Tigris river</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1857-1858 </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Hidden Words (Kalimát-i-Maknúnih)</i>, originally designated <i>‘The Hidden Words of Fátimih'</i>, while walking along the banks of the Tigris. [BBD102; BKG159; GPB138–40] <li>See <a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kalemat-e-maknuna"><i>Kalemat-e Makuna</i></a> in Encyclopaedia Iranica by Moojan Momen.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Kalimat-i-Maknunih_(Hidden_Words).html">Kalimat-i-Maknunih (Hidden Words)</a>; <a href="../tags/Fatimah_(daughter_of_Muhammad).html">Fatimah (daughter of Muhammad)</a>; <a href="../tags/Tigris.html">Tigris</a>; <a href="../tags/Rivers.html">Rivers</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1860</span> circa 1859/1860</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The revelation of <i>Javáhiru'l-Asrár</i>, (meaning literally the "gems" or "essences" of mysteries) (in Arabic) by Bahá'u'lláh in reply to a question posed by Siyyid Yúsuf-i-Sihdihí Isfahání, who, at the time, was residing in Karbilá. One of the central themes of the treatise is the subject of "transformation", meaning the return of the Promised One in a different human guise. The second theme can be said to be mystical in nature. It has many similarities to <i>The Seven Valleys</i>. Bahá'u'lláh described the seven valleys, but the names and orders of valleys are slightly different from those found in the book of <i>The Seven Valleys</i> [GDMii] <li>BBS94 says this was revealed at about the same time as the <i>Seven Valleys</>. <li>It was published in English in 2002 under the title <a href="../bahaullah_gems_divine_mysteries.html"><i>Gems of Divine Mysteries</i></a>. [<a href="2002-06-26">Chronology 2002-06-26</a>] <li>For a synopsis of the treaties see <a href="../wilmette_javahir_asrar_notes.html"><i>Gems of Mysteries</i> (Javáhiru'l-Asrár): Wilmette Institute faculty notes</i></a> by Muin Afnani, 1999. <li>See <a href="../compilation_seven_cities_gems.html"><i>The Seven Cities of Bahá'u'lláh</i></a> compiled by Arjen Bolhuis. 2002. <li>See <a href="../mazandarani_seven_cities_journey.html"><i>Seven Cities in the Spiritual Journey to God: Gems of Divine Mysteries (Javáhiru'l-Asrár) and Seven Valleys</i></a> by Fadl Mazandarani (published as Jinab-i-Fadl Mazandarani) originally published in "Star of the West", 13:11, pages 301-303, 1923-02. <li>See <a href="../buck_symbolic_profile.html"><i>A Symbolic Profile of the Bahá'í Faith</i></a> by Christopher Buck published in Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 8:4, page 1–48, Ottawa: Association for Bahá'í Studies, 1998. iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Javahirul-Asrar_(Gems_of_Divine_Mysteries).html">Javahirul-Asrar (Gems of Divine Mysteries)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyyid_Yusuf-i-Sihdihi_Isfahani.html">Siyyid Yusuf-i-Sihdihi Isfahani</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1861 -1862</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Kitáb-i-Íqán</i> (<a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/kitab-i-iqan/"><i>The Book of Certitude</i></a>), ‘a comprehensive exposition of the nature and purpose of religion'. In the early days this Tablet was referred to as the <i>Risáliy-i-Khál</i> (Epistle of the Uncle). [BBD134, 162; BKG159; BBD134; BBRSM64–5; <a href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#pg138">GPB138–9</a>; RB1:158] <li> The Tablet was revealed in answer to four questions put to Bahá'u'lláh by Hájí Mírzá Siyyid Muhammad, a maternal uncle and caregiver of the Báb (the Greater Uncle, the eldest of the three brothers). He had been persuaded by a devout Bábí, Aqá Mírzá Núru'd-Dín, to make a pilgrimage to the holy Shrines of the Imáms in Iraq and where he could put these questions to Bahá'u'lláh as well as visit his sister, the mother of the Báb, who was not yet herself a Bábí. [BBD134, 162; BKG163–5; RB1:158] <uL><li>See <a href="../muhammad_questions_kitab_iqan.html"><i>Questions of Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali Muhammad occasioning the Revelation of the Kitab-i-Iqan</i></a> by Haji Mirza Siyyid Ali Muhammad as translated by Denis MacEoin.</ul> <li> It was revealed in the course of two days and two nights in early January. [BBS107; BBD 134; BKG165; GPB238; RB1:158] <li> The original manuscript, in the handwriting of ‘Abdu'l-Bahá, is in the Bahá'í International Archives. See <i>Reflections</i> p149 for the story of the receipt of the original tablet, written in the hand of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, by Shoghi Effendi in the Holy Land. [BKG165; RB1:159] <li> It was probably the first of Bahá'u'lláh's writings to appear in print. [BKG165; EB121] <li> For a discussion of the circumstances of its revelation, its content and major themes see RB1:153–97. <li>BEL1.77 gives the year of Revelation as 1862.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a>; <a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Iqan_(Book_of_Certitude).html">Kitab-i-Iqan (Book of Certitude)</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Mirza_Siyyid_Muhammad.html">Haji Mirza Siyyid Muhammad</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Family_of.html">Bab, Family of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Uncles_of.html">Bab, Uncles of</a>; <a href="../tags/Uncles.html">Uncles</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a>; <a href="../tags/Islam.html">Islam</a>; <a href="../tags/Quran.html">Quran</a>; <a href="../tags/Christianity.html">Christianity</a>; <a href="../tags/Bible.html">Bible</a>; <a href="../tags/Prophecies.html">Prophecies</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First (probably) of Bahá'u'lláh's writings to appear in print</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1863</span> 26 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Tablet of the Holy Mariner</i> on the fifth day of Naw-Rúz. The Tablet was revealed to the friends present and Nabil wrote that they understood it portended to a new period and greater tests. His further exile was being foretold. Immediately after it was chanted Bahá'u'lláh ordered the tents to be folded and everyone to return to the city. The party had not yet left when a messenger arrived from Námiq Páshá summoning Bahá'u'lláh to the governorate the next day to receive the invitation to go to Constantinople. [<a href="https://d9263461.github.io/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V1/p228-245Ch14.html">RB1:228-229</a>; SA163-165, 234; BKG154; GPB147] <li> The Tablet was recited by Mírzá Áqá Ján. [RB1:228] <li> See GPB147 and RB1:228 for the effect on those present. <li>See <a href="../mboya_holy_mariner_study.html"><i>Tablet of the Holy Mariner (Lawh-i-Malláhu'l-Quds): Study Compilations</a> by Aziz Mboya. .</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Mazraiy-i-Vashshash.html">Mazraiy-i-Vashshash</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a>; <a href="../locations/Istanbul_(Constantinople).html">Istanbul (Constantinople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Banishment_of.html">Bahaullah, Banishment of</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Mallahul-Quds_(Tablet_of_the_Holy_Mariner).html">Lawh-i-Mallahul-Quds (Tablet of the Holy Mariner)</a>; <a href="../tags/Naw-Ruz.html">Naw-Ruz</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_%c3%81qa_Jan.html">Mirza Áqa Jan</a>; <a href="../tags/Namiq_Pasha.html">Namiq Pasha</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1863</span> (Prior to the Declaration)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">See <a href="../winters_bibliography_tablets_1853-63.html"><i>Bibliography for the Tablets of Baha'u'llah: List of citations and resources for Tablets revealed 1853-1863</i></a> compiled by Jonah Winters. <li>See also <a href="../winters_wilmette_tablets_notes.html"><i>Notes and Commentary on the Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh: Wilmette Institute study materials</I></a> by Jonah Winters.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1863</span> 16 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh and His party arrived at Constantinople at noon. He was received with great honour by a government official appointed At that time it was a city of about 100,000 inhabitants. [BKG197; GPB157; RB2:1] <li><a href="https://www.bahaullah.org/constantinople/bahaullah-arrives-in-constantinople">Picture</a>. <li>The band of exiles had been augmented along the journey and now numbered about 70. At first the Governor allotted them space in an inn that was inadequate for their numbers and then 'Abdu'l-Bahá asked the governor that the family have a house apart. Mírzá Yáhyá and his family were invited to share the house. [CH59] <li>See <a href="http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/vol6/waless/chap4.htm">The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey</a> or <a href="../../www.h-net.org/_bahai/bhpapers/vol6/waless.pdf">Essays and Notes on Babi and Bahá'í History</a> Chapter 4 by John Walbridge.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Istanbul_(Constantinople).html">Istanbul (Constantinople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Banishment_of.html">Bahaullah, Banishment of</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Yahya_(Subh-i-Azal).html">Mirza Yahya (Subh-i-Azal)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first time a Manifestation of God had set foot on the European continent. </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1864 (or early in the sojourn in Edirne)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">‘Abdu'l-Bahá wrote the <i>Sharh-i Kuntu Kanzan Makhfiyan</i>, the commentary on the well-known Islamic tradition <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hidden_Treasure#:~:text=I%20was%20a%20hidden%20treasure%2C%20and%20I%20wished%20to%20be,known%3B%20then%20they%20knew%20Me">‘I was a Hidden Treasure …'</a> for ‘Alí Shawkat Páshá. <li>See <a href="../abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyan.html">Commentary on the Islamic Tradition "I Was a Hidden Treasure..." by Abdu'l-Bahá</a> translated by Moojan Momen. In the article, he refers to another provisional translation done by Baharieh Ma'ani in collaboration with Hooper Dunbar. <li>See <a href="../brown_abdul-baha_unity_existence.html"><i>'Abdu'l-Bahá's Response to the Doctrine of the Unity of Existence</i></a> by Keven Brown Fourth Section. <li>See as well <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/other-literature/publications-individual-authors/bahaullah-new-era/6#799736937">BNE52</a>. Here, 'Abdu'l-Bahá is described as "about fifteen or sixteen years of age". <Li>Mention of this Tablet is made in <a href="../shoghieffendi_messages_canada_1999.html#34"><i>Messages to Canada</i>, p34-35</a>, where, in a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, it is stated that the Tablet is about 50 pages in length and had been published in 'Abdu'l-Bahá's second volume of His Tablets published in Egypt. <li>A Tablet of Baháʼuʼlláh, recently discovered by Necati Alkan and available in provisional translation by Adib Masumian, indicates that it was written during the sojourn in Edirne. The original text has been published in <a href="../../oceanoflights.org/Publications-02_06.html#page=12"><i>Safíniy-i-ʻIrfán</i>, vol. 6, p. 10</a> (2003). In the Tablet Bahá'u'lláh says that Ali (Şevket/Shawkat) Pasha requested 'Abdu'l-Bahá to write His commentary "during the days of stopover/residence in the Land of Mystery" (dar ayyám-i tavaqquf dar Ard-i Sirr). <p><q><i>And now concerning the extensive commentary on the Islamic tradition which begins, “I was a hidden treasure…” During the days of Our sojourn in the Land of Mystery, ʻAlí Páshá had asked the Most Mighty Branch of God—may My life be a sacrifice for the ground which His most pure footsteps have trodden—to provide a commentary on this hadith. This He did in accordance with the exigencies of the time, and His purpose was that all may benefit from it… </i></q> <p> <p>As per <a href="../momen_encyclopedia_abdulbaha.html">a 1995 article</a> prepared for The Bahá'í Encyclopedia</a>, it was previously believed that 'Abdu'l-Bahá was 17 years old at the time of writing, if so, this would have dated the Tablet at about 1861. Given that this new evidence proves that it was written in Edirne, He would have been 19 years old but more probably in his early twenties. [Thanks to Necati Alkan for providing this correction and to Adib Masumian for doing the translation at his request.] iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Edirne_(Adrianople).html">Edirne (Adrianople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Sharh-i_Kuntu_Kanzan_Makhfiyan_(Commentary_on_the_tradition_of_the_Hidden_Treasure).html">Sharh-i Kuntu Kanzan Makhfiyan (Commentary on the tradition of the Hidden Treasure)</a>; <a href="../tags/Commentaries.html">Commentaries</a>; <a href="../tags/Hadith.html">Hadith</a>; <a href="../tags/Islam.html">Islam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hidden_Treasure_(Hadith).html">Hidden Treasure (Hadith)</a>; <a href="../tags/Philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Shawkat_Pasha.html">Ali Shawkat Pasha</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Necati_Alkan.html">Necati Alkan</a>; <a href="../tags/Adib_Masumian.html">Adib Masumian</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">c. 1865</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the Arabic <i>Tablet of Ahmad (Lawh-i-Ahmad)</i> for Ahmad, a believer from Yazd. [RB2:107] <li> The Tablet may have been revealed as early as 1864. <li> See RB2:107–66 for the story of Ahmad. He had walked from Baghdad to Constantinople, a distance of 1,600km on his way to visit Bahá'u'lláh in Adrianople. He was some 220km away when he received the Tablet. Upon reading it he understood that Bahá'u'lláh wanted him to proclaim that Bahá'u'lláh was the promised successor to the Báb and so he immediately started his journey to Persia, a 3,200km trip. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_432/Text#pg1">Bahá'í News No 432 March 1967</a> pg 1 for <i>A Flame of Fire: The Story of the Tablet of Ahmad</i> by A.Q. Faizi. <a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_433/Text#pg2">Part 2</a> of the story can be found in the April 1967 edition. Alternatively see <a href="http://bahaistories.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-story-of-tablet-of-ahmad-by-hand-of.html">Blogspot</a> and <a href="../faizi_flame_fire.html">Bahá'í Library</a>. <li><i>The Ocean of His Words</i> by John Hatcher deals with this Tablet in chapter7. <li> See RB2:119–26 for an analysis of the Tablet. <li> Shoghi Effendi states that the Tablet has a special potency and significance. [DG60] <li> See <a href="../shahrokh_ahmad_fire_flame.html">"Ahmad, The Flame of Fire"</a> by Darius Shahrokh. <li>See <i>Commentaries on Three Major Tablets</i> by John Kolstoe pages 1-86. <li>See <i>Learn Well This Tablet</i> by H. Richard Gurninsky, published by George Ronald Publisher, Oxford, 2000. <ul><li>See the <a href="https://tabletofahmad.org/">website</a>.</ul> <li>See YouTube <a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=On+the+Tablet+of+Ahmad+-+Richard+Gurinsky"><i>On the Tablet of Ahmad</i></a> by Richard Gurinsky.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Edirne_(Adrianople).html">Edirne (Adrianople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a>; <a href="../locations/Yazd.html">Yazd</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Ahmad_(Tablet_of_Ahmad.html">Lawh-i-Ahmad (Tablet of Ahmad</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Ahmad_(Tablet_of_Ahmad_(Arabic)).html">Lawh-i-Ahmad (Tablet of Ahmad (Arabic))</a>; <a href="../tags/Ahmad_of_Yazd.html">Ahmad of Yazd</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1865 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mírzá Kazem-Beg of St Petersburg University published <i><a href="../kazem-beg_bab_babis_1866.html">Bab Babidy</a></i>, the first Western book written entirely on the subject of the Bábí religion. [BBR26] (Conflict: see <a href="1905-00-00-05.html">1905</a>.)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/St_Petersburg.html">St Petersburg</a>; <a href="../locations/Russia.html">Russia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Babism.html">Babism</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Kazem-Beg.html">Mirza Kazem-Beg</a>; <a href="../tags/First_publications.html">First publications</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Western book written entirely on the subject of the Bábí religion</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1865</span> May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Law-i-Laylatu'l-Quds</i> in honour of Darvish Sidq-'Alí*. In this Tablet He exhorts His followers to be united in such wise that all traces of division and estrangement may vanish from among them. [* MoF36-8; BKG482] [RoB2p188] <li>There is a <a href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-147.html">partial translation</a> of the Tablet in <i>Gleanings</i>. <li>See <a href="../bahaullah_layla_quds_cole.html"><i>Tablet of the Sacred Night by Bahá'u'lláh</i></a> translated by Juan Cole. <li>See <a href="../resources/tablets-notes/lawh-laylat-quds/notes.html"><i>Lawh-i-Laylatu'l-Quds: Letter from the Universal House of Justice, plus translator's introduction, notes</i></a> by Sen McGlinn, Juan Cole, Ahang Rabbani. <li>See <a href="https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/509"><i>The Lawh-i Laylat al-Quds</i></a> by Stephen N. Lambden. <li>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Lawh-i-Laylatu%27l-Quds">Bahaipedia</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Adrianople.html">Adrianople</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Law-i-Laylatul-Quds.html">Law-i-Laylatul-Quds</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablet_of_the_Sacred_Night.html">Tablet of the Sacred Night</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1867</span> Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The appeal by 53 Bahá'ís "in Baghdád" addressed to the United States Congress arrived at the American Consulate in Beirut. [BBR265, <a href="../petition_persian_reformers">Petition from the Persian Reformers</a>] <li>Also see <a href="../petition_persian_reformers_world-order.html"><i>An 1867 Petition from Bahá'ís in Shushtar, Iran, to the U.S. Congress</i></a> translated by Manuchehr Derakhshani and Nesreen Akhtarkhavari.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Shushtar.html">Shushtar</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Petitions.html">Petitions</a>; <a href="../tags/United_States_government.html">United States government</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1867 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">"The Most Great Idol" was cast out of the community.<p> Mírzá Yahyá's henceman, Siyyíd Muhammad, convinced Yahyá to challenge Bahá'u'lláh to to face-to-face encounter in the mosque of Sultán Salím in a distant part of the city, believing that Bahá'u'lláh would not show. Bahá'u'lláh immediately set out to walk to the appointed mosque. Upon learning this Mírzá Yahyá postponed the interview for a day or two. Bahá'u'llah returned to His home and revealed a Tablet to be delivered to Siyyíd Muhammad when he produced a sealed note stating that should Mírzá Yahyá fail to appear at the trysting-place, he would produce a document refuting Yahyá's claims. Neither were forthcoming and the Tablet to Siyyid Muhammad remained undelivered. <p> Prior to this the community had been divided however this incident firmly established His ascendency. The Covenant of the Báb had prevailed [GPB168-170] <li>A period of prodigious activity ensued. Bahá'u'lláh later stated in the <i>Lawh-i-Siraj</i>, "In those days the equivalent of all that hath been sent down aforetime unto the Prophets hath been revealed." [GPB171] <li>See <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/18600609/The-Azali-Bahai-Crisis-of-September-1867"><i>The Azali-Bahai Crisis of September, 1867</i></a> by Juan Cole.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Edirne_(Adrianople).html">Edirne (Adrianople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Yahya_(Subh-i-Azal).html">Mirza Yahya (Subh-i-Azal)</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyyid_Muhammad.html">Siyyid Muhammad</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1867 Sep - Aug 1868</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Kitáb-i-Badí‘</i>, the <i>Munájátháy-i-Síyám (Prayers for Fasting)</i>, the <i>first Tablet to Napoleon III</i>, the <i>Lawh-i-Sultán</i> written to Násiri'd-Dín Sháh, and the <i>Súriy-i-Ra'ís</i>. [BKG245; GBP172] <li>The <i>Súriy-i-Ra'ís</i> was published in the <i>Summons of the Lord of Hosts</i>. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts">Wikipedia</a> for a synopsis of this Tablet. <li> See RB2:370–82 for details of the <i>Kitáb-i-Badí'.</i> <li>Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Súriy-i-Ghusn (Tablet of the Branch)</i> in which ‘Abdu'l-Bahá's future station was foreshadowed. [BBD218; BKG250; GPB177; GWB39] <li> See RB2:338–9 for a description of the Tablet. <li>It was probably about this time that the first <i>Lawh-i-Salmán</i> was revealed for <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u> Salmán. [RoB2p281-290; <a href="https://www.upliftingwords.org/post/tablet-to-salman-i">Uplifting Words</a> ] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Edirne_(Adrianople).html">Edirne (Adrianople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_to_kings_and_rulers.html">Tablets to kings and rulers</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Badi_(Wondrous_Book).html">Kitab-i-Badi (Wondrous Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Munajathay-i-Siyam_(Prayers_for_Fasting).html">Munajathay-i-Siyam (Prayers for Fasting)</a>; <a href="../tags/Prayer.html">Prayer</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Napulyun_(Tablet_to_Napoleon_III).html">Lawh-i-Napulyun (Tablet to Napoleon III)</a>; <a href="../tags/Napoleon_III.html">Napoleon III</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Sultan_(Tablet_to_Nasirid-Din_Shah).html">Lawh-i-Sultan (Tablet to Nasirid-Din Shah)</a>; <a href="../tags/Nasirid-Din_Shah.html">Nasirid-Din Shah</a>; <a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Rais_(Tablet_to_Sultan_Ali_Pasha).html">Suriy-i-Rais (Tablet to Sultan Ali Pasha)</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Pasha.html">Ali Pasha</a>; <a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Ghusn_(Tablet_of_the_Branch).html">Suriy-i-Ghusn (Tablet of the Branch)</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shaykh_Salman.html">Shaykh Salman</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Salman_I.html">Lawh-i-Salman I</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First time Bahá'u'lláh directs His words collectively to entire company of monarchs of East and West; first Egyptian centre established; first pilgrimages to residence of Bahá'u'lláh</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1867 Sep - Aug 1868</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Súriy-Mulúk</i> (<i>Súrih of Kings</i>). [BKG245; GPB171–2; RB2:301-336; BW19p584] <li> This is described by Shoghi Effendi as ‘the most momentous Tablet revealed by Bahá'u'lláh', in which He, ‘for the first time, directed His words collectively to the entire company of the monarchs of East and West'. [GPB171] <li> See GPB172–5 and RB2:301–325 for a description of the content of the Tablet. <li><a href="../wilmette_surih_muluk_outline.html"><i>Tablet to the Kings (Súratu'l-Mulúk): Tablet study outline</i></a> by Jonah Winters. <li>See the <a href="../bahaullah_summons_lord_hosts.html#intro">Introduction</a> to <i>Summons of the Lord of Hosts</i></a> piii. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts">Wikipedia</a> for a synopsis of the Tablets in the <i>Summons of the Lord of Hosts</i></a>. <p> <b>Chronological list of significant events related to Bahá'u'lláh's historic pronouncement in the Súriy-i-Múlúk</b><br> <ul><li>Fall of the French Monarchy (1870)</li> <li>Virtual extinction of the Pope's Temporal Sovereignty (1870) <li>Assassination of Sultán 'Abdu'l-'Azíz (1876) <li>Assassination of Násiri'd-Dín <u>Sh</u>áh (1896) <li>Overthrow of Sultán 'Abdu'l-Hamíd II (1909) <li>Fall of the Portuguese Monarchy (1910) <li>Fall of the Chinese Monarchy (1916) <li>Fall of the Russian Monarchy (1917) <li>Fall of the German Monarchy (1918) <li>Fall of the Austrian Monarchy (1918) <li>Fall of the Hungarian Monarchy (1918) <li>Fall of the Turkish Monarchy (1922) <li>Collapse of the Caliphate (1924) <li>Fall of the Qájár Dynasty (1925) <li>Fall of the Spanish Monarchy (1931) <li>Fall of the Albanian Monarchy (1938) <li>Fall of the Serbian Monarchy (1941) <li>Fall of the Italian Monarchy (1946) <li>Fall of the Bulgarian Monarchy (1946) <li>Fall of the Rumanian Monarchy (1947) <br> [<i>The Bahá'í Faith 1844-1952: Information Statistical & Comparative</i> p41] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Edirne_(Adrianople).html">Edirne (Adrianople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Muluk_(Surih_to_the_Kings).html">Suriy-i-Muluk (Surih to the Kings)</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_to_kings_and_rulers.html">Tablets to kings and rulers</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts_(book).html">Summons of the Lord of Hosts (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1867</span> Between March 1966 and August 1868</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Súratu'l-Haykal (Epistle of the Temple) was revealed during the years in Adrianople, and re-cast later in 'Akká in which messages addressed to individual potentates, Pope Pius IX, Napoleon III, Czar Alexander II, Queen Victoria and Násiri'd-Dín Sháh were incorporated. It was not written for a particular individual; when asked about the matter Bahá'u'lláh said that he himself was both the addresser and addressee. <p> "Ranked as 'one of Bahá'u'lláh's most challenging works', The Surih of the Temple was composed... during the turbulent period which saw the formation of a schism within the rank and file of the Bábí community,. This eloquent and incisive Arabic epistle combines a mystical and proclamatory style to enunciate Bahá'u'lláh's Mission to those among the Báb's followers who had failed to recognize His Revelation. " [BBS132] [<a href="../walbridge_encyclopedia_tablet_temple.html"<i>Tablet of the Temple (Suratu'l-Haykal)</i></a> by John Balbridge] <li>The Tablet was published in its entirety in <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/summons-lord-hosts/"><i>Summons of the Lord of Hosts</i></a> by the World Centre in 2002. <li> See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts">Wikipedia</a> for a synopsis of this Tablet.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Erdine.html">Erdine</a>; <a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Suratul-Haykal.html">Suratul-Haykal</a>; <a href="../tags/Epistle_of_the_Temple.html">Epistle of the Temple</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1868 – 1870</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">During this period Bahá'u'lláh revealed a number of Tablets to rulers including the <i>Lawh-i-Ra'ís</i> to `Alí Pá<u>sh</u>á, His second <i>Tablet to Napoleon III</i> and <i>Tablets to Czar Alexander II, Queen Victoria</i> and <i>Pope Pius IX</i>. [BBD13] <p><q>The writings of Bahá’u’lláh during this period, as we survey the vast field which they embrace, seem to fall into three distinct categories. The first comprises <b>those writings which constitute the sequel to the proclamation of His Mission in Adrianople.</b> The second includes <b>the laws and ordinances of His Dispensation,</b> which, for the most part, have been recorded in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, His Most Holy Book. To the third must be assigned <b>those Tablets which partly enunciate and partly reaffirm the fundamental tenets and principles underlying that Dispensation.</b></q> [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/god-passes-by/14#538668523">GPB205-206</a>] <li> See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts">Wikipedia</a> for a synopsis of <i>Law-i-Ra'ís.</i>. <li>The <i>Súriy-i-Haykal</i> (<i>Súrih of the Temple</i>) was also revealed in Adrianople, and later recast after His arrival in `Akká. In this version He incorporated His messages addressed to individual potentates -- Pope Pius IX, Napoleon III, Czar Alexander II, Queen Victoria, and Násiri'd-Dín Sháh. Bahá'u'lláh instructed it to be written in the form of a pentacle, symbolizing the human temple. See the Introduction <a href="../bahaullah_summons_lord_hosts.html#intro"><i>Summons of the Lord of Hosts</i> </a> pgi. <li><a href="../bayat_surat_haykal.html"><I>An Introduction to the Súratu'l-Haykal (Discourse of The Temple)</i></a> by Mohamad Ghasem Bayat. <p> <li>President Grant of the United States was in office when Bahá'u'lláh addressed a <i>Tablet to the `Rulers of America and the Presidents of the Republics therein'</i>. Copied below is a list of other heads of state of the Americas who were contemporary with Bahá'u'lláh in 1872-1873 as compiled by Bahá'í scholar Peter Terry. [BFA1:80N] <ul>Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, president of Argentina; John A. Macdonald, prime minister of Canada; Federico Errázuriz Zanartu, president of Chile; Eustorgio Salgar and Manuel Murillo Toro, presidents of Colombia; Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, president of Costa Rica; Buenaventura Báez, president of the Dominican Republic; Gabriel García Moreno, president of Ecuador; Justo Rufino Barrios, president of Guatemala; Nissage Saget, president of Haiti; Benito Juárez and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, presidents of Mexico; José Vicente Cuadra, president of Nicaragua; Francisco Solano López, president of Paraguay; Manuel Pardo, president of Peru; Ulysses S. Grant, president of the United States of America; Lorenzo Batlle y Grau and Tomás Gomensoro, presidents of Uruguay; and Antonio Guzmán Blanco, president of Venezuela.</ul> <ul><q>...some of the most celebrated passages of that Book (Kitáb-i-Aqdas) to the Chief Magistrates of the entire American continent, bidding them “bind with the hands of justice the broken,” and “crush the oppressor” with the “rod of the commandments” of their Lord. Unlike the kings of the earth whom He had so boldly condemned in that same Book, unlike the European Sovereigns whom He had either rebuked, warned or denounced, such as the French Emperor, the most powerful monarch of his time, the Conqueror of that monarch, the Heir of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Caliph of Islám, the Rulers of America were not only spared the ominous and emphatic warnings which He uttered against the crowned heads of the world, but were called upon to bring their corrective and healing influence to bear upon the injustices perpetrated by the tyrannical and the ungodly.</q> [<a href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MA/ma-113.html#:~:text=some%2091%20of,and%20the%20ungodly.">MA91</a>] </ul> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ali_Pasha.html">Ali Pasha</a>; <a href="../tags/Napoleon_III.html">Napoleon III</a>; <a href="../tags/Pope_Pius_IX.html">Pope Pius IX</a>; <a href="../tags/Popes.html">Popes</a>; <a href="../tags/Christianity.html">Christianity</a>; <a href="../tags/Queen_Victoria.html">Queen Victoria</a>; <a href="../tags/Alexander_II.html">Alexander II</a>; <a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Haykal_(Surih_of_the_Temple).html">Suriy-i-Haykal (Surih of the Temple)</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Napulyun_(Tablet_to_Napoleon_III).html">Lawh-i-Napulyun (Tablet to Napoleon III)</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Pap_(Tablet_to_Pope_Pius_IX).html">Lawh-i-Pap (Tablet to Pope Pius IX)</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Malikih_(Tablet_to_Queen_Victoria).html">Lawh-i-Malikih (Tablet to Queen Victoria)</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Malik-i-Rus_(Tablet_to_Alexander_II).html">Lawh-i-Malik-i-Rus (Tablet to Alexander II)</a>; <a href="../tags/President_Grant.html">President Grant</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Rais_(Tablet_to_Sultan_Ali_Pasha).html">Lawh-i-Rais (Tablet to Sultan Ali Pasha)</a>; <a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Haykal_(Surih_of_the_Temple).html">Suriy-i-Haykal (Surih of the Temple)</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_to_Kings_and_rulers-2.html">Tablets to Kings and rulers</a>; <a href="../tags/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts_(book).html">Summons of the Lord of Hosts (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Haykal_and_daira.html">Haykal and daira</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1863 - 1868</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">See <a href="../winters_bibliography_tablets_1863-68.html"><i>Bibliography for the Tablets of Baha'u'llah: List of citations and resources for Tablets revealed 1863-1868</i></a> compiled by Jonah Winters. <li>See also <a href="../winters_wilmette_tablets_notes.html"><i>Notes and Commentary on the Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh: Wilmette Institute study materials</I></a> by Jonah Winters.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Constantinople.html">Constantinople</a>; <a href="../locations/Adrianople.html">Adrianople</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1868</span> 31 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The ship arrived in Haifa in the early morning. [BKG269; GPB182; RB3:11] <li>Bahá'u'lláh and His companions — 70 in all — disembarked and were taken ashore in sailing boats. [RB3:11] <li>One of the Bahá'ís, Áqá `Abdu'l-<u>Gh</u>affár, one of the four companions of Bahá'u'lláh condemned to share the exile of Mírzá Yahyá, threw himself into the sea when he learned he was to be separated from Bahá'u'lláh. [BKG269; GPB182] <li>A few hours later Bahá'u'lláh's party was put aboard a sailing vessel and taken to `Akká. [RB3:12] <li>Mírzá Yahyá and the four Bahá'ís arrested at Constantinople, including Mi<u>sh</u>kín-Qalam, were sent on to Famagusta in Cyprus. [BKG268; GPB179] <li>See also <a href="../momen_cyprus_exiles.html".<i>The Cyprus Exiles</i></a> by Moojan Momen. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1304/slideshow#img-30">photo</a> of the sea gate by which the exiles entered the citadel. <li>See CH66 for Bahíyyih <u>Kh</u>ánum's account of the journey. <li>The exiles landed in `Akká and began a confinement in the citadel that was to last two years, two months and five days. [CH67, BBR205; BKG169; DH12; RB3:11] <li><a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1284/slideshow#img-2">Photo</a> of the citadel. <li>See BKG277–9 for a list of the exiles. Two others joined them immediately after arrival. [BBR205] <li>See BR205–6 for `Abdu'l-Bahá's account of the journey of exile. <li>See RB32:2 and RB3:21 for prophecies regarding Bahá'u'lláh's exile to `Akká. <li>See DH17–24 for a history of `Akká before the arrival of Bahá'u'lláh. <li>See DH26–8 and GPB186–7 for a description of the exiles' walk to the prison. <li>See GPB186–7 for Bahá'u'lláh's description of the citadel and the conditions there on His arrival. <li>See BKG275–7 for Áqá Ridá's description of the citadel and the conditions there. <li>See DH30–1 for a description of the citadel building and the accommodation used by Bahá'u'lláh. <li>The first night the exiles were refused both food and drink. [GPB187] <li>Afterwards each prisoner was allocated three loaves of stale black bread as a daily food ration plus filthy water. [GBP187] <li>Within two days all fell ill with typhoid but for two, 'Abdu'l-Bahá and another man who was able to help Him nurse and care for the others. [CH234] <li>Three of the exiles died soon after arrival. Soon after their death, Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Lawh-i-Ra'ís</i>, the second Tablet to `Alí Páshá. [BKG283; GPB187; RB3:20, 34] <li>See BKG317–21 and CH250–1 for the story of the Azalís who were confined to `Akká with the exiles. <li>See BBRSM69–70 for details on the system of communications used between the Holy Land and the Bahá'í communities. <li>At first the Governor was disinclined to relax the strict rules of the exiles but eventually allowed Mírzá Ja'far to go into town, accompanied by a soldier, to purchase food. 'Abdu'l-Bahá had sent Mírzá 'Abdu'l-Ahad ahead sometime before with instructions to open a shop. It was six months before the exiles could make contact with him. During this time a Greek, Dr. Petro, became a friend and, after having made investigations, assured the Governor that the exiles were not criminals. [CH67] <li>The King of Martyrs and his brother The Beloved of Martyrs were the first to make contact with the exiles by telegraph. They were able to provide much need assistance. [CH67] <li>After the restrictions had been relaxed somewhat <u>Sh</U>ay<u>kh</u> Salmán was able to function as a courier carrying Tablets and letters to and from Persia. When he was arrested in Aleppo, carrying a most important supplication from a friend in Persia to Bahá'u'lláh, he swallowed the letter to avoid detection. [CH67-68] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Famagusta.html">Famagusta</a>; <a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/Israel.html">Israel</a>; <a href="../locations/Cyprus.html">Cyprus</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Banishment_of.html">Bahaullah, Banishment of</a>; <a href="../tags/Mishkin-Qalam.html">Mishkin-Qalam</a>; <a href="../tags/Aqa_Abdul-Ghaffar.html">Aqa Abdul-Ghaffar</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Jafar.html">Mirza Jafar</a>; <a href="../tags/Citadel.html">Citadel</a>; <a href="../tags/Prophecies.html">Prophecies</a>; <a href="../tags/Cyprus_exiles.html">Cyprus exiles</a>; <a href="../tags/Exile.html">Exile</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Bahai_World_Centre_buildings%2c_monuments_and_gardens.html">- Bahai World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens</a>; <a href="../tags/World_Centre.html">World Centre</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First night in citadel in `Akká</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1868 (End of summer)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Lawh-i-Ra'ís</i> (Tablet to the Chief) to Alí Páshá to condemn him for his cruelty and inhuman treatment of His followers. [<a href="../resources/tablets-notes/lawh-rais/outline.html">Lawh-i-Raís: Tablet Study Outline</a>] <li>The Tablet has been published in <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/summons-lord-hosts/8#357978314"><i>Summons of the lord of Hosts</i></a> p159-173 <li>For a brief biography of 'Alí Pasha see BKG469. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/god-passes-by/14#:~:text=To%20%E2%80%98Al%C3%AD%20P%C3%A1sh%C3%A1,Most%20Great%20Prison.%E2%80%9D">GPB208</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Rais.html">Lawh-i-Rais</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablet_to_the_Chief.html">Tablet to the Chief</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1868 30 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Christoph Hoffman, founder of the Templers, and Georg David Hardegg, his principal lieutenant, landed in Haifa to gather the Children of God in Jerusalem in preparation for the Second Coming of Christ. Hardegg remained in Haifa to head the Tempelgesellschaft while Hoffman went to Jaffa in 1869 to found a school and a hospital there. [BBD224; BBR204, 2, 15–16; DH133, SBBH1p215-218] <li> The colony on Mount Carmel was composed of a few dozen Templer families from Württemberg (S. Germany) and they were joined by kindred families of German origin from southern Russia and by some who had emigrated to America and become citizens, mainly from New York state. [<a href="../lambden_hardegg"><i>Tablet to Hardegg (Lawh-i-Hirtík): A Tablet of Bahá'u'lláh to the Templer Leader Georg David Hardegg</i></a> by Stephen Lambden and Kamran Ekbal, <a href="https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/237/">A Tablet of Bahā'-Allāh to Georg David Hardegg, the Lawḥ-i Hartīk</a> by Stephen Lambden] <li>DH139 and GPB277 say this was 1863. <li>See BBR215–18 for the relationship between Bahá'u'lláh and the Templers. <li>A tablet addressed to Georg David Hardegg, <a href="../lambden_hardegg"><i>Lawh-i-Hirtik</i></a>, contained the proclamation of Bahá'u'lláh as the Promised One and the return of the Father. He also was warned not to make the same errors of the Pharisees who neglected the validity of Christ's own claims. <li>Bahá'u'lláh stayed in the houses of the colony several times. [BBR234] <li>Palestine was a neglected outpost of the Ottoman Empire when the Templers first settled in Haifa. Other settlements were soon founded in Jaffa (1869), Sarona (1871) and Jerusalem (1873) and, a generation later Wilhelma (1902), Betlehem (1906) and, but a splinter group in Waldheim (1907). From initially hard beginnings, these communities went on to build the foundations for success: farms, flourmills, workshops, factories, shops, banks, hotels, hospitals, schools and even roads. Haifa was the largest Templer settlement. To this day, its main road is said to be the most magnificent in Israel. <p> The Templers flourished in Palestine for nearly 80 years; they even survived the British occupation during World War I when many Templers were deported and interned in Egypt. Palestine was a British Mandated Territory from 1923 until 1948. Great Britain’s entry into World War II signalled the end for the Templers in Palestine. The settlements of Wilhelma, Sarona, Betlehem and Waldheim were turned into internment camps, housing close to 2,000 people. In 1941, a large number of Templers (536) was deported to Australia along with 129 other German nationals. The last remaining Templers were expelled in 1948 when the State of Israel was established. [<a href="https://www.templesociety.org.au/heritage.html">TSA website</a>] <li>See BBR236–9 for articles written about the Bahá'ís by Templers. <li>See <a href="../liedtke_divine_mystery_carmel.html"><i>Der Herr ist Nahe: The Lord is Near: The Divine Mystery of the Transformation of Mt. Carmel</i></a> by Harry Liedtke. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Jaffa.html">Jaffa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Christoph_Hoffman.html">Christoph Hoffman</a>; <a href="../tags/Georg_David_Hardegg.html">Georg David Hardegg</a>; <a href="../tags/Templer_colony.html">Templer colony</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Hirtik_(Tablet_to_Hardegg).html">Lawh-i-Hirtik (Tablet to Hardegg)</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a>; <a href="../tags/Christianity.html">Christianity</a>; <a href="../tags/Prophecies.html">Prophecies</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1869 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The 17-year-old Áqá Buzurg-i-Ní<u>sh</u>ápúrí, Badí`, arrived in `Akká having walked from Mosul. He was able to enter the city unsuspected. [BKG297; RB3:178] <li>He was still wearing the simple clothes of a water bearer. [BKG297] <li>For the story of his life, see BKG294–297 and RB3:176–179. <li>For his transformation see RB3:179–182. </ul> Badí` saw `Abdu'l-Bahá in a mosque and was able to write a note to Him. The same night Badí` entered the citadel and went into the presence of Bahá'u'lláh. He met Bahá'u'lláh twice. [BKG297; RW3:179] <ul><li>Badí` asked Bahá'u'lláh for the honour of delivering the Tablet to the <u>Sh</u>áh and Bahá'u'lláh bestowed it on him. [BKG297; RB3:182] <li>The journey to Tehran took four months; he traveled alone. [BKG298] <li>For the story of the journey see BKG297–300 and RB3:184. <li>For the Tablet of Bahá'u'lláh to Badí` see BKG299 and RB3:175–176. <li>Regarding the tablet to the <u>Sh</u>áh <p> “Bahá’u’lláh’s lengthiest epistle to any single sovereign” -- <i>Lawḥ-i-Sulṭán</i>, (the Tablet to Náṣiri’d-Dín Sháh) Of the various writings that make up the <i>Súriy-i-Haykal</i>, one requires particular mention. The <i>Lawḥ-i-Sulṭán</i>, the Tablet to Náṣiri’d-Dín Sháh, Bahá’u’lláh’s lengthiest epistle to any single sovereign, was revealed in the weeks immediately preceding His final banishment to ‘Akká. It was eventually delivered to the monarch by Badí‘, a youth of seventeen, who had entreated Bahá’u’lláh for the honour of rendering some service. His efforts won him the crown of martyrdom and immortalized his name. The Tablet contains the celebrated passage describing the circumstances in which the divine call was communicated to Bahá’u’lláh and the effect it produced. Here, too, we find His unequivocal offer to meet with the Muslim clergy, in the presence of the Sháh, and to provide whatever proofs of the new Revelation they might consider to be definitive, a test of spiritual integrity significantly failed by those who claimed to be the authoritative trustees of the message of the Qur’án. [The Universal House of Justice (Introduction to ‘The Summons of the Lord of Hosts’)] <li>See <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/library/three-momentous-years-of-the-heroic-age/"><i>Three Momentous Years</i></a> in The Bahá'í World for the story of Badí.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/Mosul.html">Mosul</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a>; <a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Badi_(Mirza_Aqa_Buzurg-i-Nishapuri).html">Badi (Mirza Aqa Buzurg-i-Nishapuri)</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Sultan_(Tablet_to_Nasirid-Din_Shah).html">Lawh-i-Sultan (Tablet to Nasirid-Din Shah)</a>; <a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Haykal_(Surih_of_the_Temple).html">Suriy-i-Haykal (Surih of the Temple)</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_to_kings_and_rulers.html">Tablets to kings and rulers</a>; <a href="../tags/Nasirid-Din_Shah.html">Nasirid-Din Shah</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Apostles_of_Bahaullah.html">Apostles of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Youth.html">Youth</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1869 17 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Suez Canal was opened to navigation. At this time the canal was164km (102 miles) long and 8 metres (26 feet) deep, 72 feet wide at the bottom, and 200 to 300 feet wide at the surface. Consequently, fewer than 500 ships navigated it in its first full year of operation. Major improvements began in 1876 and by 1887 night navigation was allowed, a measure that doubled its capacity. <li>In the 1950s the waterway was substantially expanded, deepened and lengthened to accommodate the demands of shipping companies. By 1956 when Egyptian President Nasser nationalised it, the canal was 175km (109 miles long and 14 metres (46 feet) deep and could take takers with a capacity of 30,000 tonnes and a draft of up to 10.7 metres (35 feet) <li>A major expansion in 2015 increased the length to 193km (120 miles) and its depth to 24 metres (79 feet). Ships as large as 240,000 tonnes with a draft of 10 metres (66 feet) could be accommodated. Throughput was increased to 50 ships daily. <li>See <a href="../sohrab_abdulbaha_egypt"><i>'Abdu'l-Bahá in Egypt</i></a> pg96 for 'Abdu'l-Bahá's "The Spiritual Lesson Drawn from the Material Progress of Port Said and the Suez Canal".</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Port_Said.html">Port Said</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Suez_Canal.html">Suez Canal</a>; <a href="../tags/Unity.html">Unity</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching.html">Teaching</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1870</span> Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Roman Catholic Vatican Council under Pope Pius IX formulated the doctrine of papal infallibility. Shortly afterwards Italian forces under Victor Emmanuel II attacked the Papal States and seize and occupy Rome, virtually extinguishing the temporal sovereignty of the pope. [GPB227; PDC54] <li>See <a href="http://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2019/04/pope-pius-ix-254th-pope-since-inception.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+BahaiHistoricalFacts+%28Baha%27i+Historical+Facts%29">Bahá'í Historical Facts</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Rome.html">Rome</a>; <a href="../locations/Italy.html">Italy</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Pope_Pius_IX.html">Pope Pius IX</a>; <a href="../tags/Popes.html">Popes</a>; <a href="../tags/Christianity.html">Christianity</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1871</span> End of the year</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh revealed the <i>Lawh-i-Qad Ihtaraqa'l-Mukhlisun (Fire Tablet)</i> while living in the house of Udi Khammer. It was revealed in answer to a letter from one of His devoted followers in Persia, Haji Siyyid Alí-Akbar-i-Dahájí. In a passage, as yet untranslated, addressed to the uncle of Haji Siyyid 'Ali-Akbar, Bahá'u'lláh stated that He revealed the Fire Tablet for the nephew so that it might create in him feelings of joy as well as igniting in his heart the fire of the love of God. It was revealed at a time when great afflictions and sorrows had surrounded Bahá'u'lláh as a result of the hostility, betrayal and acts of infamy perpetrated by those few individuals who had once claimed to be the helpers of the Cause of God. [BKG321–2; RB3:226–31] <li>See RoB2 p.274-275 for a description of Siyyid Alí-Akbar-i-Dahájí. <li>For more information see <a href="../wilmette_qad-ihtaraq_mukhlisun_outline.html">Tablet Study Outline</a> by Jonah Winters.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Qad-Ihtaraqal-Mukhlisun_(Fire_Tablet).html">Lawh-i-Qad-Ihtaraqal-Mukhlisun (Fire Tablet)</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Siyyid_Ali-Akbar-i-Dahaji.html">Haji Siyyid Ali-Akbar-i-Dahaji</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1872</span> Early 1870's</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Arabic and Persian text of Bahá'u'lláh's 'Tablet of Medicine' (Lawh-i-Tibb) is to be dated to the early 'Akká period of his ministry (early 1870s?). It was addressed to a Bahá'í named Mírzá Muhammad Ridá'-yi Tabib-i Yazdí, a physician of the traditional school. <li>The text was first published in Cairo in the early 1920s and is in two parts: [1] an Arabic part which largely revolves around the subject of medical treatment and [2] a Persian section which sets forth admonitions to Bahá'ís, designed to increase their level of wisdom, devotion and service. <li>The Tablet ends with the revelation of the celebrated Healing Prayer which was translated by Shoghi Effendi. [<a href="https://d9263461.github.io/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V3/p343-370Ch16.html#p357">RoB3p358-360</a>; GWB-CLXX] <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jJErDxtk0I">"Tablet of Medicine, a talk by Dr Vahid Rafai</a> <li>See <a href="../bahaullah_lawh_tibb_anonymous.html"><i>Tablet of Medicine</a> for a partial translation. <li>See <a href="http://irfancolloquia.org/22/lambden_tibb"><i>Lawh-i-Tibb (Tablet of Medicine)</I></A> by Stephen Lambden. <li>"Some rules for health" was published in <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_13/Issue_9/Text#pg252">Star of the West</a> Vol 13 No 9 December 1922 and another reference was made in the <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_21/Issue_5/Text#pg159"><i>Star of the West</i></a> Vol 21 No 5 August 1930 p160.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of%2c_Tablet_of_Medicine.html">Bahaullah, Writings of, Tablet of Medicine</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Tibb.html">Lawh-i-Tibb</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1873</span> Early part</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bahá'u'lláh completed the revelation of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i> in the southeast corner room of the house of `Údí <u>Kh</u>ammár. [BBD132; BKG351; DH46; GPB213; RB3:275; SA248; BBS145] <li>See <a href="../writings/bahaullah/aqdas/aqdas2/Description.html"><i>A Description of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas by Shoghi Effendi</i></a>. <li>There is evidence to suggest that at least some of the work was written earlier as confirmed by the book's reference to the fall of Napoleon III in 1870 and there is further evidence to suggest that parts of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i> were revealed as early as 1868. [SA16–17, 248] <li>For the significance of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i> see BKG351–3, BW15:87–91, GPB213–15 and RB3:275–399. <li>For analyses of its significance, content and application, see RB3:275–399 and SA248–52. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Laws.html">Laws</a>; <a href="../tags/House_of_Udi_Khammar.html">House of Udi Khammar</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Dating_of_Writings.html">Dating of Writings</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_to_kings_and_rulers.html">Tablets to kings and rulers</a>; <a href="../tags/Napoleon_III.html">Napoleon III</a>; <a href="../tags/Gradual_implementation_of_laws.html">Gradual implementation of laws</a>; <a href="../tags/Charters_of_the_Bahai_Faith.html">Charters of the Bahai Faith</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1873 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The revelation of the obligatory prayers.<p> "Many of the laws of the Báb...are carefully designed in a way that testifies that the advent of Him Whom God shall make manifest was impending....The Báb never revealed the words of the (obligatory) prayer itself, thus making the implementation of this law dependent on the arrival of the Promised One." [GH366]<p> The original Bahá'í obligatory prayer, mentioned in the <i>Kitab-i-Aqdas</i>, involved nine cycles of movement starting with a bow (rak`ah) and was to be said morning, noon, and afternoon. It probably called for three rak`ahs at each time. Bahá'u'lláh revealed the text but did not release it in order to avoid provoking conflict with Muslims. (This prayer was one of the documents in the cases taken by `Abdu'l-Bahá's brothers shortly after the passing of Bahá'u'lláh.) Some time later, after the writing of the <i>Kitab-i-Aqdas</i> but before that of its supplement <i>Questions and Answers</i>, Bahá'u'lláh wrote a second set of obligatory prayers which are in use today. Three alternative forms were provided: a very short prayer to be said between noon and sunset; a somewhat longer prayer to be said in the morning, the afternoon, and the evening; and a long prayer to be said once during twenty-four hours. [<a href="../walbridge_encyclopedia_prayer_worship.html"><i>Prayer and Worship</I></a> by John Walbridge] <li>See <a href="chrome-error_/chromewebdata.html"><i>Entering into Obligatory Prayer: Introduction and Commentary</i></a> by Ismael Velasco. <li>See as well the message from the Universal House of Justice message of <a href="../wilmette_kitab_aqdas_prayers.html">28 November 2000</a> with commentary from Ismael Vlasco, Peter Terry and Michael Sours. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Obligatory_Prayer.html">Obligatory Prayer</a>; <a href="../tags/Prayer.html">Prayer</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Questions_and_Answers_(Kitab-i-Aqdas).html">Questions and Answers (Kitab-i-Aqdas)</a>; <a href="../tags/Laws.html">Laws</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1873 or 1874</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><i>Lawh-i-Hikmat</i> (<a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/#r=tb_en-9"><i>Tablet of Wisdom</i></a>) was written by Bahá’u’lláh in 'Akká and addressed to Mulla Muhammad-'Alí (Nabíl-i-Qa'iní), a former mujtahid in the Ithna 'Ashari sect of Shi'i Islam and a distinguished Bahá’í scholar and teacher. In this Tablet, Bahá’u’lláh elaborated His teachings on many themes, including the origins and development of "hikmat-i-iláhí” (divine philosophy), discussing a number of philosophers, including the Father of Philosophy (Idris/Hermes), Balinus (Apollonius of Tyana), Empedocles, Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Pliny. As well He explained the influence of the Word of God and the cause and origin of creation and of nature. <li>Ethel Rosenberg questioned 'Abdu'l-Bahá about the fact that Bahá'u'lláh's account of the Greek philosophers differed from historical documents. He answered in a lengthy letter which was translated into Persian and given wide distribution. It became known as the <i>Rosenberg Tablet</i>. [EJR78-81; <a href="../abdulbaha_tablet_wisdom_questions"><i></i>A Tablet of 'Abdu'l-Bahá Explaining Three Verses in the Lawh-i-Hikmat by Abdu'l-Bahá</i></a> translated by the Bahá'í World Centre.] <li>A copy of the <i>Tablet of Wisdom</i> with numbered paragraphs is available <a href="../writings/bahaullah/tb/8.html">here</a>. <li>See <a href="../ramo_rizal_revelation_revolution.html"><i>Rizal, Revelation and Revolution: Rizal's Letter to the Women of Malolos and Baha'u'llah's letter to Nabil Akbar Lawh-i-Hikmat (Tablet of Wisdom)</i></a> by Stephen Ramo. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Hikmat_(Tablet_of_Wisdom).html">Lawh-i-Hikmat (Tablet of Wisdom)</a>; <a href="../tags/Philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_of_Bahaullah_revealed_after_the_Kitab-i-Aqdas.html">Tablets of Bahaullah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Ethel_Rosenberg.html">Ethel Rosenberg</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1875 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"> Bahá'u'lláh sent Sulaymán <u>Kh</u>án Ilyás, Jamál Effendi, to India. [BW4:285; GPB195; MC155] <li>See EB120–1, 122–8 and MF134–8. <li> BBRSM90, 193 say he was sent in 1871 and left in 1878. BW18p246 says he arrived in 1872. EB122 says he reached Bombay in 1878 and stayed 11 years on the subcontinent. <li>His work helped establish Bahá'í communities in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras as well as in Burma. [BBRSM91; GPB225] <li>See <a href="../momen_jamal_effendi.html">Momen-Jamal Effendi</a> for a map of his travels in India (1876-1879) and South-east Asia (1884-1886) as well as to Central Asia 1888-1896. <li>Among those he taught was Siyyid Mustafá Rúmí, who later found the Bahá'í community of Burma. [BW10:517] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Mumbai_(Bombay).html">Mumbai (Bombay)</a>; <a href="../locations/Kolkata_(Calcutta).html">Kolkata (Calcutta)</a>; <a href="../locations/Chennai_(Madras).html">Chennai (Madras)</a>; <a href="../locations/India.html">India</a>; <a href="../locations/Myanmar_(Burma).html">Myanmar (Burma)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Sulayman_Khan_Ilyas.html">Sulayman Khan Ilyas</a>; <a href="../tags/Jamal_Effendi.html">Jamal Effendi</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyyid_Mustafa_Rumi.html">Siyyid Mustafa Rumi</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first..</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1876</span> 4 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-`Azíz either committed suicide or was assassinated. [BBD2; BBR485; GPB225] <li>Accession of Murád V to the throne. [BBR485] <li>Bahá'u'lláh had predicted his downfall in the Lawh-i-Fu'ád. [RB3:87] <ul><li> See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summons_of_the_Lord_of_Hosts">Wikipedia</a> for a synopsis of this Tablet.</ul> <li>Bahá'u'lláh stated that the tyranny of Sultán `Abdu'l-`Azíz exceeded that of Násiri'd-Dín <u>Sh</u>áh because the Sultán exiled Bahá'u'lláh to the Most Great Prison without any reason whereas the <u>Sh</u>áh had reason to be fearful of the Bahá'ís because of the attempt on his life. [BKG412] <li>Bahá'u'lláh had addressed two Tablets to the Sultán including the Súriy-i-Mulúk (Tablet to the Kings) but he did not respond. [BBD2] <li> See <i>The Summons of the Lord of Hosts</i> p177-181 for the Lawh-i-Fu'ád and p185-235 for the Súriy-i-Mulúk. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Istanbul_(Constantinople).html">Istanbul (Constantinople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Sultan_Abdul-Aziz.html">Sultan Abdul-Aziz</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Nasirid-Din_Shah.html">Nasirid-Din Shah</a>; <a href="../tags/Murad_V.html">Murad V</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Fuad_(Tablet_to_Fuad_Pasha).html">Lawh-i-Fuad (Tablet to Fuad Pasha)</a>; <a href="../tags/Suriy-i-Muluk_(Surih_to_the_Kings).html">Suriy-i-Muluk (Surih to the Kings)</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Prophecies.html">Prophecies</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1868-1873</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">See <a href="../winters_bibliography_tablets_1868-77.html"><i>Bibliography for the Tablets of Baha'u'llah: List of citations and resources for Tablets revealed 1868-1877</i></a> compiled by Jonah Winters. <li>See also <a href="../winters_wilmette_tablets_notes.html"><i>Notes and Commentary on the Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh: Wilmette Institute study materials</I></a> by Jonah Winters.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1878 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Siyyid Mustafá Rúmí arrived in Burma with Jamál Effendi. <li>He married into a well-to-do Indo-Burman family of traders and settled in Rangoon, remaining in Burma to build up the Burmese community. [BW10:517; PH23] <li>See BW10:517–18 and MC155 for his conversion of Daidanaw, the first all-Bahá'í village in the world outside Iran. <li>See BW10:517–20 for an account of his life. <li>See RoB4p181-182. <li>He was named a Hand of the Cause of God by the Guardian after his passing. In the village of Daidanaw, Burma (Rangoon) there is a building they call "the Shrine of Siyyid Mustafa Rumí" in his honour. [CBN253Aug-Sep1971p5] <li>Mustafá Rúmí and Daidanaw are mentioned in the film <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXc0cOhrcW4"><i>Exemplar</i></a> (18:50-20:20). 'Abdu'l-Bahá called Daidanaw "My village". <li>See <a href="../devries_jamal_effendi_rumi.html"><i>Jamal Effendi and Sayyid Mustafa Rumi in Celebes: The Context of Early Bahá'í Missionary Activity in Indonesia</i> by Jelle de Vries.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Daidanaw.html">Daidanaw</a>; <a href="../locations/Myanmar_(Burma).html">Myanmar (Burma)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Siyyid_Mustafa_Rumi.html">Siyyid Mustafa Rumi</a>; <a href="../tags/Jamal_Effendi.html">Jamal Effendi</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Exemplar_(film).html">Exemplar (film)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First all-Bahá'í village outside Iran</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1881 to 1928</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The second Trustee of the Huqúqu'lláh was Hájí Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikání, entitled <b>Amín-i-Iláhí</b> (Trusted of God). He had been a companion of Jináb-i-Sháh until his death in 1881 in a fatal attack. Hájí Sháh-Muhammad and Hájí Abu'l-Hasan had been the first believers to succeed in entering the city of 'Akká and attain the presence of Bahá'u'lláh in the public bath in the early days of His confinement in the Most Great Prison. [Message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=19870325_001&f=f1-74">25 March, 1985</a>] <li>He travelled to Paris to obtain the presence of 'Abu'l-Bahá. By 1906 he had made 19 pilgrimages to the Holy Land. [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>225] <li>Shoghi Effendi named him a Hand of the Cause of God posthumously (July, 1928) and was he was also named one of the Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh. In appreciation of Hájí Amín's services, 'Abdu'l-Bahá named one of the doors of the Shrine of the Báb after him.</li> <li>Upon his death Shoghi Effendi appointed Hájí Ghulám-Ridá (entitled Amín-i-Amín), who for several years had been Hájí Amín's assistant, to succeed him as Trustee of the Huqúq'u'lláh. [RoB3p74-86] <li>See <a href="../momen_encyclopedia_amin_haji.html"><i>Amin, Haji Abu'l-Hasan</i></a> by Moojan Momen. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Huququllah.html">Huququllah</a>; <a href="../tags/Huququllah%2c_Trustees_of.html">Huququllah, Trustees of</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Abul-Hasan-i-Ardikani_(Amin-i-Ilahi).html">Haji Abul-Hasan-i-Ardikani (Amin-i-Ilahi)</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_appointed_posthumously_by_Shoghi_Effendi.html">Hands appointed posthumously by Shoghi Effendi</a>; <a href="../tags/Apostles_of_Bahaullah.html">Apostles of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Shah-Muhammad-i-Manshadi_(Aminul-Bayan).html">Haji Shah-Muhammad-i-Manshadi (Aminul-Bayan)</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Ghulam-Rida_(Amin-i-Amin).html">Haji Ghulam-Rida (Amin-i-Amin)</a>; <a href="../tags/Public_baths.html">Public baths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1882 20 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <i>Lawh-i-Maqsúd</i> (The Goal, The Desired One) was revealed by Bahá'u'lláh in 'Akká. [MMG131-135; <a href="../wilmette_lawh_maqsud_notes.html"><i>Lawh-i-Maqsúd: Letter from the Universal House of Justice</i>; excerpt from Juan Cole's Modernity and Millennium</a>] <li>The Tablet was apparently written in response to two letters received by Bahá'u'lláh from one of His followers by the name of Mira Maqsud who was at that time residing in Damascus and Jerusalem It is among those writings that Shoghi Effendi has referred to as His "most noteworthy" works written after the <i>Kitab-i-Aqdas</i>. [BBS166] <li> The Tablet has been published in <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/5#431422730"><i>Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i></a>, Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1997, pages 159-178. <li>See <a href="../neshati_maqsud.html"><i> Tablet of Maqsúd (Lawh-i-Maqsúd): Guidance on Human Nature and Leadership </i></a> by Ramin Neshati. <li>Leiden List says it was revealed December 31st, 1881.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Maqsud_(Tablet_of_Maqsud).html">Lawh-i-Maqsud (Tablet of Maqsud)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1887 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mírzá Músá, Áqáy-i-Kalím, Apostle of Bahá'u'lláh, the faithful brother of Bahá'u'lláh, passed away in `Akká. [BBD166; BKG369; DH57] <li>He was buried in the Bahá'í section of the Muslim cemetery. [DH81] <li>He was designated by Shoghi Effendi as one of the 19 Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh. [BBD166; BW3:80–1] <li>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/his-eminence-kalim-mirza-musa/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for a brief biography as well as MoF86-90.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mirza_Musa.html">Mirza Musa</a>; <a href="../tags/Aqay-i-Kalim.html">Aqay-i-Kalim</a>; <a href="../tags/Apostles_of_Bahaullah.html">Apostles of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1887</span> 26 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Leyzer (Eliezer) Levi Zamenhof published, in Russian, <i>La Unua Libro</i>, (The First Book) of his fully-formed manual of the Esperanto language, signing it “Doktoro Esperanto”, the <i>nom de plume</I> of its creator. By way of explanation, the word "esperanto", in Esperanto, means "One who hopes". <li> Some estimates optimistically place the number of people familiar to some degree with the language at nearly two million, and it is now among the languages taught on the popular website and app Duolingo. But there are only perhaps some ten thousand fully fluent Esperanto speakers. <li>See <a href="https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-695810">JPost.com 8Feb2022</a> for a full history of the language and of the Zamenof family.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Warsaw.html">Warsaw</a>; <a href="../locations/Poland.html">Poland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Leyzer_(Eliezer)_Levi_Zamenhof.html">Leyzer (Eliezer) Levi Zamenhof</a>; <a href="../tags/Zamenof.html">Zamenof</a>; <a href="../tags/Lidia_Zamenof.html">Lidia Zamenof</a>; <a href="../tags/Esperanto.html">Esperanto</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1887</span> 27 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">"When Bahá'u'lláh revealed the Kitáb-i-Aqdas He withheld the publication of certain laws. These included the text of the Obligatory Prayers. In one of His Tablets Bahá'u'lláh orders His amanuensis, Mírzá Áqá Ján, to send a copy of the Obligatory Prayers to Persia as a favour to Mullá 'Alí-Akbar who had asked for them. He confirms that the Obligatory Prayers had been revealed a few years earlier." [RoB4p299-300] <li>(It) "was shared with Hand of the Cause Alí Akbar SháhMírzádeh Hajji Akhund in the Lawh-i Bishárát-i 'Uzma (Tablet of the Most Great Glad-tidings), and thus diffused among the community. [<a href="../resources/tablets-notes/kitab-aqdas/prayers.html">Kitáb-i-Aqdas: the Obligatory Prayers Notes by the Universal House of Justice, Ismael Velasco, Peter Terry, Michael Sours</a>] <li>See <a href="../resources/tablets-notes/kitab-aqdas/outline.html">Kitáb-i-Aqdas: Tablet Study Outline </a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Obligatory_prayer-2.html">Obligatory prayer</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Akhund_(Mulla_Ali-Akbar-i-Shahmirzadi).html">Haji Akhund (Mulla Ali-Akbar-i-Shahmirzadi)</a>; <a href="../tags/Laws.html">Laws</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Gradual_implementation_of_laws.html">Gradual implementation of laws</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1891 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Tablet of Visitation for Imám Husayn was revealed by Bahá'u'lláh. It was originally revealed as "Lawh-i-Zíyárat-Namih-i-Imám Husayn". <li>For a translation by Khazeh Fananapazir with a commentary edited by Mehdi Wolf see <a href="../bahaullah_fananapazir_visitation_husayn.html">Tablet of Visitation for Imám Husayn</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Ziyarat-Namih-i-Imam_Husayn_(Tablet_of_Visitation_for_Imam_Husayn).html">Lawh-i-Ziyarat-Namih-i-Imam Husayn (Tablet of Visitation for Imam Husayn)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1891</span> (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bishárát (Glad-Tidings) is considered one of the major writings of Bahá'u'lláh. [<a href="../buck_ioannesyan_bisharat_proclamation.html"><i>Bahá'u'lláh's Bishárát (Glad-Tidings): A Proclamation to Scholars and Statesmen</i></a> by Christopher Buck and Youli A. Ioannesyan] <p><ul><q>The Tablet of Glad-Tidings is a selective compendium of Bahaullah's laws and principles, sequentially presented in a series of 15 Glad-Tidings. As the Arabic term Bisharat suggests, these Glad-Tidings were a public announcement of some of the essential teachings of the new Bahá'í religion. The Glad-Tidings is the most extensive of several tablets by Bahá'u'lláh that present key teachings in a numbered structure. The Glad-Tidings may, in part, be regarded as serially articulated world reforms intermixed with religious reforms emanating from Bahá'u'lláh in his professed role as World Reformer. The Glad-Tidings also functioned analogously (albeit anachronistically) to a press release, serving not only as a public proclamation but to rectify the inaccuracies and gross misrepresentations that had previously circulated in print. Intended for widespread translation and publication, the Glad-Tidings was sent to scholars notably Russian orientalist, Baron Viktor Rosen (1849-1908) and Cambridge orientalist, Edward Granville Browne (1862-1926) and possibly pre-revolutionary Russian statesmen as well. As a Proclamatory Aqdas, the Tablet of Glad-Tidings was part of a much broader proclamation by Bahaullah, who proclaimed his mission to the political and religious leaders of the world.</q></ul> <li><a href="../pdf/b/buck_ioannesyan_bisharat_proclamation.pdf">buck_ioannesyan_bisharat_proclamation.pdf</a>. <li><a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/2#118530370"><i> Bishárát</i></a> from <i>Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh</i> p21-29. <li>See <a href="../resources/tablets-notes/bisharat/notes.html">"Faculty Notes"</a> by Robert Stockman. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/god-passes-by/14#:~:text=The%20formulation%20by,year%2Dlong%20ministry.">GPB216</a> and BBS158.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bisharat.html">Bisharat</a>; <a href="../tags/Glad-Tidings.html">Glad-Tidings</a>; <a href="../tags/Baron_Rosen.html">Baron Rosen</a>; <a href="../tags/Edward_Granville_Browne.html">Edward Granville Browne</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1891 19 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The execution of the Seven Martyrs of Yazd. [BBRXXIX, BW18:384] <p>Seven Bahá'ís were executed on the order of the governor of Yazd, Husain Mírzá, Jalálu'd-Dín-Dawlih (the grandson of the shah and the son of Zillu's-Sultán) and at the instigation of the mujtahid, <u>Sh</u>ay<u>kh</u> Hasan-i-Sabzivárí. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg384">BW18p384</a> ] <li>For their names see BW18:384. <li>For details of the executions see GBP201–2. <li>For Western reports of the episode see BBR301–5. <li>Bahá'u'lláh stated that a representative of Zillu's-Sultán. Hájí Sayyáh, visited Him in 'Akká in the hope of persuading Him to support his plot to usurp the throne. He was promised freedom to practice the Faith should He support him. Hájí Sayyáh was arrested in Tehran in April of 1891 and Zillu's-Sultán, afraid that he would be implicated in the plot to overthrow the king, inaugurated vigorous persecution of the Bahá'ís in Yazd in order to draw attention from himself and prove his loyalty to the crown and to Islam. Had Bahá'u'lláh reported this incident to the Shah, Zillu's-Sultán would have paid dearly for his disloyalty. [BBR357-358] <li>See also RB3:194–6 and SBBH2:77. <li>See <a href="../persecutions_babis_isfahan_yazd.html"><i>Persecutions of Babis in 1888-1891 at Isfahan and Yazd</i></a> by various witnesses and translated by E G Browne. <li> “The tyrant of the land of Yá (Yazd) committed that which has caused the Concourse on High to shed tears of blood.” from the Lawḥ-i-Dunyá (Tablet of the World) <i>Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh</i>, p. 85 <ul><li>For further information on the Lawh-i-Dunyá see <a href="../../irfancolloquia.org/pdf/lights4_thomas.pdf"><i>An Exposition of the Law˙-i-Dunyá (Tablet of the World)</i></a> by James B. Thomas. iiiii   </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Yazd.html">Yazd</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Jalalud-Din-Dawlih.html">Jalalud-Din-Dawlih</a>; <a href="../tags/Shaykh_Hasan-i-Sabzivari.html">Shaykh Hasan-i-Sabzivari</a>; <a href="../tags/Seven_martyrs_of_Yazd.html">Seven martyrs of Yazd</a>; <a href="../tags/Seven_martyrs.html">Seven martyrs</a>; <a href="../tags/Yazd_upheaval.html">Yazd upheaval</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Zillus-Sultan.html">Zillus-Sultan</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Sayyah.html">Haji Sayyah</a>; <a href="../tags/Shah.html">Shah</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Dunya_(Tablet_of_the_World).html">Lawh-i-Dunya (Tablet of the World)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1877 - 1892</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">See <a href="../winters_bibliography_tablets_1877-92.html"><i>Bibliography for the Tablets of Baha'u'llah: List of citations and resources for Tablets revealed 1877-1892</i></a> compiled by Jonah Winters. <li>See also <a href="../winters_wilmette_tablets_notes.html"><i>Notes and Commentary on the Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh: Wilmette Institute study materials</I></a> by Jonah Winters.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1892 29 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>The Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh</b><p>Bahá'u'lláh passed away at Bahjí in His seventy–fifth year. [AB47; BBRXXIX, 233; BKG420; CB148; GPB221; RB4:411] <p>"The news of His ascension was instantly communicated to Sultán 'Abdu'l-Hamíd by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in a telegram which began with the words "the Sun of Bahá has set". [GPB222; AB47; BKG420] <li>He cited these last words, two verses from the Kitáb-i-Aqdas: <p> “Say: Let not your hearts be perturbed, O people, when the glory of My Presence is withdrawn, and the ocean of My utterance is stilled. In My presence amongst you there is a wisdom, and in My absence there is yet another, inscrutable to all but God, the Incomparable, the All-Knowing. Verily, We behold you from Our realm of glory, and shall aid whosoever will arise for the triumph of Our Cause with the hosts of the Concourse on high and a company of Our favoured angels.”<p> “Be not dismayed, O peoples of the world, when the day-star of My beauty is set, and the heaven of My tabernacle is concealed from your eyes. Arise to further My Cause, and to exalt My Word amongst men. We are with you at all times, and shall strengthen you through the power of truth. We are truly almighty. Whoso hath recognized Me will arise and serve Me with such determination that the powers of earth and heaven shall be unable to defeat his purpose.” [GWB137] <li>For an account by Túbá <u>Kh</u>ánum see CH105–9. <li>Bahá'u'lláh had spent 23 years, 8 months and 29 (or 30) days in the Holy Land. [DH12] <li>He passed away eight hours after sunset. [GPB221; UD170] <li>Shortly after sunset, on the very day of His passing, Bahá'u'lláh was buried beneath the floor of the northermost room in the house adjacent to the mansion of Bahjí, the house which had served as a dwelling-place for His son-in-law, Háji Siyyid 'Ali Afnán. This became the Qiblih of the Bahá'í Faith. [AB47; BBD211; BKG427; GPB222] <li>See CB149 and RB4:149 for the effect of Bahá'u'lláh's ascension on`Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>See ARG71-72 for `Abdu'l-Bahá's account of His attempt to convince Mírzá Muhammad-'Alí to be faithful to the Covenant. <li>See CoC132-134; AB52–3, CB148–9, 152-153 and RB4:148–9 for the theft of Bahá'u'lláh's cases containing His seals, papers and other items. See as well <a href="../badiullah_epistle_bahai_world.html"><i>An Epistle to the Bahá'í World</i></a> by Mirza Badi'u'llah, page 13, written during his short-life period of confession/redemption. <ul><li>One of the documents in these cases was the original Long Obligatory Prayer that had been mentioned in the <i>Kitab-i-Aqdas</i>. Bahá'u'lláh had revealed the text but did not release it in order to avoid provoking conflict with Muslims. [<a href="../walbridge_encyclopedia_prayer_worship.html">Prayer and Worship by John Walbridge</a>] <li>The box also contained a valuable ring and a rosary. "The ring was sold by Mírzá Muhammad-`Alí in the course of his journey in India and spent as travel money. And Mírzá Badi`u’llah wasted the rosary." [MBBA214</ul> <li>See AB52–61, CB148–51 and RB4:148–54 for the Covenant-breaking activities of Bahá'u'lláh's family immediately following His death. <li>For 'Abdu'l-Bahá's description of His Father see <a href="../abdulbaha_royal_family_description">BWF220-224</a>. <li>See GPB222–3 for the mourning following the ascension of Bahá'u'lláh. <li>See BBR234–6 for a list of Europeans who had met Bahá'u'lláh.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bahji.html">Bahji</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Ascension_of.html">Bahaullah, Ascension of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Life_of.html">Bahaullah, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Holy_days.html">Holy days</a>; <a href="../tags/Sultan_Abdul-Hamid.html">Sultan Abdul-Hamid</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant_(general).html">Covenant (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Qiblih.html">Qiblih</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Bahaullah, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Box_with_Writings-2.html">Box with Writings</a>; <a href="../tags/Boxes.html">Boxes</a>; <a href="../tags/Seals.html">Seals</a>; <a href="../tags/Obligatory_prayer-2.html">Obligatory prayer</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1893 c.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá wrote <i>Risáliy-i-Siyásiyyih</i> (variously translated as "Treatise on Politics", "A Treatise on Statesmanship" and "Treatise on Leadership"). [ABMM] He wrote it in response to the crisis in Persia known as the <a href="1890-03-00-01.html">Tobacco Revolt</a> which was an insurrection against the Shah for having granted the tobacco monopoly to British interests at the expense of Persian farmers and businessmen.<P> The Treatise was the first policy statement of `Abdu'l-Bahá upon taking the reins of the leadership of the Bahá'í community. It shows His alarm at the increasing involvement of religious leaders and communities in this populist movement against the civil Iranian state and cites the way past such religious populist movements have led to foreign intervention or increased absolutism (e.g. the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB7M9EsyW8M">`Urabi Revolt</a> in Egypt and the 1876 Constitutional Revolution in Istanbul). `Abdu'l-Bahá argues forcefully for a separation of religion and state as a basis for Bahá'í non-involvement in such anti-state violence. <li>See <a href="../abdulbaha_risalih_siyasiyyih_cole"><i>Treatise on Leadership</i></a> by 'Abdu'l-Bahá as translated by Juan Cole. <li>It was published in Bombay in Farsi in 1893. No English translation has been published to date, apart from the provisional translation referred to above. [CEBF273] <li>Hand of the Cause Ibn-i-Asdaq was the messenger that delivered 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet to the Shah and other notables in Iran. [EB176] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/Bahji.html">Bahji</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Risaliy-i-Siyasiyyih_(Treatise_on_Leadership).html">Risaliy-i-Siyasiyyih (Treatise on Leadership)</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Politics.html">Politics</a>; <a href="../tags/Tobacco_Revolt.html">Tobacco Revolt</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Church_and_state.html">Church and state</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1894</span> Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Ibrahim George Kheiralla settled in Chicago. [BFA1:XXVII, AB65] <LI>Owing to his work, the first Bahá'í community in North America was soon formed in Chicago with other groups soon forming in Philadelphia, New York City, Kenosha, Wisconsin and Ithaca, New York. [BBRSM:100; BW10:179; LDNW12] <li>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>59-60 for a description of the teaching method used by Haddad and Kheiralla. <li>See Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion by E.G. Browne, Chapter 2, <a href="https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/material/msbr3.htm">Ibrahim George Khayru'lláh and the Bahá'í Propaganda in America</a> for an appreciation of what Kheiralla believed and taught. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chicago.html">Chicago</a>; <a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/Philadelphia.html">Philadelphia</a>; <a href="../locations/Kenosha.html">Kenosha</a>; <a href="../locations/Ithaca.html">Ithaca</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ibrahim_George_Kheiralla.html">Ibrahim George Kheiralla</a>; <a href="../tags/Anton_Haddad.html">Anton Haddad</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching.html">Teaching</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Bahá'í community in North America formed in Chicago</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1896</span> 19 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Násiri'd-Dín <u>Sh</u>áh was assassinated on the eve of the celebration of his jubilee. He had ascended to the throne in 1848 and by the Islamic lunar calendar it marked the 50th year of his reign. [BKG455] <LI>BBRXXIX and BBRSM219 say it was 1 May. <li>His assassin, Mírzá Ridá-yi-Kirmáni, a Pan-Islamic terrorist, was a follower of Jamálu'd-Dín-i-Af<u>gh</u>ání, one of the originators of the Constitutional movement in Iran and an enemy of the Faith however some newspaper accounts held that the assassin was a Bábí. [BBRSM87; GBP296; MCS540] <li>For an account of his assassination see PDC67–8. <li>See BKG430–55 for a history of his reign. <li>He was succeeded by his son Muzaffari'd-Dín. [GPB296] <li>See also CBM54-56. <li>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>214-216. iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Rayy.html">Rayy</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Nasirid-Din_Shah.html">Nasirid-Din Shah</a>; <a href="../tags/Shahs.html">Shahs</a>; <a href="../tags/Throne_changes.html">Throne changes</a>; <a href="../tags/Qajar_dynasty.html">Qajar dynasty</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Iran%2c_General_history.html">Iran, General history</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Jamalud-Din-i-Afghani.html">Jamalud-Din-i-Afghani</a>; <a href="../tags/Assassinations.html">Assassinations</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1896 1 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The martyrdom of Hand of the Cause of God Varqa (‘Dove’), Mírzá ‘Ali-Muhammad. (b.1856 in Yazd, d. in Tehran) He and his young son, Ruhu’lláh, were killed by, Hajib’ud-Dawleh, one of the Qajar courtiers, in fact, the Chief Steward, in the aftermath of the assassination of Nasir'd-Din <u>Sh</u>ah. Varqá was slashed to death before the eyes of his twelve-year-old son who, still refusing to recant, was strangled. [GPB296; BBRXXIX; SUR77; <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg384">BW18p384</a>; <a href="https://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64:hands-of-the-cause-of-god&catid=36:administrationinstitutions&Itemid=76">Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project</a>] <li>For the story of their lives see MRHK405–22 and <a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_9/Issue_2">World Order: Winter 1974-1975, Vol. 9 No.2 p29-44</a> as well as LoF42-49. <li>For a Western account of the episode see BBR361–2. <li>‘Abdu’l-Bahá named him posthumously as a Hand of the Cause and Shoghi Effendi designated him as one of the Apostles of Bahá-u-lláh. [EB75-97 LoF42-49, BBR361-362, SoBSNBp225-229] <li>See <a href="../shahrokh_varqa_son.html">Varqá and Son: The Heavenly Doves</a> by Darius Shahrokh. <li>See also <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/mirza-ali-muhammad-and-ruhullah-varqa/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See SoW Vol 12 No 4 (17 May 1921 (Volume 7 pg93) for a photo of Varqá, Ruhu'lláh and their two companions. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Yazd.html">Yazd</a>; <a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Varqa.html">Varqa</a>; <a href="../tags/Varqa%2c_Mirza_Ali-Muhammad.html">Varqa, Mirza Ali-Muhammad</a>; <a href="../tags/Varqa%2c_Ruhullah.html">Varqa, Ruhullah</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Apostles_of_Bahaullah.html">Apostles of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_referred_to_as_such_by_Abdul-Baha.html">Hands of the Cause, referred to as such by Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Appointments.html">Hands of the Cause, Appointments</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Activities.html">Hands of the Cause, Activities</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1898</span> 10 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first Western pilgrims arrived in `Akká. [AB68; BBD13; BBRXXX; DH214; GPB257; SCU13; <a href="http://bahaiteachings.org/mrs-hearst-visits-a-prisoner-in-akka">Bahá'í Teachings</a>] <li>See <a href="../rabbani_habibullah_afnan_memories.html">MBBA146-152</a> for a description of how arrangements were made to accommodate the Western visitors in a relatively new city with no hotels and few houses. The city was built to accommodate the construction of the Suez Canal which had been completed in 1869. Other sources indicate that the pilgrims were accommodated in Cairo. <li>'Abdu'l-Bahá expressed His appreciation to Mírzá Áqá Nuri'd-Din for his service in accommodating the Western pilgrims. His Tablet seems to indicate that he was kept in place for that purpose. [MBBA152] <li>They divided themselves into three parties, using Cairo as a staging post. [AB68; BFA1:143; SBBH1:93] <li>See AB68–72; BFA2:9; DH61; GPB257, 259 for those included in the pilgrimage group. <li>Included were Mrs Hearst's nieces, a few American friends and, joining in London, Mrs Mary Thornburgh-Cropper and her mother. [SCU13. CH234-236; LDNW15] <li>In Paris the group was joined by two nieces of Mrs Hearst, Mrs Thornburgh, her daughter Miriam Thornburgh-Cropper and May Bolles. [AB68] <li> LDNW15 says that Ella Goodall and Nell Hillyer and May Bolles joined the party in Paris. <li>There were further additions in Egypt. [AB68] <li>See BFA1:143–4 for those included in the first group. <li>Among the group was Robert Turner, the first member of the Black race to become a Bahá'í. For 35 years, Turner faithfully served as butler to Phoebe Apperson Hearst and Senator George Hearst, parents of newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. [AB72; BBD227; BFA1:139; GPB259] <li>`Abdu'l-Bahá received the pilgrims in the House of `Abdu'lláh Pá<u>sh</u>á. [BBD13, 108; DH61] <li>See AB68–71; BW16:104–5; CH235–6 and GPB257–9 for the pilgrims' responses to the pilgrimage.</li><li>Edward Getsinger made a recording of `Abdu'l-Bahá chanting a prayer. [BFA1:160] <li>Getsinger also took photographs that he later tinted and published as an album. [LDNW16] <li>On the 18th of January, 1899, Lua received her first Tablet from 'Abdu'l-Bahá, in fact, it was the first Tablet addressed to a North American believer. [LGHC23] <li>See TF31-52 for details of Lua Getsinger's pilgrim experience and TF44-46 for 'Abdu'l-Bahá's parting remarks to the pilgrims. <li>The Getsingers returned from the pilgrimage with an Arabic copy of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i> which was later translated by Anton Haddad. They departed on the 23rd of March, 1899. [BFA2:11; LGHC30] <li>See Star of the West, vol. VII, No. 4 or <a href="../../bahaistudiesinthecovenant.com/wp-content/uploads/demille_getsinger_herald_covenant.pdf">"Lua Getsinger - Herald of the Covenant"</a> By Amine DeMille for a description of how 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave Lua the power to speak eloquently. [LDNW15] iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/Cairo.html">Cairo</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Pilgrims.html">Pilgrims</a>; <a href="../tags/Pilgrimage.html">Pilgrimage</a>; <a href="../tags/First_pilgrims.html">First pilgrims</a>; <a href="../tags/Mary_Virginia_Thornburgh-Cropper.html">Mary Virginia Thornburgh-Cropper</a>; <a href="../tags/Robert_Turner.html">Robert Turner</a>; <a href="../tags/First_believers_by_background.html">First believers by background</a>; <a href="../tags/Edward_Getsinger.html">Edward Getsinger</a>; <a href="../tags/Lua_Getsinger.html">Lua Getsinger</a>; <a href="../tags/Anton_Haddad.html">Anton Haddad</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/House_of_Abdullah_Pasha.html">House of Abdullah Pasha</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Voice_recordings_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Voice recordings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Western pilgrims; first group of first Western pilgrims; the first Tablet addressed to a North American believer; first member of black race to become Bahá'í</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1899</span> 12 Mar </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Margaret Peeke (b. 8 April 1838, d. 2 November 1908) and an unknown companion visited 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Akka. They had two interviews of two and three hours each. Mrs Peeke was a presenter at Green Acre and wrote several books on the Rosicrucians, the occult and psychic phenomena.. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_14/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 14 November 23, 1911 p16</a>; LWS152-158] <li>See <a href="../margaretpeeke_1899_abbaseffendi_visit.html"><i>My Visit to Abbas-Effendi in 1899</i></a>. <li>Robert H. Stockman wrote in his book <i>The Baha'i Faith in America</i>, that while Margaret B. Peeke had been raised as a strong Protestant church member, her interests changed, and she became a Martinist. Martinism is a form of mystical Christianity. Margaret was the author of <i>Born of Flame</i>, <i>Numbers and Letters</I>: or <i>The Thirty-Two Paths of Wisdom</i>, and <i>Zenia the Vestal</i> (<a href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book//lookupname?key=Peeke%2c%20Margaret%20B%2e%20%28Margaret%20Bloodgood%29%2c%201838%2d1908"</>online here</a>). [BFA2p156-157] <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/157169483/margaret-b_-peeke">Find a grave</a>. <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MARGARET_BLOODGOOD_PEEKS_A_woman_of_the_century_(page_574_crop).jpg">Photo</a>. <li>See a <a href="https://www.crossville-chronicle.com/news/lifestyles/a-timely-tribute-for-margaret-peeke/article_b4960260-6af0-11e6-827a-33ac7e85ce52.html">story</a> about a tribute paid to her at her gravesite.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Pilgrimage.html">Pilgrimage</a>; <a href="../tags/First_pilgrims.html">First pilgrims</a>; <a href="../tags/Pilgrims.html">Pilgrims</a>; <a href="../tags/Margaret_Peeke.html">Margaret Peeke</a>; <a href="../tags/Occultism.html">Occultism</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1899</span> c. 1 May (and period following)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Kheiralla returned to the United States from `Akká. [BFA1:xxix, 158] (After his departure from Palestine he was abandoned by his British-American wife.) [SBBH1p239] <li>His ambitions to lead the Bahá'í Faith caused a crisis in the American Bahá'í community. [BFA1:158–84; CB247–9, GPB259–260; 319; SBBH194, 239; <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>119; WOB82-83] <li>In the following months `Abdu'l-Bahá dispatched successive teachers to heal the rift: <ul><li>Hájí `Abdu'l-Karím-i-Tihrání, who had taught Kheiralla the Faith, from c. 26 Apr to 5 Aug 1900. [BFA1:173–6; BFA2:17–29] <ul>See <a href="https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/P-T/T/Teherani/Teherani_Addresses_1900.doc>"<i>Addressess by Abdel Karim Effendi Tehrani Delivered before the New York & Chicago Assemblies </i></a> translated by Anton Haddad.</ul> <li>Hájí Hasan-i-<u>Kh</u>urásání, from 29 Nov 1900 to Aug 1901. [BFA2:35, 389] <li>Mírzá Asadu'lláh-i-Isfahání, from 29 Nov 1900 to 12 May 1902. [BFA2:VI, 35–43ff] <li>Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl, accompanied by the young poet and diplomat, Ali-Kuli Khan, from Aug 1901 to Dec 1904. [BFA2:XV-XVI, 80–7; BW9:855–60]</li></ul> <li>"...four chosen messengers of 'Abdu'l-Bahá who, in rapid succession, were dispatched by Him to pacify and reinvigorate that troubled community. ...were commissioned to undertake, the beginnings of that vast Administration, the corner-stone of which these messengers were instructed to lay... [WOB83-84; <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>119] <li>See BFA1:177–8 for lists of believers who sided with Kheiralla, left the Faith or remained loyal to `Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>See SBBH1:98–101 for Kheiralla's teachings. <ul><li>Note: GPB259 says that Kheiralla had returned from the Holy Land in December of 1899 but in fact it was in the month of May. [BFA1pxxix] iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ibrahim_George_Kheiralla.html">Ibrahim George Kheiralla</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Abdul-Karim-i-Tihrani.html">Haji Abdul-Karim-i-Tihrani</a>; <a href="../tags/Haji_Hasan-i-Khurasani.html">Haji Hasan-i-Khurasani</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Asadullah-i-Isfahani.html">Mirza Asadullah-i-Isfahani</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Abul-Fadl_Gulpaygani.html">Mirza Abul-Fadl Gulpaygani</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Kuli_Khan.html">Ali Kuli Khan</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1901 22 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Queen Victoria. <li>Of all the leaders addressed by Bahá'u'lláh only she is reputed to have made a courteous reply. [CBM47; PDC65] <li>See CBM47–8 for Bahá'u'lláh's prophecy concerning the success of her reign. <li>See <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/bahaullah-addresses-queen-victoria/"><i>Baha’u’llah Addresses Queen Victoria</i></a> by David Langness. <li>See <a href="https://beyondforeignness.org/4952"><i>Bahá’u’lláh’s letter to Queen Victoria: Reform the World</i></a> by Michael Curtotti. <li>See <a href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/bahaullahs-letter-to-queen-victoria#:~:text=Between%201868%20and%201870%2C%20Baha,taxes%20imposed%20on%20their%20subjects"><i>Baha’u’llah’s letter to Queen Victoria</i> on the British Library site.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Queen_Victoria.html">Queen Victoria</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1901 summer</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Thomas Breakwell, an Englishman living in the United States, learned of the Bahá'í Faith in Paris from May Bolles. Within three days he became a believer and immediately wrote to `Abdu'l-Bahá. [AB74–5; BW7:707] <li>For May Bolles' own account see <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume7.pdf&page=735">BW7:707–11</a>. <li>He is the first male British Bahá'í. [BFA2:154] <li>He is designated by Shoghi Effendi the `first English believer'. [GPB259] <li>He is the first Western Bahá'í to pay Huqúqu'lláh. [BW7:710] <li>See also AB74–80; BFA2:154; SEBW6572.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Thomas_Breakwell.html">Thomas Breakwell</a>; <a href="../tags/May_Maxwell_(Bolles).html">May Maxwell (Bolles)</a>; <a href="../tags/Huququllah.html">Huququllah</a>; <a href="../tags/First_Bahais_by_country_or_area.html">First Bahais by country or area</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First male British Bahá'í; first English believer; first Western Bahá'í to pay Huqúqu'lláh</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1901 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl-i-Gulpáygání arrived in North America. [BFA2:XV] <li>Laura Barney financed the visit of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl to the United States in 1901-04 in order to propagate the Faith and to help publish the translation of his <i>Ḥojaj al-bahīya</i> (Cairo, 1342/1925; tr. Ali-Kuli Khan as <i><a href="../gulpaygani_bahai_proofs.html"> The Bahá'í Proofs</a></i>, New York, 1902; 2nd ed., ed. J. R. I. Cole, Wilmette, Ill., 1983) [<a hrf="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Clifford_Barney">Wikipedia, Laura Clifford Barney</a>.] <li>See BFA2:80–7 and BW9:855–860 for accounts of his visit. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Acre_Bahá%27í_School">Wikipedia, Green Acre</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hanford_Ford">Wikipedia, Mary Hanford Ford</a> for accounts of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl at Green Acre. <li>Mirza Ahmad Sohrab was sent to assist him. Sohrab remained and worked at the Iranian Consulate until 1912 and during this time he translated much of the correspondence between 'Abdu'l-Bahá and the Western believers. At the conclusion of the American tour he returned to the Holy Land. After the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá he rejected the authority of Shoghi Effendi and was expelled. [APD155] <li>[LDNW17] says he was accompanied by Ali-Kuli Kahn. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mirza_Abul-Fadl_Gulpaygani.html">Mirza Abul-Fadl Gulpaygani</a>; <a href="../tags/Proofs.html">Proofs</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Laura_Clifford_Barney.html">Laura Clifford Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Ahmad_Sohrab.html">Ahmad Sohrab</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Green_Acre.html">Green Acre</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1901 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá wrote His <i>Will and Testament</i> over this seven-year period. [AB124–5, 484; BBD236] <li>It was written in three parts. [AB124–5, 484; BBD236] <li>It `may be regarded as the offspring resulting from that mystic intercourse between Him Who had generated the forces of a God-given Faith and the One Who had been made its sole Interpreter and was recognized as its perfect Exemplar'. [GPB325] <li>Shoghi Effendi calls the Will the "Charter of the New World Order". [WOB144] <li>For an analysis of its content and its import see AB484–93 and GPB325–8. <li>For a photo of the opening pages of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá's <i>Will and Testament</i> see <a href="https://media.bahai.org/detail/bdeb1a72cd22fd3c7b7ec0201630a930/">Bahá’í Media Bank</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Will_and_Testament_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Will and Testament of</a>; <a href="../tags/Charters_of_the_Bahai_Faith.html">Charters of the Bahai Faith</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant_(general).html">Covenant (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1902 13 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Thomas Breakwell died from tuberculosis in Paris. (b. 31 May, 1872 in Woking) [AB77; BBD46; SEBW70] <li>`Abdu'l-Bahá appeared to know this without being told. [AB78-9; SEBW70] <li>See AB79, SEBW71–2, <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/selections-writings-abdul-baha/7#504809732">SWAB187–9</a> and the <a href="https://theutteranceproject.com/2021/06/13/tablet-of-visitation-thomas-breakwell">Utterance Project</a> for `Abdu'l-Bahá's eulogy. <li>Shoghi Effendi designated him one of three`luminaries shedding brilliant lustre on annals of Irish, English and Scottish Bahá'í communities'. [MBW174] <li>See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Breakwell">wikipedia</a> for an account of his life. <li>See <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=breakwell&GSiman=1&GScid=2151331&GRid=135241271">Cimetière de Pantin</a> for the location of his resting place c/w photos. <ul><q>Thomas Breakwell died in relative obscurity, a victim of tuberculosis in a poor quarter of the city of Paris. His earthly remains now lie in the communal charnel house at the cemetery of Pantin. It was not until the summer of 1997 that a dignified but suitably modest monument to mark his resting place was finally unveiled to the world.</q> [<i>The Life of Thomas Breakwell</i> by Rajwantee Lakshiman-Lepain p10-11]</ul> <li>See <a href="../lakshiman-lepain_life_thomas_breakwell.html"><i>The Life of Thomas Breakwell</i></a> by Rajwantee Lakshiman-Lepain. iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Woking.html">Woking</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Thomas_Breakwell.html">Thomas Breakwell</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1903 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mullá Zaynu'l-'Ábidín, surnamed Zaynu'l-Muqarrabín (the Ornament of the Near Ones) in 'Akká. He is sometimes referred to as Jináb-i-Zayn (The Excellent Zayn), or Harfu'z-Zá (the Letter Z). He was born in Rajab, one of the villages of Najafábád near Isfahán to a family of Muslim clerics in May 1818. He had first heard of the Báb's claim while on pilgrimage in Karbilá in 1844 and became a believer in 1851. He met Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdád after His return from Kurdistán in 1856. He was among the believers who were exiled from Baghdád in July of 1868 and under his leadership and guidance the believers in Mosul became a model community. He was invited by Bahá'u'lláh to come to 'Akká in Sep-Oct 1885 and shortly after that Baha'u'lláh asked that the community in Mosul be abandoned. [EB274-276; MoF150-154; TN412-425] <P> Jináb-i-Zaynu’l-Muqarrabín was well versed in Islamic jurisprudence. After the revelation of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i>, he was authorized to submit questions concerning the laws. The treatise, titled <i>Questions and Answers, an appendix to the Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i>, is a compilation he made of Bahá’u’lláh’s answers to questions concerning the laws of the Most Holy Book. It took more than two decades for "Questions and Answers" to be published in Persian and much longer to be published in English and other languages. [KA9] <LI>See <a href="../maani_saq_compiler.html"><i>Some Answered Questions" and Its Compiler</i></a> by Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani published in <i>Lights of Irfan</i>, 18, pages 425-452. In this paper the author compares the similarities and differences of <i>Questions and Answers</i> and <i>Some Answered Questions</i>. <li>For an image Zaynu’l-Muqarrabín see <a href="../images/p/picture_gallery_british_bahais_zmmid.jpg">Picture Gallery</a> (miniature by Ethel Rosenberg). This image can also been found in RoB1p78 <li>He was named as one of the Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Rajab.html">Rajab</a>; <a href="../locations/Najafabad.html">Najafabad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Mosul.html">Mosul</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Zaynul-Muqarrabin_(Mulla_Zaynul-Abidin).html">Zaynul-Muqarrabin (Mulla Zaynul-Abidin)</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Laws.html">Laws</a>; <a href="../tags/Questions_and_answers_(Kitab-i-Aqdas)-2.html">Questions and answers (Kitab-i-Aqdas)</a>; <a href="../tags/Risalih-i-Sual_va_Javab_(Questions_and_Answers).html">Risalih-i-Sual va Javab (Questions and Answers)</a>; <a href="../tags/Ethel_Rosenberg.html">Ethel Rosenberg</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Apostles_of_Bahaullah.html">Apostles of Bahaullah</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1903 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Russian poet Isabella Grinevskaya wrote the play <a href="../../imwerden.de/pdf/grinevskaya_bab.pdf">"<i>Báb</i>"</a> which was performed in St. Petersburg in 1904 and again in 1914 and once again in 1917. It was translated into French and Tatar (and later into German by Friedrich Fiedler) and lauded by Leo Tolstoy and other reviewers at the time. It is reported to have been Tolstoy's first knowledge of the Faith. <li>In 1910-11 she spent two weeks in Ramleh as a guest of `Abdu'l-Bahá and after she returned to Russia she had several letters and Tablets from Him. <li>Immediately upon her return from Egypt in January of 1911 she began work on the book <i>"A Journey in the Countries of the Sun"</i>, an account of her visit with 'Abdu'l-Bahá. This work was not completed until 1914 because in the summer of 1912 she made a trip to Paris to work with the French translator of "<i>Báb</i>", Madame Halperin, and when she returned to Leningrad she began work on the drama entitled <i>Bahá'u'lláh</i>. It was published in Leningrad in 1912 but was never performed. <i>"Journey"</i>, a book of some 550 pages did not get published because of the disruption cause by the advent of the war. See BW6p707-712 for the article "Russia's Cultural Contribution to the Bahá'i Faith" by Martha Root. <li>For a photo see BW6p709 or <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isabella_Grinevskaya.jpg">here</a>. <li>Also see <a href="../hassall_babi_bahai_russia.html">Notes on the Bábí and Bahá'í Religions in Russia and its territories</a> by Graham Hassall. <li>Isabella Grinevskaya (the pen name of Beyle (Berta) Friedberg), born in Grodno in 1864, died in Istanbul in 1944. [<a href="https://www.revolvy.com/topic/Isabella Grinevskaya&uid=1575">Revolvy</a>] In His <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search?q=grin#s=additional-tablets-extracts-talks-abdul-baha">message</a> to Isabella Grinevskaya, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá praised her efforts to stage theatrical performances about the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh but cautioned her that people’s attention at that moment was focused on “war and revolution.” However, He added, “the time for staging it will come” and it will “have a considerable impact” in Europe.<p> Ms. Grinevskaya’s play about the Báb was first staged in St. Petersburg in January 1904. Mr. Tolstoy read the play and wrote Ms. Grinevskaya to praise her and share his sympathy with the Baha'í teachings, according to an article by Martha Root in the 1934-1936 edition of The Bahá'í World. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/St_Petersburg.html">St Petersburg</a>; <a href="../locations/Ramleh_(Alexandria).html">Ramleh (Alexandria)</a>; <a href="../locations/Alexandria.html">Alexandria</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a>; <a href="../locations/Istanbul_(Constantinople).html">Istanbul (Constantinople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a>; <a href="../locations/Grodno.html">Grodno</a>; <a href="../locations/Russia.html">Russia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Isabella_Grinevskaya.html">Isabella Grinevskaya</a>; <a href="../tags/Leo_Tolstoy.html">Leo Tolstoy</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Drama.html">Drama</a>; <a href="../tags/Plays.html">Plays</a>; <a href="../tags/Arts.html">Arts</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1903</span> 03 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Upheaval at Ra<u>sh</u>t. [BBRXXX, 373] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg385">BW18p385</a> for a chronicle of events. <ul> <li>3 May: Agitation against Bahá’í’s following publication of photograph of the Bahá’í community; several Bahá’ís beaten. <li> May: Mob disrupted a Bahá’í funeral, exhumed body and burned it. <li> May: Renewed uproar in the town following the placing of a forged placard at the door of the local mujtahid, Haji Khumami. <li>17 May: Two leading Bahá’ís, Ibtihaju'l-Mulk and Mudabbiru’l-Mamalik, expelled from the town. </ul> <li>The Bahá'ís take sanctuary at the Russian Consulate. [BBR376] <li>For Western accounts of the episode see BBR377–385] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Rasht.html">Rasht</a>; <a href="../locations/Isfahan.html">Isfahan</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Rasht_upheaval.html">Rasht upheaval</a>; <a href="../tags/Isfahan_upheaval.html">Isfahan upheaval</a>; <a href="../tags/Upheavals.html">Upheavals</a>; <a href="../tags/Russian_consulate.html">Russian consulate</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1903 Jun-Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Yazd Upheaval and in surrounding villages. [BBRXXX] <p>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg385">BW18p385</a> for a chronicle of events by Moojan Momen: <ul><li>14 June: Yazd: Sayyid Muhammad-Ibrahim, the new Imam-Jum‘ih, preached against the Bahá’ís; rabble took to the streets; shop of Aqé Muhammad-Husayni-Attar and several other Bahá’ís looted. <li>15 June: Yazd: Hajl’ Mirzay-i-Halabf—Saz attacked with an axe and died later the same day. <li>22 June: Taft: Rabble attacked Bahá’ís’ houses killing six Bahá’ís. <li>24 June: Ardikan: Rabble attacked Bahá’í houses killing four Bahá’í’s. <li>26 June: Yazd: Nine Bahá’ís killed and many houses pillaged. <li>Farashah: Haji’ Sayyid Javad-i-Muhammadabédi’ beaten to death. <li>27 June; Yazd: Rabble killed six Bahá’ís; Citadel besieged in the belief that Mulla ‘Abdu’l-Ghiani was there. <li>Manshad: Rabble killed six Bahá’ís. <li>Ardikan: Rabble set out for home of Sadru’s-Sultan but were turned back. <li>28 June; Yazd: On orders of the Governor, Jalalu’d—Dawlih, two Bahá’ís brought before him; one was blown from a cannon and another had his throat cut. <li>Taft: Mulla Muhammad-Husayn killed. <li>Manshad: Three Bahá’ís killed. <li>Ardikén: Sadru’s-Sultan, his brothers, Nizamu’sh-Shiari‘ih and Mu‘tamadu’sh-Shari‘ih, his nephew, Diya’u’sh~Shari‘ih, and four others killed. <li>Hanza: Fatimih Bigum killed. <li>29 June; Taft: Aqá Muhammad shot to death on decree of Shaykh Husayn-Daréz.gum; Aqa Muhammad-Háshim-Dalall killed as he fled Yazd. <li>‘Izzábéd: Hájí Ahmad-i-Muqani-Bashi’ killed. <li>Hanzá: Mirzá Ahmad-i-Arzim beaten to death. <li>30 June; Taft: Hájí Muhammad-Isma'il killed. <li>Manshád: Sayyid Husayn beaten to death. <li>1 July; Manshád: Three Bahá’ís killed. <li>2 July; Manshad: Mirzái Husayn stabbed to death. <li>3 July; Manshad: Aqá ‘Ali Muhammad shot to death. <li>Banádak: Aqá Mirzá Muhammad-Huda and Aqá Muhammad-Husayn Of Yazd killed. <li>4 July; Manshád: Aqá Muhammad shot to death. <li>‘Abbásábád: Háji Muhammad-Husayn killed. <li>5 July; Manshád: Aqá ‘Alf-Akbar beaten then shot to death. <li>‘Abbásábéd: Hájí Ahmad-i-Kaffash beaten to death. <li>6 July; Manshad: Khadijih Sultzán Khanum thrown from top of a building and killed. <li>Abbásábéd: Aqá ‘Ali-Akbar-i-Qassab beaten to death. <li>8 July; Manshad: Aqá Muhammad beaten and burned to death. <li>9 July: Manshad: Aqá Muhammad-‘Ali strangled to death. <li>10 July; Manshad: Shatir Husayn, Khabbz’i-i-Yazdi and Mirzá Muhammad-Ibráhim, Tabib-i-Khuramshéhi beaten to death. <li>11 July; Manshád Aqa Ghulám-Ridá shot and beaten to death. <li>12 July; Manshad: Three Bahá’ís killed, <li>13 July:Ibrihimabad;: Aqá Asadu'lláih killed and his head taken back 10 Manshad. <li>Gavafshad: Ustéd Ridá shot to death. <li>Banzadak: Aqa Ghulám-Ridá shot to death. <li>Hanzá: Sayyid Muhammad-‘Ali and Mirzá Javád-i-Sabbagh shot to death. <li>14 July; Hadafl: AqéTAbdu‘r-Rasfil shot and his body burned. <li>15 July: Manshéd: Aqé Mullá Bahá’í’ burned alive then shot. <li>19 July; Qavámzábéd: Aqá ‘Ali-Ridáy-i-Sha‘r-báf killed. </ul> <li>This is said to be one of the bloodiest events to take place during the ministry of `Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>For Western responses see BBR385–98 and SBBH1:67. <li>For details of the martyrdom of Hájí Mírzáy-i-Halabí-Sáz during the upheaval see RB2:358–66. <li>For the effect on Bahá'ís of Zoroastrian background see SBBH2:80.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Yazd.html">Yazd</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yazd_upheaval.html">Yazd upheaval</a>; <a href="../tags/Upheavals.html">Upheavals</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Zoroastrianism.html">Zoroastrianism</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1904 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Laura Clifford Barney made a number of extended visits to `Akká during this period. She brought with her questions to ask `Abdu'l-Bahá and she compiled His responses. These answers were approved by Him and published in the book <i><a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions"</>Some Answered Questions</a></i>. [AB81–2; BFA2:238] <li>For more complete history of the making of <i>Some Answered Questions</i> see <a href="../../irfancolloquia.org/pdf/lights18_maani_saq_compiler.pdf">“Some Answered Questions” and Its Compiler </a> by Baharieh Rouhani Ma‘ani published in Lights of Irfán vol. 18 p425-452. <li>See AB81–2 for information about Laura Clifford Barney.</li> <li>The translator during this period was Dr Yúnis Afru<u>kh</u>tih (Yúnis <u>Kh</u>án), whose memoirs, translated in English as <i><a href="../afroukhteh_nine_years_akka.html"</a>Memories of Nine Years in Akka</a></i>, make a valuable contribution to the history of the Faith. [BW12:679–81; M9YA341-345] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Laura_Clifford_Barney.html">Laura Clifford Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Some_Answered_Questions.html">Some Answered Questions</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>; <a href="../tags/Youness_Afroukhteh_(Yunis_Afrukhtih).html">Youness Afroukhteh (Yunis Afrukhtih)</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1904 28 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Ali Kuli Khan married Florence Breed, the first marriage between a Persian and a Western Bahá'í. [BFA2:147] <li>For details of this marriage see SUR223–20. <li>When 'Abdu'l-Bahá heard the new of the marriage He said, ‘This is the first sign of union between East and West.’ Then He sent for candies to be brought and said, ‘The event is so joyous that it must be celebrated!’ And He distributed the candy to those present, as is the custom for the parents of the bridegroom to do at a Persian wedding banquet. [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>26] <li>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>51-53 for the history of the Breed name. <LI>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>53-> for the relationship between Khan and the Hearst family.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ali_Kuli_Khan.html">Ali Kuli Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Florence_Breed.html">Florence Breed</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Interracial_marriage.html">Interracial marriage</a>; <a href="../tags/Weddings.html">Weddings</a>; <a href="../tags/Hearst_family.html">Hearst family</a>; <a href="../tags/Phoebe_Hearst.html">Phoebe Hearst</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First marriage between a Persian and a Western Bahá'í</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1904 1 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Sydney Sprague arrived in Bombay, India. [BFA2:XVI] <li>He was the first American Bahá'í travelling teacher in Asia. [BFA2:XVI; 258-270; facing p335] <li>See <a href="https://bahaiwritings.wordpress.com/2017/05/17/sacrifice/">Reflections on the Bahá'í Writings</a> for the story of Kaykhusraw Isfandyár who sacrificed his life by travelling from his home in Bombay to Lahore to assist Sidney Sprague when he was mortally ill with typhoid fever. He was too ill to be taken back to Bombay as planned so Kaykhusraw prayed that he, a humble shop-keeper, might be accepted as a sacrifice for the life of Sydney, an international travel teacher. His request was accepted and he became the first Eastern Bahá’í to have sacrificed his life for his Western brother. When the news of this sacrifice reached `Abdu’l-Bahá, He immortalised Kaykhusraw by conferring upon him the rank of a martyr and He revealed a Tablet to Kaykhusraw’s family.<br> This story is also available in <i>Andalib</i> magazine, year 7, no 25 and can be found in YBIB55-60. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Mumbai_(Bombay).html">Mumbai (Bombay)</a>; <a href="../locations/India.html">India</a>; <a href="../locations/Asia.html">Asia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Sydney_Sprague.html">Sydney Sprague</a>; <a href="../tags/Travel_teaching.html">Travel teaching</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First American travelling teacher in Asia; the first eastern Bahá’í to have sacrificed his life for his western brother.</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1905 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">A.L.M. Nicolas published his book <i><a href="../nicolas_seyyed_ali_mohammed.html"</>Seyyed Ali dit le Bab</a></i>. It was the first work by a western author dedicated entirely to the Báb, His movement and His teachings. (Conflict: See <a href="1865-00-00-03.html">1865</a>)<p> It is "(a) history of the Bábí movement up to 1852. Nicolas gives a list of sources for this book on pp. 48-53. It is interesting to note that among his oral sources are four of the leading Bahá'ís of that period, who had been designated by Bahá'u'lláh as 'Hands of the Cause': Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad, 'Ibn-i-Asdaq: Mullá 'Al-Akbar-i-Sháhmírzádí, Hají Akhund; Mírzá Muhammad-Táqíy-i-Abharí, 'Ibn-i-Abhar; and Mírzá Hasan-i-Adíb. The other two oral sources named are Siyyid 'Ismu'lláh, who was presumably Siyyid Mihdíy-i-Dihají, and Mírzá Yahyá, Subh-i-Azál." [BBR38-39] <li>The preamble to his book has an image that is supposedly of the Báb, but the portrait does not seem to be an authentic representation. <p> <li>William Miller also reproduced Nicolas’s image on page 17 of his polemical work, <i>The Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings</i>. (South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1974). [<a href="../masumian_bab_world_images.html">‘The Bab in the World of Images’</a>, Bahá'í Studies Review, vol. 19, June 2013, 171–90.] <li>See also WOB83 for other missionaries who wrote polemics against the Bahá'í Faith. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Writings_of.html">Bab, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/A.L.M.html">A.L.M. Nicolas</a>; <a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a>; <a href="../tags/William_McElwee_Miller.html">William McElwee Miller</a>; <a href="../tags/Babism.html">Babism</a>; <a href="../tags/First_publications.html">First publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">The first work by a western author dedicated entirely to the Báb</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1907 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá started to move His family to the house that He had designed and built in the German colony at the foot of Mount Carmel in Haifa. [BBD107; DH145] <li>Laura Clifford Barney helped to purchase the land for the house and to pay for its construction. [DH145] <li>See <a href="https://www.upliftingwords.org/post/house-of-the-master">Uplifting Words</a> for photos and a history of the house. <li>Some members of the family occupied the house as early as February 1907, if not before. [DH145; GBF56] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/House_of_Abdul-Baha_(Haifa).html">House of Abdul-Baha (Haifa)</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Laura_Clifford_Barney.html">Laura Clifford Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Purchases_and_exchanges.html">Purchases and exchanges</a>; <a href="../tags/Architecture.html">Architecture</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Bahai_World_Centre_buildings%2c_monuments_and_gardens.html">- Bahai World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens</a>; <a href="../tags/World_Centre.html">World Centre</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1907 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Corinne True travelled to `Akká to present `Abdu'l-Bahá with a scroll with the signatures of 800 (or 1,000) names of Bahá'ís calling for construction to start on the American House of Worship. [CT51–3] <li>BW13:847 says the petition contained over a thousand signatures. <li>Corrine True would later server as financial secretary of the Executive Board of the Mother Temple of the West. <li>See PG108-109 for the story of the sacrifices on the part of poor villagers in rural Iran so that they could make contributions to the Temple Fund. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.us/petition-by-the-american-bahais/"><i>Petition by the American Baha’is</i></a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Akka.html">Akka</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Corinne_True.html">Corinne True</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Wilmette.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Wilmette</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Petition-2.html">Petition</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1908 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The book <i><a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/some-answered-questions"</>Some Answered Questions; Collected and Translated from the Persian of Abdu'l-Baha</a></i> was published simultaneously in Great Britain in English (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co in London) and was translated into French by Hippolyte Dreyfus under the title <i>Les Leçons de Saint Jean-d'Acre</i> (Ernest Leroux in Paris) and the <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/fa"</>Persian edition</a> (<i>Al-Núru’l-Abhá fi Mufavi∂áti-‘Abdu’l-Bahá</i>)(<i>The Light of Bahá Shining in Discourse with 'Abdu'l-Bahá</i> and had the sub-title <i>Talks During Luncheon</i> ( E.J. Brill in Holland). [AB82; BBD212–13; BFA2:238; ABF8; M9YA 314-219, 340-345; LB108-117] <li>See <a href="../maani_saq_compiler.html"><i>Some Answered Questions" and Its Compiler</i></a> by Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani published in <i>Lights of Irfan</i>, 18, pages 425-452. Some details: <uL><li>Laura Barney's first pilgrimage to met 'Abdu'l-Bahá was in 1900. As with other Western pilgrims the practice was to travel to Cairo and from there, after resting from the long travel and permission had been granted, to make the final leg of the journey to the Holy Land. Mírzá Abu’l-Fadl help prepare the visitors for the experience. He became her beloved teacher and friend. <li>Initially she made notes herself for her personal study but decided to make His answers available to others. During her third visit in 1904, when Western visitors were limited because 'Abdu'l-Bahá had been re-incarcerated, she asked permission to bring Ethel Rosenberg as stenographer. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s answers were also recorded in Persian. Mírzá Munír, the son of Mírzá Muhammad-Qulí, the faithful half-brother of Bahá’u’lláh, was given this task. These Persian transcripts were corrected by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, revised and then verified again by HIm and became the basis for the publications that were to follow. Due to this diligence the book can be considered as Bahá'í scripture. [M9YA 340-345; BFA2p238] <li>During this extended visit (winter 1904-1905) the visitors stayed with the Family in the house of ‘Abdu’lláh Páshá. Youness Khán Afroukhteh served as interpreter as well as His daughters Rouha Khánum and Munavar Khánum when no men could be present and after Afroukhteh's departure for Europe.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Some_Answered_Questions.html">Some Answered Questions</a>; <a href="../tags/Pilgrims_notes.html">Pilgrims notes</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a>; <a href="../tags/Authenticity.html">Authenticity</a>; <a href="../tags/House_of_Abdullah_Pasha.html">House of Abdullah Pasha</a>; <a href="../tags/Youness_Khan_Afroukhteh.html">Youness Khan Afroukhteh</a>; <a href="../tags/Laura_Clifford_Barney.html">Laura Clifford Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Abul-Fadl.html">Mirza Abul-Fadl</a>; <a href="../tags/Ethel_Rosenberg.html">Ethel Rosenberg</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Munir.html">Mirza Munir</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1908 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><table><center> <caption><b><i>(New York) Bahá'í Bulletin</i> Published September, 1908 to May 1909</b> (5 issues)</caption> <tr> <th><pre>Link (Will open in this window)</pre></th> <th><pre> Dates </pre></th> <th><pre> URL (For cut 'n' paste) </pre></th> </center> </tr> <tr> <td><pre><center><a href="https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_1">Volume 1, Issues 1</a></td> <td><center>September 1908</center></td> <td><center>https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><pre><center><a href="https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_2-3">Volume 1, Issues 2 and 3</a></td> <td><center>October 1908</center></td> <td><center>https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_2-3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><pre><center><a href="https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_4">Volume 1, Issue 4</a></td> <td><center>December 1908</center></td> <td><center>https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><pre><center><a href="https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_5">Volume 1, Issue 5</a></td> <td><center>January-February-March 1909</Center></td> <td><center>https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><pre><center><a href="https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_6">Volume 1, Issue 6</a></td> <td><center>April-May 1909</center></td> <td><center>https://bahai.works/Bahai_Bulletin/Issue_6</td> </tr> </table> <br>The <i>Bahá'í Bulletin</i> was succeeded a year later by the <i>Bahá'í News</i> which subsequently became <i>Star of the West</i> a year after that. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1289/">BWNS1289</a>] See <a href="1910-03-21">1910 21 March</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_Bulletin.html">Bahai Bulletin</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_News.html">Bahai News</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Periodicals.html">- Periodicals</a>; <a href="../tags/First_publications.html">First publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">Believed to be the first English-language Baha'i news publication. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1289/">BWNS1289</a>]</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1909 27 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Hamid II was deposed. [BBR486]<p> Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II lived from 1842 to 1918) and reigned from 1876 to 1909. During his reign large portions of the Ottoman Empire were lost. Following his defeat in the war with Russia in 1878, Tunisia was occupied by France (1881), and Egypt was controlled by Britain (1882). In 1897, the Empire was forced by the Europeans to recognize the autonomy of Crete. The Sultán ruled as a despot, and brutally repressed the Armenians between 1894-6. In 1908, due to the lack of support among the army and the rise of the Young Turks, 'Abdu'l-Hamid was forced re-enact the Constitution of 1876 which he had suspended earlier, and which, for the first time in an Islámic state, defined the rights of both the ruler and his subjects. He was ultimately deposed when he attempted to plot a counterrevolution against the Young Turks and was exiled to Salonika, where he died in disgrace. <li>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>189-191 for a description of his riches and his last years. He died in January of 1918. <li>Accession of Muhammad (-Ri<u>sh</u>ád) V [BBR486]<p> The last Ottoman Sultán, Muhammad VI, was deposed and was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924, the caliphate was abolished by Ataturk. The seat of the Caliphate had been located in Istanbul since 1517. [ALM3; PDC98-102] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Istanbul_(Constantinople).html">Istanbul (Constantinople)</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkey.html">Turkey</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Hamid_II.html">Abdul-Hamid II</a>; <a href="../tags/Sultans.html">Sultans</a>; <a href="../tags/Muhammad-Rishad_VI.html">Muhammad-Rishad VI</a>; <a href="../tags/Armenian_genocide.html">Armenian genocide</a>; <a href="../tags/Caliphate.html">Caliphate</a>; <a href="../tags/Ottoman_Empire.html">Ottoman Empire</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1910 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <a href="https://archive.org/details/orientalroseorte00fordrich"><i>The Oriental Rose</i></a>, or, The teachings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá which trace the chart of "The Shining Pathway" by Mary Hanford Finney Ford. [BEL7.983] <li>See page 158-159 for her pen portrait of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_14/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 15 November 23, 1911 p3</a> for her description of 'Abdu'-Bahá's time in Paris during the two weeks she was there.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mary_Hanford_Ford.html">Mary Hanford Ford</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Introductory.html">Introductory</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Pen_portraits.html">Abdul-Baha, Pen portraits</a>; <a href="../tags/Pen_portraits.html">Pen portraits</a>; <a href="../tags/Portraits.html">Portraits</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1910 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>Questions and Answers</i> in the East. It was a document comprising exclusively of answers Bahá’u’lláh revealed in response to questions about the laws of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i>. Questions were submitted in writing and answers were likewise revealed in writing. It is by nature of small size regarded as an appendix to the Most Holy Book. Its compiler was Zaynu’l-Muqarrabín, one of the erudite, devoted and trusted followers of Bahá’u’lláh. He was a mujtahid (specialized in Islamic jurisprudence) before embracing the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths. Bahá’u’lláh authorized him not only to ask questions about the laws of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, but also to compile <i>Risálih-i-Su’ál va Javáb</i> (<i>Questions and Answers</i>). <br>The text of <i>Questions and Answers</i>, though compiled during Bahá’u’lláh’s ministry, remained unpublished until 1910. Its English translation was published together with the authorized English translation of the Kitáb-i-Aqdas in 1992-3. The reason for the delay in the publication of <i>Questions and Answers</i> was the necessity for Bahá’u’lláh’s Book of Laws to be translated and annotated under the aegis of the Universal House of Justice. Without the Book, the appendix would have had no source of reference. [<a href="../../irfancolloquia.org/pdf/lights18_maani_saq_compiler.pdf">Lights of Irfán vol. 18 p430-432] <li>See <a href="1993-03-00">Chronology 1993</a> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Zaynul-Muqarrabin_(Mulla_Zaynul-Abidin).html">Zaynul-Muqarrabin (Mulla Zaynul-Abidin)</a>; <a href="../tags/Questions_and_Answers.html">Questions and Answers</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1910 21 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first issue of the <i>Bahá'í News</i> was published in Chicago. [BFA2:XVII; BW10:179; <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1289/">BWNS1289</a>] <li>See BFA2:320–2, BW8:927 and SBBH1:116–17 for the magazine's development. <li>It was the first Bahá'í magazine published in the West. [BBD2 14] <li><It was often the first place of widespread publication of writings from 'Abdu'l-Baha, and, later, Shoghi Effendi. <li><i>Star of the West</i> was published as <i>Bahá'í News</i> (Volume 1, Issues 1-19 from 21 March, 1910 until 2 March, 1911) and later under <i>Star of the West</I> /<i>The Bahá'í Magazine</i> (Volume 2 to Volume 25, 21 March, 1911 until 25 March,1935). </li> <li>Its editors were Albert Windust and Gertrude Buikema. Others involved with its publication over its history were Albert and Emily Vail, Dr. Zia Baghdadi, Ahmad Sohrab, Edna M. True; with Horace Holley and Stanwood Cobb being singled out as early contributors. [<a href="http://bahai-education.org/star-of-the-west">Duane Troxel]</a> <hr> <table><center> <caption><b><i>Star of the West</i> Published March 1910 to April 1935</b></caption></center></tr> <tr> <th><pre> URL (For cut 'n' paste) </pre> </th> <th><pre> Volume # / Dates (links) </pre> </th> <tr> <td><center><PRE><a href="../../starofthewest.info/searchable_pdfs/SotW_Vol-01%20(Mar%201910)-Vol-10%20(Mar%201919).html">Vol 1 (Mar 1910) - Vol 10 (Mar 1920)</a></pre></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><PRE><a href="../../starofthewest.info/searchable_pdfs/SotW_Vol-11%20(Mar%201920)-Vol-20%20(Mar%201930).html">Vol 11 (Mar 1920) - Vol 20 (Mar 1930)</a></pre></td> </tr> <tr> <td><center><PRE><A href="../../starofthewest.info/searchable_pdfs/SotW_Vol-21%20(Apr%201930)-Vol-25%20(Mar%201935).html">Vol 21 (Apr 1930) - Vol 25 (Apr 1935)</a></pre></td> </tr> </table> <br><p> For an access to the Star of the West archives see <a href="http://www.starofthewest.info/">http://www.starofthewest.info</a>. This site is not searchable. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chicago.html">Chicago</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Star_of_the_West.html">Star of the West</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_News.html">Bahai News</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Periodicals.html">- Periodicals</a>; <a href="../tags/First_publications.html">First publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First issue of <i>Bahá'í News</i>; first Bahá'í magazine </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1910</span> 25 - 26 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Second Annual Convention of the Bahá'í Temple Unity was held in Corinthian Hall, 17th Floor of the Masonic Temple at State and Randolph Streets. <li> Honoré Jaxon presented a report on his negotiations for the purchase of land for the Temple site. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahai_News/Volume_1/Issue_4/Text#pg19">BN Vol 1 Issue 4 17 May 1910 pg 19</a>. <ul><li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_3/Issue_4">SoW Vol 3 No 4 p5</a> for <i>Dedication of the Mashrak-el-Azkar Site</i> (Illustrated)—By Honoré J. Jaxon.</ul></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chicago%2c_IL.html">Chicago, IL</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Honore_Jaxon.html">Honore Jaxon</a>; <a href="../tags/National_Convention.html">National Convention</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar</a>; <a href="../tags/House_of_Worship.html">House of Worship</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1910 29 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá departed for Egypt on board the <i>Kosseir</i> accompanied by two attendants, Mírzá Munír-i-Zayn and 'Abdu'l-Husayn. [ABF5, BBRXXX; GPB280, AB134-135, <a href="../../starofthewest.info/searchable_pdfs/SotW_Vol-01%20(Mar%201910)-Vol-10%20(Mar%201919).html">Bahá'í News #12 16Oct1910 pg206</a>, the Message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20100829_001&f=f1">August 29, 2010</a>] <li>See <a href="https://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2010/10/abdul-baha-left-holy-land-for-egypt.html">letter</a> from Sydney Sprague to Isabella Brittingham which indicates that He left sometime before this date. <li>GPB280 and <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>84 say He departed in September. </li><li>After one month in Port Said He embarked for Marseille but turned back to Alexandria owing to His health. In a letter to Munírih Khánum He stated that His intention was to proceed to America or South Africa. [GPB280, ABF5] <li>He stayed for a few days in the Victoria Hotel but then moved to a rented house in Ramleh, a suburb of Alexandria, where He stayed for about one year. [GPB280, AB136] <li>Early in May of 1911 he moved to Cairo and took up residence in nearby Zaytún. [AB138] <li>It was during this period that a sudden change occurred. A journalist who had previously been hostile towards Him took a new tone. [AB136] <li>The Russian poet Isabel Grinevsky, the Oriental Secretary of the British Agency, Ronald Storrs, Lord Kitchener, George Zaydán, eminent writer and celebrated editor as well as clerics, aristocrats, administrators, parliamentarians, men of letters, journalists and publicists, Arabs, Turks and Persians all sought out His company and met with Him. This period could be considered the first public proclamation of the Faith. [MRHK348, AB136-139; CH226] <li>See AB138-139 for a description of His triumphs during this period.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Port_Said.html">Port Said</a>; <a href="../locations/Ramleh_(Alexandria).html">Ramleh (Alexandria)</a>; <a href="../locations/Alexandria.html">Alexandria</a>; <a href="../locations/Cairo.html">Cairo</a>; <a href="../locations/Zaytun.html">Zaytun</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha_in_Egypt.html">Abdul-Baha in Egypt</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Proclamation.html">Proclamation</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Isabella_Grinevskaya.html">Isabella Grinevskaya</a>; <a href="../tags/Ships.html">Ships</a>; <a href="../tags/Kosseir.html">Kosseir</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">The first public proclamation of the Faith.</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1911</span> (In the Year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>The Mountain of God</i> by E. S. (Ethel Stefana) Stevens <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._S._Drower">(later Mrs E M Drower, Lady Drower</a>) in London by Mills and Boon. The romantic novel is noteworthy for the author's <a href="https://bahaitributes.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/ethel-stefana-stevens-1879-1972/">pen portrait</a> of 'Abdu'l-Bahá and it records impressions of the Bahá’í community as well as life in ‘Akká and Haifa in 1911. <li>See <a href="../rollins_individuation_stevens_mountain.html"><i>Symbols of Individuation in E. S. Stevens's The Mountain of God</i></a> by Cal E. Rollins. <a href="../pdf/r/rollins_individuation_stevens_mountain.pdf">PDF.</a> <li>See <i>World Order</i> 4:3 (Spring 1970), pages 28-52 together with <i>World Order</i> 4:4 (Summer1970), pages 33-50 for <a href="https://docplayer.net/146056863-The-mountain-of-god-by-e-s-ethel-stefana-stevens-published-in-world-order-4-3-4-4-pages-28-52-1970.html">excerpts</a> from the book. <li><a href="https://bodleianimages.co.uk/en/asset/show_zoom_window_popup_img.html?asset=2667">Photo of the cover</a>. <li>She also published two articles about the Faith, <a href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=4nzPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1067&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Abbas Effendi: His Personality, Work, and Followers</i></a> in <i>The Fortnightly Review</i>, New series vol 95, no 534, 1 June 1911, pp. 1067–1084 and <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012320191&view=1up&seq=803"><i>The Light in the Lantern</i></a> in Everybody's Magazine</i>, vol 24, no 6, Dec 1911, pp. 755– 786.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Mount_Carmel.html">Mount Carmel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/E_S_Drower_(E_S_Stevens).html">E S Drower (E S Stevens)</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Pen_portraits.html">Abdul-Baha, Pen portraits</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1911 28 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The marriage of Laura Barney and Hippolyte Dreyfus. [See <a href="../maani_saq_compiler.html"><i>Some Answered Questions" and Its Compiler</i></a> by Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani published in <i>Lights of Irfan</i>, 18, pages 444] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hippolyte_Dreyfus-Barney.html">Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Laura_Clifford_Barney.html">Laura Clifford Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Weddings.html">Weddings</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1911 11 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>The beginning of `Abdu'l-Bahá's first Western tour.</b> [AB139] <li>`Abdu'l-Bahá departed from Egypt with a party of four on the <i>S. S. Corsica</i> for Marseilles, Thonon-les-Bains and London. [AB139; GPB280; SBR22, SoW Vol 2 no.10 8 September, 1911 p7] <li>Subsequent research has shown that the ship was not the <i>S.S. Corsica</i> as stated in GPB280 but rather the <i>L'Orenoque</I>. See <i>'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris</i> page 6 note 47. <li>See BW1:130 for a list of cities He visited between 1911 and 1913. <li>It is believed that funds for ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s teaching journeys to the West were provided by an oil-rich believer in Baku, Áqa Músá Naqiof (alternate spelling Musa Naghiyev)(yet another alternate spelling Báqirof) (1849-1919). [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>11; ABF295note684] <ul><li>For more on Musa Naghiyev see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Naghiyev">Wikipedia</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815004340/http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=300"><i>The Baha’is of the Caucasus: From Russian Tolerance to Soviet Repression {2/3}</i></a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baku.html">Baku</a>; <a href="../locations/Alexandria.html">Alexandria</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a>; <a href="../locations/Marseilles.html">Marseilles</a>; <a href="../locations/Thonon-les-Bains.html">Thonon-les-Bains</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a>; <a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_First_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, First Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha_in_Egypt.html">Abdul-Baha in Egypt</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/S._S.html">S. S. Corsica</a>; <a href="../tags/Orenoque.html">Orenoque</a>; <a href="../tags/Ships.html">Ships</a>; <a href="../tags/Funds.html">Funds</a>; <a href="../tags/Donations.html">Donations</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Musa_Naghiyev.html">Musa Naghiyev</a>; <a href="../tags/Musa_Naqiof.html">Musa Naqiof</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Western tour by `Abdu'l-Bahá'</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1911 22 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Master sent for Juliet Thompson who had been waiting in London for His permission to join Him. [DJT157, ABF14-15] <li>See LGHC140-142 for Juliet's letter to Lua Getsinger, then teaching in California at 'Abdu'l-Bahá's request. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_14/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 14 November 23 1911 p9</a> for her account of her time with 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Switzerland.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Thonon-les-Bains.html">Thonon-les-Bains</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_First_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, First Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Juliet_Thompson.html">Juliet Thompson</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1911</span> 25 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">'Abdu'l-Bahá spent the morning with Juliet Thompson, part of the afternoon with Bahrám Mírzá and then visited the Gorges du Pont du Diable on the Dranse river at Le Jotty some 15 km south of Thonon-les-Bains. He travelled by automobile and was accompanied by Juliet and the Dreyfus-Barneys. [ABF27-28, DJT174-178] <li>See <a href="https://www.google.ca/search?q=gorges+du+pont+du+diable+le+jotty+france&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgsurDzovXAhUp5YMKHYzEDmkQ_AUICigB&biw=1164&bih=639">Images</a> of the Gorges du Pont du Diable. <li>'Abdu'l-Bahá and Juliet discussed dreams. He instructed her to write down her dream and said dreams were of three types: (1) those caused by some bodily disorder, (2) symbolic dreams and (3) dreams in which future events are clearly foretold. [ABF32] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Thonon-les-Bains.html">Thonon-les-Bains</a>; <a href="../locations/Le_Jotty.html">Le Jotty</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_First_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, First Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Gorges_du_Pont_du_Diable.html">Gorges du Pont du Diable</a>; <a href="../tags/Dreams_and_visions.html">Dreams and visions</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1911 10 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá gave His first public address in the West in the City Temple Church in Holborn, London to an audience of over 2,000 people. He proclaimed that “This is a new cycle of human power…the gift of God in this enlightened age is the knowledge of the oneness of mankind and the fundamental oneness of religion.” [ABL17-20, AB140; BW2:227; GPB283–4, <a href="../../bahaidata.com/wp-content/uploads/NSA/NSA_publications/Abdul_Baha_centenary_booklets/In_footsteps_Abdul-Baha-1st_visit.html">In the Footsteps of 'Abdu'l-Bahá p11</a>] <li>He spoke at the invitation of The Reverend R J Campbell. Mr. Wellesly Tudor-Pole read the translation. [CH154] <li>Dialogue between Rev Campbell and 'Abdu'l-Bahá. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_11/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 11 27 September 1911 p3, 4-7</a>] <li>For the text of His talk see AB140–2. <li>For the words He wrote in the pulpit Bible see AB145. The church was bombed in World War II and the pulpit Bible was destroyed. The church was rebuilt in 1958. <li>For a photo see <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/792/">BWNS792</a>. <li><a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_11/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 11 27 September 1911 p3, 7-8</a>. <li>See <a href="../weinberg_new_cycle_power.html"><i>A New Cycle of Human Power: Abdu'l-Bahá's Encounters with Modernist Writers and Artists</i></a> by Robert Weinberg. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_First_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, First Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_churches.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at churches</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first public address in West by `Abdu'l-Bahá</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1911 29 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">A farewell reception was given for 'Abdu'l-Bahá in the hall mof the Passmore Edwards' Settlement in Tavistock Place. The Settlement movement of the late 19th century was intended to bridge the ever-widening gap between the poor and the middle classes. A purpose-built building would be constructed in a working class area and young solicitors, doctors, architects and other middle class professionals would be encouraged to live there while at the same time the working classes would be free to use the building and mix with them, using the building more or less as a community centre. It was attended by a capacity crowd of some 460 people. [SYH41, ABL31-39, <a href="../../bahaidata.com/wp-content/uploads/NSA/NSA_publications/Abdul_Baha_centenary_booklets/In_footsteps_Abdul-Baha-1st_visit.html">In the Footsteps of 'Abdu'l-Bahá</a> p.18; <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_13/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 13 November 4, 1911 p4</a>] <li>For more information on this remarkable philanthropist see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1912_supplement/Edwards,_John_Passmore">John Passmore Edwards</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Byfleet.html">Byfleet</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_First_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, First Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_public_places.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at public places</a>; <a href="../tags/John_Passmore_Edwards.html">John Passmore Edwards</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1911 15 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In the morning 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave a talk at His apartment at #4 Avenue de Camoens. During the talk Muhammad Qazvíní and Siyyid Hasan Taqízásih entered the room. The former had written an introduction for and was the force behind the publication of <i>Kitáb-i-Nuqtatu'l-Káf</i>, a book that supposedly was an early history of the Faith but in reality was heavily biased to the the views of Mírzá Yahya. 'Abdu'l-Bahá had had Mírzá Abdu'l-Fadl write a refutation to the book. Both men had additional dinner engagements with 'Abdu'l-Bahá during His visit. [<a href="../qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranians"><i>'Abdu'l-Bahá's Meetings with Two Prominent Iranians</i></a>, World Order, Fall 1998 Vol 30, no 1 pp35-46, ABF71-76] <li> In the afternoon all were invited to meet Him at #22 rue Ledru- Rollin pré-Saint-Germais-sur-Seine outside the walls of Paris. The purpose was to visit a project run by Mons. V. Ponsonaille and his wife to provide some comfort to the poor children in an underprividged quarter of the city. For an account of this event see <a href="../beede_glimpse_abdulbaha_paris"><i>Glimpses of Abdul'Bahá in Paris</i></a> by Alice Beede.[ABF76-79; SYH45] <UL><li>See <i>A Glimpse of 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Paris</i> by Alice R. Beede. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_2/Issue_18/Text">SoW Vol 2 No 18 February 7, 1912 p6</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_First_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, First Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Nuqtatul-Kaf.html">Kitab-i-Nuqtatul-Kaf</a>; <a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Abul-Fadl_Gulpaygani.html">Mirza Abul-Fadl Gulpaygani</a>; <a href="../tags/Muhammad_Qazvini.html">Muhammad Qazvini</a>; <a href="../tags/Siyyid_Hasan_Taqizasih.html">Siyyid Hasan Taqizasih</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 c.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mi<u>sh</u>kín-Qalam (b.1826, Shiraz, Iran) passed away in the Holy Land. He was buried in the Bahá'í Cemetery Bahjí. [BBD157; EB272] <li>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/mishkin-qalam/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/memorials-faithful/4#197465871"><i>Memorials of the Faithful</i></a> #38. <li>He was appointed as one of the Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mishkin-Qalam.html">Mishkin-Qalam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Apostles_of_Bahaullah.html">Apostles of Bahaullah</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 11 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá arrived in New York. [AB172; GPB281; APD3-5; SoW Vol 3 No 3 p3; <a href="../zarqani_mahmuds_diary%26chapter%3d2.html"><i>Mahmúd's Diary</i></a> p38-39]<p> As the ship that finally brought "‘Abdu'l-Bahá to the shores of the American continent passed by the Statue of Liberty, He threw His arms wide open in greeting, saying ”There is the new world’s symbol of liberty and freedom. After being 40 years a prisoner I can tell you that freedom is not a matter of place. It is a condition. Unless one accept dire vicissitudes he will not attain. When one is released from the prison of self, that is indeed a release.” [<i>‘Abdu'l-Bahá in Their Midst</i> p.56; SYH54] <li>He remained on board doing interviews with a number of newspapermen. Edward Kinny was called to come on the ship and the rest of those awaiting were told to leave the pier, proceed to the Kinney residence and wait for Him. [<a href="../zarqani_mahmuds_diary%26chapter%3d2.html"><i>Mahmúd's Diary</i></a> p38-39; DJT233-234] <ul><li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_7/Issue_4/Text#pg47">World Order Summer 1973 p45</a> for the story of disobedient Juliet Thompson and her friend Marjory Morton who remained behind on the quay to get a glimpse of Him.</ul> <li>One of the newspapermen to interview Him was Wendell Phillips Dodge who boarded the <i>SS Cedric</i> at quarantine and interviewed 'Abdul-Bahá coming up the bay. The article he wrote was given to all of the New York newspapers, and, through the Associated Press, was sent, though boiled down considerably, to newspapers throughout the world. See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_3/Issue_3/Text#pg6">SoW Vol 3 No 3 April 28, 1912 p3</a> for the article. <li>When asked why He had come to America He said that He had come at the invitation of the peace congresses. [SYH53; MD8] <li>He stayed at the Ansonia Hotel at 2109 Broadway. [Luminous Journey 14:37, SYH55] <li>Talk at the home of Mr. Edward B. (Saffa, or Serenity) Kinney and his wife, Carrie (Vaffa, or Certitude), 780 West End Avenue, New York to some 200 people. This was the first private home in which 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave a talk on His American tour. [<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-1.html#pg3">PUP3</a>] <li>One of the Persians in the Master’s suite had cabled Alice Ives Breed in New York City, about the Master’s arrival date. Thus alerted, Ali-Kuli Khan directed the Persian Consul, Topakian (an Armenian businessman), to officially greet ‘Abdu’l-Bahá with full courtesies. Mr Topakian carried this out, and the Master was much pleased with his services. [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>85] </li><li>During His tour `Abdu'l-Bahá visited 49 cities and made approximately 400 addresses of which 185 were recorded. The combined audience for His talks is estimated to be 90,000 people. [SBBH1:110; Luminous Journey 1:37; <a href="https://centenary.bahai.us/cities">'Abdu'l-Bahá in America 1912-2012] <li>For a chronological list of talks given by `Abdu'l-Bahá while in North America see PUP473–8 or <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/index.html">Index</a>. <li>For details of His journey see AB171–339. <li>Ward, <i>239 Days</i>; Balyuzi, <i>`Abdu'l-Bahá</i>; <i>The Diary of Juliet Thompson</i>; many editions of <i>Star of the West</i> and numerous biographies of Bahá'ís of the time as well as other books carry information about `Abdu'l-Bahá travels and talks.<br> He was accompanied by: <ul><li>Sayyid Asadu'lláh Qumí <li>Dr Fareed Amin Ullah, He was a nephew of 'Abdu'l-Bahá and served as his translator during His tour of the West. Because of his disobedience, both he and his father were expelled from the Faith. See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>102-103 and AB230. <li>Mírza Mahmúd-i Zarqání. He was a member of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's entourage for both the Western and European tours. He wrote an account of the travels in a book entitled <i>Kitáb-i Badáyi'u'l-Á<u>th</u>ár</i> and called "Mahmúd's Diary" in the English translation. [APD151] <li>Mirza Ahmad Sohrab. He had originally come to the West to assist Mírzá Abú'l-Fadl Gulpaygání in 1901. He remained and worked at the Iranian Consulate until 1912 and during this time he translated much of the correspondence between 'Abdu'l-Bahâ and the Western believers. After the American tour, he returned to the Holy Land. After the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá he rejected the authority of Shoghi Effendi and was expelled. [APD155]</ul> <li>See video entitled <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Repc37_8y9M&list=PLfYGYJ5Af4JNmGTW5a-5Bvv-3OuV3EeNw&index=3">'Abdu'l-Bahá and New York City</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_other.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks other</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Kuli_Khan.html">Ali Kuli Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Edward_Kinney.html">Edward Kinney</a>; <a href="../tags/Topakian%2c_Mr.html">Topakian, Mr</a>; <a href="../tags/Consuls.html">Consuls</a>; <a href="../tags/Mahmuds_Diary.html">Mahmuds Diary</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first private home where he gave a talk was at the Kinney’s</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 20 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">During `Abdu'l-Bahá's eleven days in New York He gave 15 formal talks and countless informal one in homes and private studios. He left New York and arrived in Washington DC after a five hour train. He was accompanied by Dr Getsinger, Dr Fareed, Mírzá Valiyu'lláh Na<u>kh</u>javání and Mahmúd-i-Zarqání. [239D:37–8; AB178; SBR78, APD9; Luminous Journey 18:48] <li>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>85 for the welcome He received from the Kahn family and others including Mrs Agnes Parson, Mason Remy and Joseph Hannen. <li>John Bosch had travelled from California specifically to see Him. He was given a Persian name by the Master, Núrání (The Luminous). John and Edward Getsinger travelled with the party on the train from New York to Washington. [<a href="../zarqani_mahmuds_diary%26chapter%3d2.html"><i>Mahmúd's Diary</i></a> p48-49. SYH57] <li>He stayed at the Parsons' home, 1700 Eighteenth Street, NW, for eight days and gave a talk every afternoon at 5PM. Agnes Parsons had had this home built to accommodate 'Abdu'l-Bahá complete with a room that could hold 150 people. It was unusual for Him and His interpreter to stay in private homes. [<a href="https://centenary.bahai.us/photo/mrs-agnes-parsons-1861-1934-washington-socialite-and-devoted-bahai-who-hosted-abdul-baha-natio">'Abdu'l-Bahá in America: 1912-2012</a>; FMH47-48] <li>He gave a talk at Orient-Occident-Unity Conference at the Carnegie Library on Massachusetts Avenue before an audience of 3,000. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá encouraged commercial ties between the United States and Persia. ‘For the Persians there is no government better fitted to contribute to the development of their natural resources and the helping of their national needs in a reciprocal alliance than the United States of America; and for the Americans there could be no better industrial outlet and market than the virgin … soil of Persia. The mineral wealth of Persia is still latent and untouched. It is my hope that the great American democracy may be instrumental in developing these hidden resources and that a bond of perfect amity and unity may be established between the American republic and the government of Persia. May this bond—whether material or spiritual—be well cemented.’ [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>48; <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-14.html">PUP35</a>; Luminous Journey 31:06; <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_3/Issue_3/Text#pg6">SoW Vol 3 No 3 April 28, 1912 p7</a>, SYH82] </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a>; <a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_public_places.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at public places</a>; <a href="../tags/Trains.html">Trains</a>; <a href="../tags/Business.html">Business</a>; <a href="../tags/Agnes_Parsons.html">Agnes Parsons</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 28 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá gave private interviews in the morning then called on the Turkish Ambassador, Diya Pasha. [APD56-59] . He spent considerable time with the Turkish ambassador, Zia Pasha while in Washington. [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>86-87; Luminous Journey 36:45] <li>For a list of some of the well-known individuals whom the Khans brought into ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s presence see <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>88. <li>During His time in Washington He toured the Library of Congress with the Parsons. He went to the Arlington National Cemetery to pay tribute to the graves of the parents of Agnes Parsons. [Luminous Journey 31:56] <li>At some point during His stay in Washington former president Theodore Roosevelt came to visit 'Abdu'l-Bahá at the Parsons' residence. Mahmud reports that this took place on April 25, after the reception at the Turkish Embassy. [Luminous Journey 34:26; <a href="../zarqani_mahmuds_diary%26chapter%3d2.html#n59">MD</a>] <li>Alice Pike Barney, the influential artist and thespian and an important member of the Washington arts scene, hosted a luncheon and two evening receptions at her studio for 'Abdu'l-Bahá. She had met Him earlier when she accompanied her daughter Laura to Akka in 1905. [Luminous Journey 34:59] <li>Ali Kuli Khan, one of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's former secretaries in Akka and who, by this time was the <i>chargé d'affairs</i> at the Persian Legation, tried to arrange a meeting for 'Abdu'l-Bahá at the White House and for Him to speak to the Congress but scheduling did not work out. He hosted receptions for 'Abdu'l-Bahá and arranged for prominent diplomats to met Him. [Luminous Journey 36:00] <li>At a meeting at the Persian Legation where a meal was being served, 'Abdu'l-Bahá and arranged for the place of honour on His right for African-American lawyer Louis George Gregory. At this time he was a thirty-seven-year-old, Fisk- and Howard-educated African American lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina. He was president of the Bethel Literary and Historical Association, the oldest African American organization in Washington and he was one of the most prominent members of the capital’s African American community. Even so, at this time in Washington where one third of the population was Black, it was expected that he would not eat with Whites. [Luminous Journey 38:36; <a href="http://239days.com/2012/04/22/even-though-the-world-should-go-to-smash/">239Days Day 12</a>] <li>At this time there were only about 15 Black Bahá'ís in the Washington Community and events were not fully integrated following the example in the segregated city. Pauline and Joseph Hannen held integrated gatherings and became proponents of racial integration. [Luminous Journey 42:00] <li>`Abdu'l-Bahá left Washington for Chicago. [239D:46; AB184; SBR81] <ul><li>Accompanying Him were Louise Mathew and Mrs Moss, a stenographer. [SYH62]</li></ul> <li>`Abdu'l-Bahá arrived in Chicago some 12 hours late due to mechanical failure. [239D:47] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a>; <a href="../locations/Chicago.html">Chicago</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Ambassadors.html">Ambassadors</a>; <a href="../tags/Arlington_National_Cemetery.html">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 10 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">At the instigation of Agnes Parsons, `Abdu'l-Bahá's sat for sketches by prominent English sculptor Theodore Spicer-Simson who made a portrait medallion of the Master. See <a href="http://master-in-america.blogspot.ca/2011/05/medal-medallion-mystery-solved.html">Medallions</a> for pictures of his work. A second medallion was later designed by another well-known artist, Louis Potter. [Luminous Journey 33:21] <li> In the morning Agnes Parsons took 'Abdu'l-Bahá to the Capitol then to the Washington Monument where they took the elevator to the top. <li> He spoke to a small group in the Parsons' home in the afternoon and at the Studio Hall in the evening. [APD63-66] <li> In <i>The Diary of Juliet Thompson</i> p285 it is reported that 'Abdu'l-Bahá had been horrified by the prejudice He observed against Black people in Washington.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_homes.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at homes</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_other_places.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at other places</a>; <a href="../tags/Capitol.html">Capitol</a>; <a href="../tags/Washington_Monument.html">Washington Monument</a>; <a href="../tags/Studio_Hall.html">Studio Hall</a>; <a href="../tags/Agnes_Parsons.html">Agnes Parsons</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Pictures_and_portraits.html">Abdul-Baha, Pictures and portraits</a>; <a href="../tags/Portraits.html">Portraits</a>; <a href="../tags/Racism.html">Racism</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 14–16 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá attended the eighteenth annual Conference on International Peace and Arbitration at Lake Mohonk, presenting the first address during the second session of the conference. [239D:67–9; AB193; ABF15; MD101]<br> "His early public references in North America to the purpose of His visit there placed particular emphasis on the invitation of the organizing committee of the Lake Mohonk Peace Conference for Him to address this international gathering." [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1297/">BWNS1297</a>] <li>The Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration was founded in 1895 and was held annually until 1917 for the purpose of creating and directing public sentiment in favour of international arbitration, arbitration treaties, and an international court. For archives see <a href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG051-099/DG054LakeMohonk.htm">Swarthmore College Peace Collection</a>. <li>These meetings at Lake Mohonk were instrumental in the creation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, Netherlands. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mohonk_Conference_on_International_Arbitration">Wikipedia</a>] <li><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29722825/abdulbaha_at_lake_mohonk_getsingers/">Picture</a>. <li>'Abdu'l-Bahá sent Zia Baghdadi back to the city to obtain a carpet to be used as a gift for the president of the International Peace Society and His host, Mr Smiley. Baghdadi rode a freight train to New York, awoke the sleeping residents at 2 a.m., boarded the first train for Lake Mohonk, begged to ride on the mail run and arrived just as 'Abdu'l-Bahá was shaking Smiley's hand at 10 a.m. [Luminous Journey 58:00] iiiii <li> See <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8440588/Who_Will_Bell_the_Cat_The_Story_of_Abdul-Bahas_Visit_to_Lake_Mohonk?auto=download"><i>Who Will Bell the Cat: 'Abdu'l-Bahá at Lake Mohonk</i></a> by Janet Ruhe-Schoen. <li>See <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/library/the-cause-of-universal-peace/">“The Cause of Universal Peace: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s Enduring Impact”</a> by Kathryn Jewett Hogenson. This article looks at the circumstances around ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s participation in the 1912 Lake Mohonk Arbitration Conference and the urgency and timeliness of His message over the subsequent decades. The article also reviews efforts of the Bahá’í community to promote world peace in the decades that followed. <li>See a <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Lake-Mohonk-1.jpg">photo</a> of Lake Mohonk in the article <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/library/the-cause-of-universal-peace/"><i>The Cause of Universal Peace; ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s Enduring Impact</i></a> by Kathryn Jewett Hogenson. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Lake_Mohonk.html">Lake Mohonk</a>; <a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/International_peace_conferences-2.html">International peace conferences</a>; <a href="../tags/Conferences%2c_International.html">Conferences, International</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_other.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks other</a>; <a href="../tags/Lake_Mohonk_Conference_on_International_Arbitration.html">Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 18 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Talk at 309 West Seventy-eighth Street, New York. [<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-73.html">PUP205</a>] <li> 'Abdu'l-Bahá made a recording of His voice on an "Edison Talking Machine" (a cylinder phonograph). [<a href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=jI5u1pYYhKgC&pg=PT128&lpg=PT128&dq=%22voice+recording%22+%2B+abdu%27l-Baha&source=bl&ots=bcgSBLBTZz&sig=Es2abKGvXDkt9E9W141CZkXMaew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixtNXHiZ3bAhUD64MKHcsUBYsQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22voice%20recording%22%20%2B%20abdu'l-Baha&f=false"><i>‘Abdu’l-Bahá's Journey West: The Course of Human Solidarity</i></a> Fig5.1, <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>320]<p> An <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/additional-tablets-extracts-talks/203399238/1#094581343"</a>authorized translation</a> of the text of the recording has been made available. See <a href="https://adibmasumian.com/translations/abdul-baha-voice-recording-new-york">here</a> for more background information.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_homes.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at homes</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Voice_recordings_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Voice recordings of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 29 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá hosted a Unity Feast in the Evergreen Cabin at the <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Wilhelm_Property">Wilhelm properties in West Englewood,</a> New Jersey. [239D:102; AB223, <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-76.html">PUP213</a>] <li>For pictures of this event see 239D:100–1. <li>Some years later, in 1953, Curtis Kelsey helped to rebuild and enlarge Evergreen Cabin, built on the spot where 'Abdu'l-Baha was host at the first Unity Feast in America. [BW15p470] <li>See <a href="https://lnker.com/hQjED">Shoghi Effendi's comments to Roy Wilhelm</a> about West Englewood, 14 November 1932. [BN No 80 January 1934 p5] <li><a href="https://www.wilhelmproperties.org/-property-history.html"><i>A Brief History of Roy Wilhelm and the Annual Souvenir Unity Feast of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá</i></a> by Joel Nizin.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/West_Englewood.html">West Englewood</a>; <a href="../locations/New_Jersey.html">New Jersey</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Unity_Feast.html">Unity Feast</a>; <a href="../tags/Roy_Wilhelm.html">Roy Wilhelm</a>; <a href="../tags/Evergreen_cabin.html">Evergreen cabin</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 23 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá left New York, arriving in Boston the same day for His second visit. [239D:117; AB233] <li> Talk at Hotel Victoria, corner of Newbury and Dartmouth Sts, Boston, Massachusetts. [<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-84.html">PUP238</a>] <li>For an interesting story about Nancy Douglas Bowditch see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Douglas_Bowditch">Wikipedia</a>. <li>Also see <i>The Artist's Daughter: Memoirs, 1890 - 1979</i> the autobiography of Nancy Douglas Bowditch.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/Boston.html">Boston</a>; <a href="../locations/Massachusetts.html">Massachusetts</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_public_places.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at public places</a>; <a href="../tags/Nancy_Douglas_Bowditch.html">Nancy Douglas Bowditch</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 28 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá's spoke at the Parsons home. [APD79-80] <li>See <a href="https://239days.com/2012/07/28/abdul-baha-in-dublin-new-hampshire/">239 Days</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Dublin.html">Dublin</a>; <a href="../locations/New_Hampshire.html">New Hampshire</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Talks_at_homes.html">Abdul-Baha, Talks at homes</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1912</span> 22 or 27 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The marriage of Louis G. Gregory and Louisa (“Louise”) A. M. Mathew, the first interracial Bahá’í couple, who met while on pilgrimage and whom 'Abdul-Bahá had encouraged to marry. They exchanged Bahá’í vows after the rites performed by Rev. Everard W. Daniel, curate of St. Philip’s Protestant Episcopal Church, perhaps the most prestigious African American church in the country, in a private ceremony in his residence. In a “Tablet” (translated March 14, 1914). She was 46 and he was 8 years younger. [SYH73-75, 91] <li>`Abdu’l-Bahá lauded the Gregorys’ marriage as “an introduction to the accomplishment” of harmony between the races. [<a href="../../file/Users/MacBookPro/Downloads/Abdu_l-Baha_s_1912_Howard_University_Sp.pdf"><i>`ABDU’L-BAHÁ’ S 1912 HOWARD UNIVERSITY SPEECH: A CIVIL WAR MYTH FOR INTERRACIAL EMANCIPATION</i></a> p117 by Dr Christopher Buck] <li>See <a href="http://www.thejourneywest.org/2012/08/02/the-marriage-of-louis-and-louisa-gregory/">The Journey West</a>. <li>The prayer, "Verily, they are married in obedience to thy command. Cause them to become the signs of unity and harmony until the end of time..." was revealed for their wedding by 'Abdu'l-Bahá. [FMH97] <li>”Intermarriage is a good way to efface racial differences. It produces strong, beautiful offspring, clever and resourceful.” [sYH7] <li> [239D:169] reported this marriage took place on the 27th of September. <li>At this time interracial marriage was legal in Washington but not socially acceptable. It was outlawed in 25 states. It wasn't until 1967 that legislation forbidding interracial marriages was henceforth illegal. In the Washington community at this time there were white Bahá'ís who did not yet understand the principle of racial unity. [SYH80, 85-86] <li>"I made that marriage." 'Abdu'l-Bahá is reported having said to Mrs Parsons. "I wish the white and coloured races to marry"</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Marriage.html">Marriage</a>; <a href="../tags/Louis_Gregory.html">Louis Gregory</a>; <a href="../tags/Louisa_Mathew_Gregory.html">Louisa Mathew Gregory</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_(general).html">Race (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Unity.html">Unity</a>; <a href="../tags/Interracial_marriage.html">Interracial marriage</a>; <a href="../tags/Weddings.html">Weddings</a>; <a href="../tags/Louise_Gregory.html">Louise Gregory</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">the first interracial Bahá’í couple</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 30 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Thornton Chase, the first American Bahá'í, Disciple of `Abdu'l-Bahá, passed away in California before 'Abdu'l-Bahá'í and His retinue arrive. He was buried at Inglewood. He had been named <u>Th</u>ábit (Steadfast) by the Master. [BBD71; BFA2:XVII] <li>See SoW Vol 3 No 12 16 October, 1912 p1-7 for a tribute to him upon his passing. <li>For a brief biography see <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/thornton-chase-disciple-of-abdul-baha/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See as well <a href="http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:chase-thornton-18471912&catid=37:biography">Bahá’í Encyclopedia</a>. <li>See "Disciples of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá" . [BW3p84–85; BW4p118–119] <li>See the article <a href="../francis_chase_biography.html"><i>Chase, Thornton: The First Bahá'í from the Western Hemisphere</i></a> by Richard Francis. <li>For a biography see <i>Thornton Chase: First American Bahá'í</i> by Robert H Stockman, Bahá'í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, 2002. <li>During the early years of the Faith in North America the Bahá'ís were unclear about the station of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. There were those who thought Him an ordinary man who had applied the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh flawlessly through His effort. Others believed Him to be the return of Christ. See ABF244-246 for his letter to Wellesly Tudor-Pole on the station of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>And a draft of a portion of the Stockman book, <a href="../books/t.chase/index.html"><i>Love's Odyssey: The Life of Thornton Chase</i></a>. <li>Upon hearing of his passing 'Abdu'l-Bahá is reported to have said, "This revered personage was the first Bahá'í in America. He served the Cause faithfully and his services will ever be remembered throughout ages and cycles." [SoW Vol 4 No 11 p.189] <li> Photos of the grave of Thornton Chase in <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=19674187">Inglewood Park Cemetery</a>. <li><a href="https://www.waze.com/livemap/directions/united-states/inglewood/thornton-chase-gravesite?place=w.158400852.1583746373.2127489">Directions to his grave</a>. <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/19674187/thornton-james_brown-chase">Find a grave</a>. <li>His publications: <ul><li>A number of pamphlets, See <i>Bibliography of English-Language Works on the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths, 1844–1985</i> by William Collins, George Ronald, Oxford, 1990 page 66-67. <li><i>In Galilee and In Spirit and In Truth</i>, first published in 1908. This was a record of his pilgrimage. [BEL7.634] <li><i>The Bahai Revelation</i>, first published in 1909. This book was an introduction to the Faith intended for a Christian audience. [BEL7.629]</ul> <li>See the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDeUKqzbC0I&feature=emb_logo">trailer</a> for a film entitled <i>Steadfast-The Thornton Chase Story</i> by Mithaq Kazimi and produced by Sam Baldoni. <li>See the <a href="http://thorntonchase.org/">Thornton Chase Website</a> created by the Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Inglewood, California and The Thornton Chase Committee to honour the legacy of Thornton Chase. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Los_Angeles.html">Los Angeles</a>; <a href="../locations/California.html">California</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Thornton_Chase.html">Thornton Chase</a>; <a href="../tags/Disciples_of_Abdul-Baha.html">Disciples of Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 5 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá sailed on the <i>S. S. Celtic</i> from New York to Liverpool. [239D:193–4; AB337; GPB281] <li>For `Abdu'l-Bahá's final words to the Bahá'ís, spoken while on board ship, see <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-139.html">PUP468</a>. <li>For Ahmad Sohrab's account of the sea crossing see SW3, 16:2.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/Liverpool.html">Liverpool</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Ships.html">Ships</a>; <a href="../tags/S._S-3.html">S. S. Celtic</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1912</span> 29 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In the morning 'Abdu'l-Bahá received a visit from the Maharajah or Jhalawar. [ABTM283] <li>In the afternoon He spoke at the home of Miss Annie Gamble. [SoW Vol. 9 No 2 9Apr1918 p 24] <li>In the evening He gave a talk at the King's Weigh House Methodist Church hosted by Rev E W Lewis. [SoW Vol. 4 No 17 19Jan1914 p284-285] <li>For a transcript see <a href="https://abdulbahatalks.wordpress.com/1912/12/29/dec-29-1912-weighhouse-chapel-in-london-2/">'Abdu'l-Bahá Speaks</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Maharajahs.html">Maharajahs</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1912 31 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá visited Oxford at the invitation of Dr Thomas Kelly Cheyne to address a meeting at Manchester College. [BW4p384-385, AB352–354, ABIM284, <a href="http://www.thejourneywest.org/2013/02/10/revisited-abdul-baha-in-oxford/">Journey West 20130210</a>; Ahmad Sohrab's Diary - The Great Tour p99; The Dawn Vol 1 No 2 October 1923 p2] <li>In 1886, Cheyne was appointed Oriel Professor of Interpretation of Scripture at Oxford University, and, as an ordained Anglican priest (1864), was installed as Canon of Rochester Cathedral (Church of England) that same year. An advocate of “higher criticism” as applied to biblical scholarship, Professor Cheyne was the first at Oxford University to teach students how to apply the methods and tools of higher criticism to the Hebrew Scriptures. See <a href="http://bahaiteachings.org/oxford-scholar-spirit-truth">An Oxford Scholar on the Spirit of Truth</a> by Christopher Buck. <li>For biographical information see a paper by Crawford Howell Toy entitled <a href="../toy_thomas_kelly_cheyne.html">Thomas Kelly Cheyne</a>. <li>See <a href="http://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/726/">Hurqalya Publications</a> for a translation by Stephen Lambden of a Tablet to Dr Cheyne as well as the address to Manchester College. <li>After the visit of 'Abdu'l-Bahá the elderly and infirmed professor, who was unable to walk and had difficulty speaking, went on to write the book, <a href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Reconciliation-of-Races-and-Religions1.html"><i>The Reconciliation of Races and Religions</i></a>. See BWXp483 for an excerpt regarding Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>His second wife was the poetess Elizabeth Gibson Cheyne (1869-1931) whom he married (aged 69) on August 28th [19th] 1911 about four years after the death of his first wife. Elizabeth Gibson was the sister of the `War Poet' Wilfred Wilson Gibson. A paper by Judy Greenway, a grand niece of Elizabeth Gibson entitled <a href="http://www.judygreenway.org.uk/wp/from-the-wilderness-to-the-beloved-city-elizabeth-gibson-cheyne/">"From the Wilderness to the Beloved City: Elizabeth Gibson Cheyne"</a>, pays tribute to the woman whom 'Abdul'-Bahá lauded during His visit. This paper was given at the invitation of the Oxford Bahá’í Community in December 2012, as part of the celebration of the centenary of Abdu’l-Bahá’s visit to Oxford. <li>See an article by Christopher Buck on Cheyne's interpretation of <a href="http://bahaiteachings.org/bahaullah-isaiahs-triple-prophecy?utm_source=BT+Subscribers&utm_campaign=98e48c2dd0-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_NEW&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_22fe645b0d-98e48c2dd0-114009741&mc_cid=98e48c2dd0&mc_eid=8ad192038a">Isaiah's prophecies</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Oxford.html">Oxford</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne_(T._K.html">Thomas Kelly Cheyne (T. K. Cheyne)</a>; <a href="../tags/Elizabeth_Gibson_Cheyne.html">Elizabeth Gibson Cheyne</a>; <a href="../tags/Stephen_Lambden.html">Stephen Lambden</a>; <a href="../tags/Judy_Greenway.html">Judy Greenway</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1913 17 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">For the text of an interview, originally published in <i>Abdul Baha on Divine Philosophy</i>, with Pasteur Monnier during which 'Abdu'l-Bahá spoke on the relationship between the Bahá'í Faith and Christianity, see <a href="../abdulbaha_christ_christianity_monnier.html#N_21_">Bahá'í Studies Review, vol. 3:1 (1993)</a>, with notes by Khazeh Fananapazir. <li> Pasteur Henri Monnier (b. 1871) was the "Professor á la Faculté libre de théologie protestante de Paris", Vice-president of the Protestant Federation of France and Pastor of the Etoile Church [from International Who's Who, 1st ed.] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Christianity.html">Christianity</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a>; <a href="../tags/Henri_Monnier%2c_Pasteur.html">Henri Monnier, Pasteur</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1913 14 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">'Abu'l-Bahá's plan had been to leave but His departure was delayed due to a request from the president of the Túránian Society, Count Pal Teleki, who later became the Hungarian Prime Minister two times. <li>In the afternoon 'Abu'l-Bahá visited Arminius Vambéry at his home again and some time later sent him a tablet and a carpet by the post. It was reported in "Star of the West" (February 1929) that this tablet was in possession of Arminius's son, Rusztem Vámbéry. [SBBR14p115, 125, AB387, SoW9Vol9p24] <ul><li>See BW5p329 for the testament written by Professor Vámbéry and published in the <i>Egyptian Gazette</i> September 24th, 1913. <li>See SUR73 for the story of Arminius Vámbéry, while travelling with a caravan and disguised as a dervish, encountered another caravan loaded with coffins bound for burial in the vicinity of the Shrines in Karbilá'. <li>See <a href="_i_https_/bahai-library.com/alder_dalby_dervish_windsor.html"><i>The Dervish of Windsor Castle: The Life of Arminius Vambery</i></a> by Lory Alder and Richard Dalby.</ul> <li>At a meeting of the Túránian Society in the grand hall of the National Museum 'Abdu'l-Bahá gave a lecture entitled "Peace Between Nations and Religions" to some 200 people. The talk was translated into Hungarian by Leopold Stark and into English by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab. [SBBR14p113; ABM318; <a href="https://adibmasumian.com/translations/abu0028/#:~:text=She%20went%20to,into%20a%20well.">Talk by Abdu’l-Baha Given in Budapest to the Turanian Society on 14 April 1913</a> (Provisional)] <li>'Alí Abbás Áqá, a Tabrízí carpet merchant, hosted a dinner party in His honour. Among those attending was the Turkish Consul. [AB387, MRHK367, SBBR14p113] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Budapest.html">Budapest</a>; <a href="../locations/Hungary.html">Hungary</a>; <a href="../locations/Karbala.html">Karbala</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Travels_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Travels of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Second_Western_tour.html">Abdul-Baha, Second Western tour</a>; <a href="../tags/Arminius_Vambery.html">Arminius Vambery</a>; <a href="../tags/Leopold_Stark.html">Leopold Stark</a>; <a href="../tags/Count_Pal_Teleki.html">Count Pal Teleki</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Abbas_Aqa.html">Ali Abbas Aqa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1914 28 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Great War (1914–18) broke out in Europe. (28 July, 1914 to 11 November, 1918)<p>Austria declared war on Serbia. <li>See <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/library/reading-reality-in-times-of-crisis/"><i>Reading Reality in Times of Crisis: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and the Great War</i></a> by Amín Egea. <li>The world experienced horrors the like of which had never been seen with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I">a long list</a> of military engagements. <p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun">The Battle of Verdun</a> (February to December 1916) 130,000 unknown dead on both sides <p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme">The first Battle of the Somme</a> (July to November 1916) 1,000,000 casualties in four months <p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland">The naval battle of Jutland</a> (31 May to 1 June) 21 ships sunk.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Europe.html">Europe</a>; <a href="../locations/Austria.html">Austria</a>; <a href="../locations/Serbia.html">Serbia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/World_War_I.html">World War I</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Amin_Egea.html">Amin Egea</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1914 1 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Turkey entered the war on the side of the Central Powers. <li>Palestine was blockaded and Haifa was bombarded. [GPB304] <li>`Abdu'l-Bahá sent the Bahá'ís to the Druze village of Abú-Sinán for asylum. [AB411; DH124; GPB304, <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1297/">BWNS1297</a>] <li>For `Abdu'l-Bahá in wartime see CH188–228.</li><li>`Abdu'l-Bahá had grown and stored corn in the years leading up to the war and was now able to feed not only local people but the British army. [AB415, 418; CH210; GPB304, 306] <li> Properties in the villages of Asfíyá and Dálíyá near Haifa were purchased by `Abdu'l-Bahá, and, at the request of Bahá'u'lláh, bestowed upon Díyá'u'lláh and Bahí'u'lláh. Land was also acquired in the villages of Samirih, Nughayb and 'Adasíyyih situated near the Jordan river. 'Adasíyyah was the village occupied by Bahá'ís of Zoroastrian heritage that produced corn for the Master's household. The village of Nughayb is where the relatives of the Holy Family lived. [CH209-210] <ul><li>See <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240748652_'Adasiyyah_A_Study_in_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development"><i>'Adasiyyah: A Study in Agriculture and Rural Development</i></a> by Iraj Poostchi. This village was purchased by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in 1901. He paid 400 Turkish gold lira for 920 hectares and then gifted 1/24th of the total area to the family from whom He had made the purchase. <li>Under the guidance of 'Abdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi this village became a model of agriculture and Bahá'í life. The Bahá'ís lost ownership after 1962 when Jordan implemented land reforms. <li>'Adasiyyah is mentioned in the film <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXc0cOhrcW4"><i>Exemplar</i></a> (17:40-18:50).</ul> <li>See as well <a href="../rabbani_abdul-baha_abu_sinan.html"><i>`Abdu'l-Baha in Abu-Sinan: September 1914 </i></a> by Ahang Rabbani. <li>See Senn McGlinn's <a href="https://senmcglinn.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/abdul-baha-british-knighthood/"><i>Abdu’l-Baha’s British knighthood</i></a> for more background. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Palestine.html">Palestine</a>; <a href="../locations/Israel.html">Israel</a>; <a href="../locations/Abu-Sinan.html">Abu-Sinan</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Asfiya.html">Asfiya</a>; <a href="../locations/Daliya.html">Daliya</a>; <a href="../locations/Samirih.html">Samirih</a>; <a href="../locations/Nughayb.html">Nughayb</a>; <a href="../locations/Adasiyyih_(Adasiyyah).html">Adasiyyih (Adasiyyah)</a>; <a href="../locations/Jordan.html">Jordan</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/World_War_I.html">World War I</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Druze.html">Druze</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Knighthood_(KBE).html">Abdul-Baha, Knighthood (KBE)</a>; <a href="../tags/British.html">British</a>; <a href="../tags/Charity_and_relief_work.html">Charity and relief work</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_and_economic_development.html">Social and economic development</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(General)-2.html">History (General)</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Diyaullah.html">Diyaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah.html">Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Exemplar_(film).html">Exemplar (film)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1915 11 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Arthur Pillsbury Dodge, Disciple of `Abdu'l-Bahá, passed away in Freeport, New York. [SBR15] <li>He had become a Bahá'í in 1895 just before moving to New York City. He visited Haifa in 1900 and Dr. Edward Granville Brown in Cambridge. He was a lawyer, publisher and self-made man. In 1898 he held the first Bahá’í classes in his home and the first public meetings on the Faith with talks given by Dr. Ibrahim Kheiralla. The first person to become a Bahá’í in NYC was Mr. James F. Brittingham, then of Weehawken, NJ who first heard the message from his sister, Mrs. Dixon of Chicago. Mrs. Mary H. Tousey organized the classes at Dodge’s home. Later that year, Mr. Howard MacNutt received the message. [<a href=%e2%80%9dhttps_/www.academia.edu/36954528/Highlights_of_the_First_40_Years_of_the_Bah%c3%a1_%c3%ad_Faith_in_New_York_City_of_the_Covenant_1892-19326a87.html?auto=download “><i>Highlights of the First 40 Years of the Bahá’í Faith in New York, City of the Covenant, 1892-1932</i></a> by Hussein Ahdieh p3] <li> For biographies see <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/arthur-pillsbury-dodge/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>; BFA1:116-17, SBR1-16 and SW6, 13:100-1. <li> For his obituary see SW6, 19:161-7. <li>Dodge's books include <i>The Truth of It</i> (1901) [SW6, 13:101] and <i>Whence? Why? Wither?</i> (1907). [SW6, 13:101; BEL7.821] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Freeport.html">Freeport</a>; <a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Arthur_Pillsbury_Dodge.html">Arthur Pillsbury Dodge</a>; <a href="../tags/Disciples_of_Abdul-Baha.html">Disciples of Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/James_F.html">James F. Brittingham</a>; <a href="../tags/Howard_MacNutt.html">Howard MacNutt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Bahá'í classes in New York City. First public meetings in New York City. First person to become a Bahá'í in New York City-James Brittingham; </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1916 2 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Louisa Aurora “Lua” Moore Getsinger, (b. 1 November, 1872 in Hume, Allegany County, New York) Disciple of `Abdu'l-Bahá, <a href="#">“Mother teacher of the West” </a>died of heart failure in Cairo. [BBD87; <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/92503734/louisa-aurora-getsinger">Find a grave</a>; <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Lua_Getsinger">Bahaipedia</a>; GPB257] <li>'Abdu'l-Bahá's appointmented of Lua as "Herald of the Covenant" in the June 19, 1912. [LGHC157] <li> For an her obituary see [<a href="../../s3.amazonaws.com/starofthewest/SW_Volume7.pdf">SoW Vol 7 No 4 May 17, 1916 p29-30</a>]. <li> She was buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Cairo. In 1939 a court ruling enabled the Bahá'ís to reinter her in the first Bahá'í cemetery established in Cairo, El Qahira, Egypt. Her grave was now beside that of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl. [GPB344] <ul><li>For a photo of the reinterment see BW9p87. </ul> <li>See <i>Lua Getsinger: Herald of the Covenant</i> by Amine DeMille. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_489">USBN No489 December 1971 p1-5</a>] <li>See also Sears and Quigley, <i>The Flame</i>. <li>See as well <a href="http://www.grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/biographical-books/lua-getsinger-1320067941"><i>Lua Getsinger: Herald of the Covenant</i></a> by Velda Piff Metelmann. <li>For a brief biography see <a href="http://239days.com/2012/07/12/lua-getsingers-odyssey/">239Days</a> as well as <a href="https://brilliantstarmagazine.org/index.php/articles/lua-getsinger-1871-1916">The Shining Lamp</a> and <a href="https://beyondforeignness.org/4930">Beyond Foreignness</a>. iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Cairo.html">Cairo</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lua_Getsinger.html">Lua Getsinger</a>; <a href="../tags/Disciples_of_Abdul-Baha.html">Disciples of Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Abul-Fadl_Gulpaygani.html">Mirza Abul-Fadl Gulpaygani</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1916 8 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first five Tablets of the <i>Tablets of the Divine Plan</i> were published in <i>Star of the West</i>. [BBD219; <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File%3ASW_Volume7.pdf&page=87">SoW Vol 8 No 10 8 September 1916p87-91</a>] <li> For editorial comment see <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File%3ASW_Volume7.pdf&page=86">SoW Vol 8 No 10 8 September 1916p86</a> <li> After this, communication was cut off with the Holy Land. [BBD219] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chicago.html">Chicago</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Plan.html">Tablets of the Divine Plan</a>; <a href="../tags/Star_of_the_West.html">Star of the West</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1917 13 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shoghi Effendi graduated from the Syrian Protestant College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. [PG18; DH148; GBF9] <li> For pictures of Shoghi Effendi at this time see BW13:131, GBF50-1 and PP88-9. <li>See <a href="http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/jafet/moore/">The Moore Collection</a> for a collection of 80 photos of the campus taken by Dr Moore who was a professor at the college between 1892 and 1915. <li>For more images of the college see <a href="http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/jafet/blatchford/html/index.html">The Blatchford Collection of Photographs</a>, photos # 192 and 204 -> 221. <li> An <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/American+University+of+Beirut+Beirut+Lebanon/@33.9012635,35.4794607,842m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en">aerial view</a> of the campustoday and <a href="http://www.aub.edu.lb/webcams/Pages/default.aspx">live webcam</a> views.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Beirut.html">Beirut</a>; <a href="../locations/Lebanon.html">Lebanon</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Syrian_Protestant_College.html">Syrian Protestant College</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1918 23 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">"During the early years of World War I, though no longer imprisoned, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá faced repeated threats against His life by authorities who were antagonistic towards Him and the Bahá'ís. The Commander of the Ottoman fourth army corps had even threatened to crucify ‘Abdu’l-Bahá if the Turkish army were ever to be displaced out of Haifa." Lady Blomfield in London had learned of these threats and through her contacts in Cabinet, the British Army was instructed to protect Him and His family. [<a href="http://www.news.bahai.org/story/69">BWNS69</a>, <a href="http://www.news.bahai.org/story/1202">BWNS1202</a>] <p>The British army took the city in the 1st Battle of Haifa: The battle was won due to a courageous uphill assault by the Jodhpur Lancers of the Indian Army who took the German and Turkish artillery and machine gun emplacements on top of Mount Carmel by surprise. This attack is believed to have been one of the last cavalry charge in modern military history. Each year, on this date, the Indian Army commemorates this victory as Haifa Day. [<a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>104; BBR335; DH148, <a href="http://scroll.in/article/680951/how-indian-cavalrymen-rescued-bahai-spiritual-leader-during-world-war-i">Scroll In 68095</a>] <li> For details of the battle see BBR335-6. <li> For letters from the British authorities stating that `Abdu'l-Bahá is safe see BBR336-7. <li>For a photos see <a href="https://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/52/9900/Editorials/A-tribute-to-Indian-heroes-of-Battle-of-Haifa-the-last-great-cavalry-campaign">The Indian Weekender</a> 5 October, 2018 as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1918)">Wikipedia</a>. <li>For videos see <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/battle-of-haifa-israel-indian-war-heroes-world-war-pm-modi-988468-2017-07-06">India Today</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iwjJOTbQOQ">The Battle of Haifa Part 1</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prvGyE72EDQ">The Battle of Haifa Part II</a>. <li>See the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/forgotten-tales-of-valour-and-courage-chivalry-and-courage-at-the-battle-for-haifa/articleshow/78294876.cms">story</a> as recounted by Col (Dr) Divakaran Padma Kumar Pillay. <li>See as well <a href="../../pflag-saltlakecity.org/no_14_july_20/24.html"><i>Battle of Haifa: The Last Great Cavalry Campaign in History </i></a> by Ajeet Singh Choudhary. This article provides a comprehensive historical account of the Jodhpur Lancers and Battle of Haifa. <li>See PG85-86, on the 23rd of August, 1919 'Abdu'l-Bahá, in conversation with Major-General Watson, referring to the success of the British army in taking Haifa stated, "God hath wished it to be so, it was His Divine aid and assistance that made it possible." and "It was God that helped you from every standpoint." </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Mount_Carmel.html">Mount Carmel</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Israel.html">Israel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/World_War_I.html">World War I</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Jodhpur_Lancers.html">Jodhpur Lancers</a>; <a href="../tags/Indian_Army.html">Indian Army</a>; <a href="../tags/Armies.html">Armies</a>; <a href="../tags/Germany.html">Germany</a>; <a href="../tags/Turkey.html">Turkey</a>; <a href="../tags/Haifa_Day.html">Haifa Day</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Death_threats_to.html">Abdul-Baha, Death threats to</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Lady_Blomfield.html">Lady Blomfield</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1919</span> (Late Winter until Early Autumn and beyond)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">"Red Summer" is the period from late winter through early autumn of 1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots took place in more than three dozen cities across the United States, as well as in one rural county in Arkansas. <p> Some historians claim that the racial terror connected with “Red Summer” began as early as 1917 during the bloody massacre that occurred in East St. Louis, Illinois, a barbaric pogrom that would eventually set the stage for the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, one of the worst episodes of post-Civil War racial violence ever committed against Black Americans. The Tulsa Massacre left as many as 300 Black people dead and destroyed more than 35 square blocks of Greenwood, an all-Black community so wealthy, the philosopher Booker T. Washington called it “Negro Wall Street.” [<a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/t-town-red-summer-racist-mobs/">Red Summer: When Racists Mobs Ruled</a>] <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Summer">Wikipedia</a> for a partial list of locations where such events took place in 1919 alone. <p>It was against this backdrop of racial tension and hatred that the Baha'i community promoted racial amity. [SYH125-126] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Red_Summer.html">Red Summer</a>; <a href="../tags/Race.html">Race</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_(general)__Race_amity.html">Race (general): Race amity</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_inequality.html">Race inequality</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_unity.html">Race unity</a>; <a href="../tags/Racism.html">Racism</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1919 26 Apr-1 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The 14 <i><a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/tablets-divine-plan">Tablets of the Divine Plan</a></i> were unveiled in a dramatic ceremony at the Hotel McAlpin in New York, during the `Convention of the Covenant'. The Tablets had been brought to America by Ahmad Sohrab at the request of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. [ABNYP172Note24, BBD219; PP437; SBBH1:134; SBBH2:135; SBR86; AB434; TDPXI] <li> For details of the convention programme, Tablets and talks given see SW10, 4:54-72; SW10, 5:83-94; SW10, 6:99-103, 111-12 SW10, 7:122-7, 138; SW10, 10:197-203; and SW10, 12:2279. <li> Mary Maxwell (Rúhíyyih Khánum) was among the young people who unveil the Tablets. [PP437] <li> Hyde and Clara Dunn and Martha Root responded immediately to the appeal, the Dunns went to Australia where they open 700 towns to the Faith, and Martha Root embarked on the first of her journeys which are to extend over 20 years. [GPB308; MR88] <li>See also CT138-9. <li> Agnes Parsons arrived from her pilgrimage just before the close of the convention and was able to convey the instructions from `Abdu'l-Bahá to arrange a Convention for `the unity of the coloured and white races'. [BW5:413; SBR87] <li>The book <a href="../abdul-baha_tablets_instructions_explanation.html"><i>Unveiling of the Divine Plan</i></a> includes nine talks given by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab to the National Convention. <li>Shoghi Effendi calls the Tablets of the Divine Plan a charter for the propagation and the establishment of the Administrative Order. It has also been called a charter for the teaching of the Faith. [MBW84; LOG1628] <li>For the significance of the Tablets of the Divine Plan see <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/library/abdul-baha-champion-of-universal-peace/"><i>‘Abdu’l-Bahá Champion of Universal Peace</i></a> by Hoda Mahmoudi and Janet Khan.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Plan.html">Tablets of the Divine Plan</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Charters_of_the_Bahai_Faith.html">Charters of the Bahai Faith</a>; <a href="../tags/Conventions%2c_National.html">Conventions, National</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum</a>; <a href="../tags/Agnes_Parsons.html">Agnes Parsons</a>; <a href="../tags/Hyde_Dunn.html">Hyde Dunn</a>; <a href="../tags/Clara_Dunn.html">Clara Dunn</a>; <a href="../tags/Martha_Root.html">Martha Root</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_(general).html">Race (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_amity-2.html">Race amity</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_unity.html">Race unity</a>; <a href="../tags/Ahmad_Sohrab.html">Ahmad Sohrab</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1920 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mírzá Asadu'lláh Fádil-i-Mázandarání arrived in North America with Manúchihr Khán in time to speak at the National Convention. [AB443; SBR88; PG127] <li>His purpose was to assist and stimulate the Bahá'í communities (1920-1921). [AB443] <li> He stayed for one year. [AB443] <li>He visited North America again in 1923-1925 at the request of Shoghi Effendi and arrived in time to speak at the World Unity Conference in San Francisco in March of 1925. [Li47; <a href="../momen_iranica_fadl_mazandarani.html">Fádl Mázandarání, Mírzá Asadu'lláh</a> by Moojan Momen] <li>See <a href="../anon_mazandarani_united_states.html"><i>Jináb-i-Fádil Mazandarání in the United States</i></a> by Fadl Mazandarani (published as Jinab-i-Fadil Mazandarani) compiled by Omeed Rameshni for transcripts of his talks. <li>See SoW Vol 14 for <a href="../../s3.amazonaws.com/starofthewest/SW_Volume14.pdf">photo.</a> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mirza_Asadullah_Fadil-i-Mazandarani.html">Mirza Asadullah Fadil-i-Mazandarani</a>; <a href="../tags/Manuchihr_Khan.html">Manuchihr Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Conventions%2c_National.html">Conventions, National</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1920 20 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shoghi Effendi left Haifa for France with the intention of taking up his study of English at Oxford University. As instructed by 'Abdu'l-Bahá he stayed in a sanitarium in Neuilly (Maison d'Hydrothérapie et de convalescence du Parc de Neuilly, 6 Boulevard du Château, Neuilly-sur-Seine) before leaving for England in July. [SEO58] <LI>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>179-186 for and account of Shoghi Effendi's stay in the Paris area. According to Marzieh Gail he was probably in the area from about the 9th of April until the 13th of July. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Oxford.html">Oxford</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="../locations/Neuilly.html">Neuilly</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi_at_Oxford.html">Shoghi Effendi at Oxford</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Balliol_College_(Oxford_University).html">Balliol College (Oxford University)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1920 27 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">`Abdu'l-Bahá was invested with the insignia of the Knighthood of the British Empire in a ceremony in Haifa. [AB443; BBRXXX, 343-5; CH214; DH149; GPB306] <li> For the document recommending `Abdu'l-Bahá for knighthood, see BBR344. <li> The knighthood was in recognition of `Abdu'l-Bahá's humanitarian work during the war for famine relief. [AB443] <li> He accepted the honour as a gift from a `just king'. [AB443] <li> He did not use the title. [AB443] <li> For Lady Blomfield's account see AB443-4 and <a href="../blomfield_chosen_highway.html">CH214-15</a>. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_13/Issue_11/Text#pg298">SoW vol 13 No 11 p298</a>. <li>See Senn McGlinn's <a href="https://senmcglinn.wordpress.com/2011/04/22/abdul-baha-british-knighthood/"><i>Abdu’l-Baha’s British knighthood</i></a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Abu-Sinan.html">Abu-Sinan</a>; <a href="../locations/Palestine.html">Palestine</a>; <a href="../locations/Israel.html">Israel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Knighthood_(KBE).html">Abdul-Baha, Knighthood (KBE)</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/World_War_I.html">World War I</a>; <a href="../tags/British.html">British</a>; <a href="../tags/Charity_and_relief_work.html">Charity and relief work</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_and_economic_development.html">Social and economic development</a>; <a href="../tags/Lady_Blomfield.html">Lady Blomfield</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1920</span> 17 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/tablets-hague-abdul-baha/2#381373700"><i>Tablet to the Central Organization for a Durable Peace</i></a> was delivered to the Executive Comittee in The Hague. <p>Ahmad Yazdáni and 'Alí Muhammad 'Ibn-i-Asdaq learned that the Central Organization had been all but dissolved and that the Executive Committee's objective, to hold a third peace conference, had been surpassed by their country's membership in the recently formed League of Nations in Geneva. [AB438; BBD1 15; GPB308; EB176] <li>See also <a href="https://bahaigeschiedenis.nl/abdul-baha-tablet-to-the-hague">The Journey of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet to The Hague</a>. It is a photographic chronology by Jelle and Adib de Vries of the Netherlands. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1378/">BWNS1378</a> and <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1431/">BWNS1431</a>. <li>It was printed in the <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_11/Issue_8/Text#pg123">Star of the West</a> Vol 11 No 8 1 August 1920. <p> On the 12th of June, the Executive Committee of the Central Organization for a Durable Peace in The Hague responded to 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet. Ahmad Yazdani immediately forwarded it to Haifa. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/The_Hague.html">The Hague</a>; <a href="../locations/Netherlands.html">Netherlands</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Hague_(Tablet_to_The_Hague).html">Lawh-i-Hague (Tablet to The Hague)</a>; <a href="../tags/Ibn-i-Asdaq_(Mirza_Ali-Muhammad).html">Ibn-i-Asdaq (Mirza Ali-Muhammad)</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/World_peace_(general).html">World peace (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Central_Organization_for_a_Durable_Peace.html">Central Organization for a Durable Peace</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1920 1 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Lillian Frances Kappes,(b. 1878 in Hoboken, New Jersey), died of typhus fever in Tihrán. [BFA2:361; SW11, 19:324-5, <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>211-212] <li> She had gone to Tihrán nine years previously to help set up the Tarbíyat School for Girls. [SW11, 19:3 24] <li>She was buried next to the tomb of Varqa. <li>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/lillian-kappes/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lillian_Kappes.html">Lillian Kappes</a>; <a href="../tags/Tarbiyat_School.html">Tarbiyat School</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1921 28 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>Ascension of `Abdu'l-Bahá</b><br><br> `Abdu'l-Bahá passed away at about 1:00 a.m., in Haifa. [AB452; BBD4; BBR347; GPB311; UD170] <li> For details of His passing see DOMH210-216, AB452, BW1:19-23; BW15:113-15 and GPB310-11. <li>Sir Herbert Samuel and Sir Ronald Storrs led the funeral procession. [CH226] <li> This marked the end of the Apostolic, Heroic or Primitive Age of the Bahá'í Faith and the beginning of the Transitional Formative or Iron Age. [BBD35-6] <li> For a photograph of the cable sent announcing His passing see SW12, 15:245. <li>See <a href="../shoghieffendi_blomfield_passing_abdulbaha.html"><i>The Passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá</i></a> by Shoghi Effendi and Lady Blomfield. <li>For a pen portrait of 'Abdu'l-Bahá see <a href="https://archive.org/details/orientalroseorte00fordrich"><i>The Oriental Rose</I></a> by Mary Hanford Ford pg 158-159 <li>Also see AB452-83; HLS93-100. <li>See <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-22.html">GPB309-320</a> for a summation of the events that took place in the lifetime of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, during the Heroic Age of the Faith. <li>This date marks the beginning of the First Epoch of the Transitional, Formative or Iron Age of the Faith. <li>See <a href="../../paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/spirituality/bahai/abdulbaha/passing-of-abdul-baha.pdf">an account of the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá</a> compiled by David Merrick. <li>See Part IX of <a href="https://theutteranceproject.com/the-extraordinary-life-of-abdul-baha-part-9/"><i>The Utterance Project</i></a> by Violetta Zein. <li>See WMSH26-52 for an account by John and Louise Bosch of the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the funeral, the reading if the Will, their subsequent time in the Holy Land and Egypt, and their teaching trip to Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. They arrived in New York on the 23rd of April and proceeded to Chicago to attend the National Convention. Shoghi Effendi had entrusted them with eight passages from the Will to be presented to the North American friends. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Ascension_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Ascension of</a>; <a href="../tags/Ages_and_Epochs.html">Ages and Epochs</a>; <a href="../tags/Heroic_Age-2.html">Heroic Age</a>; <a href="../tags/Formative_Age.html">Formative Age</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Holy_days.html">Holy days</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant_(general).html">Covenant (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Ronald_Storrs.html">Ronald Storrs</a>; <a href="../tags/Herbert_Samuel.html">Herbert Samuel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1922 21 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shoghi Effendi wrote to the two major communities of the Faith, Persia and America, urging the believers to arise in service for the triumph of the Cause. [BA15-17; CB298-300; CT154] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_13/Issue_1/Text#pg17">SoW Vol 13 No 1 21 March 1922 p17-18</a> for the letter to the Bahá'ís of America..</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1923 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first Bahá'í Feast was held in New Zealand in the home of Margaret Stevenson. It was attended by Hyde Dunn from Australia. [<a href="../../s3.amazonaws.com/starofthewest/SW_Volume14.pdf">SoW Vol 14 p25</a>] <li>For photo see <a href="https://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2011/02/1923-first-bahai-feast-in-new-zealand.html">Bahá'í Historical Facts</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_Zealand.html">New Zealand</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Feast.html">Feast</a>; <a href="../tags/Margaret_Stevenson.html">Margaret Stevenson</a>; <a href="../tags/Hyde_Dunn.html">Hyde Dunn</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Bahá'í Feast held in New Zealand </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1923 (In July or earlier)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Lorol Schopflocher made a visit to King Feisel as reported in the <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32254402/bahai-lorol-schopflocher-meets-king/">Ottawa Citizen 13 July, 1923 p16</a> and <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32254493/bahai-lorol-schopflocher-in-middle-east/">The Winnipeg Tribune 31 July 1923 p16</a>. She was accorded several audiences to discuss the question of the seizure of the keys to the House of Bahá’u’lláh in Baghdád. [<a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/florence-lorol-schopflocher/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>] <li>See <a href="../ransom-kehler_haifa_talks.html"><i>Haifa Talks</i></a> by Keith Ransom-Kehler and Lorol Schopflocher. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/House_of_Bahaullah_(Baghdad).html">House of Bahaullah (Baghdad)</a>; <a href="../tags/Lorol_Schopflocher.html">Lorol Schopflocher</a>; <a href="../tags/King_Faisal.html">King Faisal</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1923 Early Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">J. E. Esslemont's <i>Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era</i> was published in Britain by George Allen and Unwin. [DJEE28; RG77] <li>The American edition of <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89044758571&view=1up&seq=9">the book</a> was published by Brentano's Publilshers of New York. <li>Dr Esslemont had been in invited to Haifa by 'Abdu'l-Bahá to discuss the book he was writing. He spent two and on-half month during the winter of 1919-1920 as a guest of 'Abdu'l-Bahá who amended and corrected four chapters. [UC45] <li> Shoghi Effendi viewed this as a landmark in British Bahá'í history. [UD97] <li> Over the years he encouraged its translation into dozens of languages. [RG77] <li> See DJEE37-8 for the importance of this work. <li>For a list of publications in various languages and formats see <a href="../jasion_esslemont_new_era.html"><i>The Story of J. E. Esslemont and his Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era: Bibliography</i></a> by Jan Jasion. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Esslemont.html">Esslemont</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah_and_the_New_Era_(book).html">Bahaullah and the New Era (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Introductory.html">Introductory</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1926 25 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Professor Edward Granville Browne, (b. on the family estate in Gloucestershire, 7 February, 1862. d. near Cambridge). He is buried at Elswick Cemetery in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/114555778/edward-granville-browne">Find a grave.</a><p> Browne was a British orientalist who published numerous articles and books of academic value in the areas of Persian history and literature. He had a number of private interviews with Bahá’u’lláh at Bahjí in 1890. He was the only Westerner to have met Bahá’u’lláh and to have left a description of the experience (see <a href="../buck_ioannesyan_scholar_prophet.html">Scholar Meets Prophet: Edward Granville Browne and Bahá'u'lláh</a>).<br> In 1912-13, while `Abdu'l-Bahá was in Europe, Browne visited him in London and Paris. These visits were supplemented by some correspondence between the two. Other Bahá'ís, including Montford Mills, also visited and corresponded with Browne from time to time. When `Abdu'l-Bahá passed away in 1921, Browne penned a sympathetic obituary. He also wrote a pen-portrait of Àbdu'l-Bahá. [<a href="https://bahaitributes.wordpress.com/2008/09/21/professor-edward-granville-browne-1862-1926/">Bahá'í Tributes</a>] <li>Charles Melville, Professor of Persian History at Pembroke College in Cambridge headed the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923143233/http://persian.pem.cam.ac.uk/projects/browne-archive-project">Browne Archive Project</a> to digitize Browne's diaries and notes. <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrmJi1-748A"><i>Encounter with Bahá'u'lláh</i></a>, a short video about Browne's life and his famous interview. <li>See MCS529-545 for a discussion of Browne's lack of objectivity and his partisanship as a researcher that lead to his committing some serious errors in his work on the Bábí-Bahá'í Faith. <li>He himself a professor of Arabic, found the Báb's style of writing very difficult and said of his works: "...some are so confused, so full of repetitions, extraordinary works and fantastic derivatives of Arabic roots, that they defy the most industrious and indefatigable reader." [SBBH5p227] <p> <u>Browne's Publications</u> <br><ul> <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/religioussystems00soutrich"><i>Religious Systems of the World: A Contribution to the Study of Comparative Religion</a></i> (1889)<br> <li><i><a href="../browne_abdulbaha_travellers_narrative">A Traveller's Narrative Written to Illustrate the Episode of the Báb</a></i> (1891) A history by`Abdu'l-Bahá which Browne translated and extensively annotated.<br> <li><a href="../hamadani_browne_tarikh_jadid.html"><i>Tarikh-i-Jadid or New History of Mirza`Ali Muhammad the Báb</i></a> (1893) by <a href="../hamadani_browne_tarikh_jadid.html">Mirza Husayn Hamadani</a> translated by E.G.Browne. <ul> <li>Hájjí Mírzá Jani Kashani wrote a substantial history of the Bábi Faith sometime between 1850-1852. (He was martyred in 1852.) These memoirs as they were copied and re-copied and spawned a great many versions which differed particularly in their portrayal of Subh-i-Azál and Bahá'u'lláh, depending on the editor’s loyalty. <li>In about 1880 Mírzá Husayn Hamadani with the support of Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl took some version of Mírzá Jani's 1851 account and worked it up into a new history, <i>The Tárikh-i-Jadíd</i>. He did this at the request of a Zoroastrian, Manakji, who then added a preface, an epilogue, and an unknown number of amendments to the text and then published it under his own name. <li>Nabil-i-Akbar, in response to a commission by Bahá'u'lláh, made a revision of this work somewhere between 1880-1883 which is known as <i>The Táríkh-i Badí‘-i Bayání</i>. <li>Browne used two these two manuscripts, <i>The Tárikh-i-Jadíd</i> and <i>The Táríkh-i Badí‘-i Bayání</i> to write the single volume <i>The New History (tarikh-i-jadid) of Mírzá Ali-Muhammed, the Báb</i>. In referring to Mírzá Jani's history throughout the footnotes, he was not aware of the problems of discerning what represents the original memoirs and what others have added.</ul> <li><a href="https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/year/yeartoc.htm"><i>A Year Among the Persians</i></a> (1893) Vividly describes his adventures, including his encounters with the Bahá'ís and Azalís during his time in Persian from October 1887 to September 1888. The memoir of his sojourn did much to familiarize English readers with the Báb, His gentleness and patience, the cruel fate which had overtaken him, and the unflinching courage wherewith he and his followers, from the greatest to the least, had endured the merciless torments inflicted upon them by their enemies. [<a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/articles/magnificent-heroism#note-flag-3"><i>Tales of Magnificent Heroism</i></a> by Robert Weinburg. <li><i>A chapter from the history of Cannabis Indica</i> (1897) <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/literaryhistoryo01browiala"><i>A Literary History of Persia From Firdawsí to Sa'dí</i></a> (in four volumes) (1902-24) <li><i><a href="../browne_persian_revolution_1905-1909">The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909</a></i> (1910) About the Persian Constitutional Revolution, of which Browne was an ardent supporter. <li>He published, in Persian, the text of <i>The Kitab-i-Nuqtatu'l-Kaf, being the earliest History of the Bábís compiled by Hájji Mírzá Jání of Ká<u>sg</u>án between the years 1850 and 1852, edited from the unique Ms. Suppl. Persan 1071</i>. (1910) This was a work that he had done at an earlier date. It was published at the instigation of Mirza Muhammad Qazvini, a well-known Iranian literary critic and Azalí sympathizer, who wrote the Persian Introduction to this volume. After the publication of this work, `Abdu'l-Bahá wrote to a number of Iranian Bahá'ís, urging them to compile material to refute its contents. One such work was <i>Dashf al-Ghitá</i> by Mírzá Abul-Fazl Gulpáyigání. [RR232] [See <a href="../pdf/m/mccants_milani_nuqtat_al-kaf.pdf"><i>The History and Provenance of an Early Manuscript of the Nuqtat al-kaf dated 1268 (1851-52)</i></a> by William F. McCants and Kavian Sadeghzade Milani and <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/noqtat-al-kaf"><i>Nuqtat al-Káf</i></a> by Kavian Sadeghzade Milani as well as <a href="../cole_nuqtat_al-kaf_chronicle.html"><i>Nuqtat al-Kaf and the Babi Chronicle Traditions</i></a> by Juan Cole; <a href="https://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-Article,id=7871/"><i>The Bab's Stay in Kashan: A Historiographical Analysis of the Kitab-i-Nuqtatu'l-Kaf Based on the Kashan Pericope </i></a> by Kavian Milani; MCS517; 541] <uL><li>When E.G. Browne published the <i>Nuqtatu'l-Kaf</i> with its Persian and English introductions that contained much material hostile to the Bahá'í Faith, a number of Bahá'í scholars worked on refutations of this book. [Mirza Abu'l-Fadl] Gulpaygani also began to work on such a book, but when heard that work on a similar book in Iran under the guidance of the Hands of the Cause had reached an advanced stage, he suspended work on his book awaiting a manuscript from Iran. Unfortunately he never got back to this book and at his death the manuscript was incomplete. When Mirza Abu'l-Fadl's papers were sent to his cousin Sayyid Mahdi Gulpaygani in Ashkhabad, the latter undertook to complete the work. The final work was published in Ashkhabad. Of the 438 pages of the book some 132 are attributed to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl. The final work, however, has a tone and vehemence completely uncharacteristic of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl and `Abdu'l-Baha instructed that it should not be distributed. [from a post by Adib Masumian to the [bahai-library.com/tarikh] list 25 April 2021]</ul>. <li>It is reported that 'Abdu'l-Bahá was "deeply annoyed" with Browne over the publication and dissemination of the <i>Kitáb-i Nuqtatu'l-Káf</i> as reported by Áqáy-i-Taqízádih in ´<i>Ábdu'l-Baha's Meetings with Two Prominent Iranians</i> introduced and translated by Ahang Rabbani. [<a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_30/Issue_1">World Order Vol 30 No 1 Fall 1998 p46</a>] <li>It would appear that Browne loved the Bábi movement however as the religion changed into the Bahá'í Faith, he insisted on calling it the Bábi religion. Browne did not understand the the claims of Baha’u’lláh and the transitional and the historical factors at work. He saw the early Bábi movement as the beginning of the Faith and thought that the Bahá'í Faith was a sect of Bábism. This was largely due to the influence of Bahá’u’lláh’s half-brother, Azal. Browne was disappointed that the Bahá'ís did not take up the cause of constitutional reform but he was well aware that 'Abdu'l-Bahá had forbidden participation in political struggles, and that had they supported the Constitutionalists, it would the brought that wrath of the persecution of the Bahá'ís down upon them. <li>'Abdu'l-Bahá is reported to have said, "They tampered with the contents of the history of Hájí Mírzá Jání by removing some of its passages and inserting others. They sent it to the libraries of London and Paris and through such falsehood induced him [Browne] to translate and publish the document. In order to achieve his own selfish desires, he had it printed." [<a href="../zarqani_mahmuds_diary%26chapter%3d1.html">MD24</a>] <li>Also from 'Abdu'l-Bahá, "I wrote to him, saying, `You are the first European teacher and author to have attained His Blessed Presence. Do not lose this distinction.' He did not understand me and his loss will be known when the lights of guidance shine in England with supreme brilliancy." [<a href="../zarqani_mahmuds_diary%26chapter%3d7.html#section180">MD278</a>] <li>From <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/god-passes-by/7#500562448">GPB81</a>, Browne's testimony, “One of those strange outbursts,”...“of enthusiasm, faith, fervent devotion and indomitable heroism … the birth of a Faith which may not impossibly win a place amidst the great religions of the world.” And again: “The spirit which pervades the Bábís is such that it can hardly fail to affect most powerfully all subjected to its influence.… Let those who have not seen disbelieve me if they will, but, should that spirit once reveal itself to them, they will experience an emotion which they are not likely to forget.” <li><i>The Persian Constitutional Movement</i> (1918) [MCS544] <li><i><a href="../browne_materials_study_babi.html">Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion</a></i> (1918) The book represented no great amount of original work on Browne's part since it was mainly documents that he had collected. <li><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/arabianmedicineb00browiala">Arabian Medicine</a></i> (1921) [<a href="../momen_encyclopedia_browne.html"><i>Browne, Edward Granville</i></a> by Moojan Momen] iiiii <li>For scholarly works on the life of Browne see <i>Selections From The Writings of E.G. Browne - On The Babi And Baha'i Religions</i> by Moojan Momen and <i>Edward Granville Browne and the Baha'i Faith</i> by Hasan Balyuzi. Both have been published by George Ronald.  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Newcastle-upon-Tyne.html">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a>; <a href="../locations/Cambridge.html">Cambridge</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Edward_Granville_Browne.html">Edward Granville Browne</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Montfort_Mills.html">Montfort Mills</a>; <a href="../tags/Hajji_Mirza_Jani_Kashani.html">Hajji Mirza Jani Kashani</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Yahya_(Subh-i-Azal).html">Mirza Yahya (Subh-i-Azal)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Husayn_Hamadani.html">Mirza Husayn Hamadani</a>; <a href="../tags/Mirza_Abul-Fadl_Gulpaygani.html">Mirza Abul-Fadl Gulpaygani</a>; <a href="../tags/Manikchi_Limji_Hataria.html">Manikchi Limji Hataria</a>; <a href="../tags/Nabil-i-Akbar_(Aqa_Muhammed-i-Qaini).html">Nabil-i-Akbar (Aqa Muhammed-i-Qaini)</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1926 26 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Howard MacNutt, Disciple of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, (b. 13 July, 1858 in Philadelphia) passed away in Florida after being struck by a motorcycle while walking to a meeting in a "Coloured" area. [<a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Howard_MacNutt#Miami">Bahaipedia</a>] <li>He died as a result of injuries sustained from a collision with a motorcycle while walking to a meeting in the Coloured section of the city. There was speculation that the traffic mishap was not accidental. See the newspaper <a href="https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn98062568/1927-02-05/ed-1/seq-1/">article</a> written by Beatrice Cannnady. <li>See <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>321-323 for an account of his death and his funeral. <li>He had lost his beloved wife Mary about one month earlier. He had been a student of Ibrahim George Kheiralla in New York and became a Bahá'í in 1898. He had learned both Persian and Arabic to better understand the Writings. Howard MacNutt was elected to the Bahá’í Board of Counsel for New York when it was established on December 7th 1900 and served on the body for many years. [SEBW42] <li>In 1905 Howard and his wife went on pilgrimage and attended a Nineteen Day Feast held by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Who encouraged him to establish the practice in America. MacNutt consulted with the New York Board of Counsel after returning and a Feast was held in New York on May 23, 1905. <li>Howard wrote a booklet consisting of what he learned while on Pilgrimage titled <a href="../../www.h-net.org/_bahai/diglib/books/K-O/M/macnutt/Unity_through_love.pdf"><i>Unity Through Love</i></a>. <li>MacNutt also edited Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl's <i><a href="../gulpaygani_bahai_proofs.html">Bahá'í Proofs</a></i> before it was first published in 1902 and revised Ali Kuli Khan's manuscript translation of the <i>Kitáb-i-Íqán</i> for publication in 1904. <li>He held a belief that `Abdu'l-Bahá had no extraordinary spiritual station and he did not regard Him as being different in Spirit from other men, that through works and service and overcoming all He attained to His station. This opinion resulted in MacNutt failing to appreciate the Bahá'í teaching that Covenant-breaking is a spiritual disease. When `Abdu'l-Bahá came to the United States in 1912 He assigned to MacNutt the task of meeting with a group of potential Covenant-breakers in Chicago and warning them. He also ordered MacNutt to break all communication with Ibrahim Kheiralla and other Covenant-breakers. When MacNutt failed to do as directed, `Abdu'l-Bahá advised him that he had violated the Covenant himself and commanded him to repent before a group of New York Bahá'ís, which he did on 18 November 1912. The matter was not resolved; `Abdu'l-Bahá cabled Ali Kuli Khan on 16 April 1913, "MACNUTT REPENTED FROM VIOLATION OF COVENANT BUT WAS NOT AWAKENED." After several months of correspondence between MacNutt and `Abdu'l-Bahá via Ali Kuli Khan, MacNutt satisfied `Abdu'l-Bahá that he had come to understand and had repented for his earlier errors. Even though `Abdu'l-Bahá recognized MacNutt as a Bahá'í his reputation in the Bahá'í community remained tarnished. To redeem himself he took on the task of compiling `Abdu'l-Bahá's talks in the United States and Canada and editing them. It was published as <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/promulgation-universal-peace/"><i>The Promulgation of Universal Peace</i></a>, the name chosen by 'Abdu'l-Bahá himself, in 1922. MacNutt's preface contains a long and important statement about `Abdu'l-Bahá's station. His redemption was complete. [PUPxx] <li>See his "A Statement of Belief" written <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_16/Issue_11/Text#pg722">January 4, 1926</a> and published in Star of the West Vol 16 No 11 February 1926. <li>His obituary was published in <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_17/Issue_10/Text#pg301">Star of the West Vol 17 No 10 January 1927 p301</a>. <li>For further details of his life and his brush with Covenant-breaking see SEBW35–42. <li>Also see "In Memoriam: Arthur Pillsbury Dodge, 1849-1915", SoW, Vol. 6, No. 19 (2 March 1916) p165 as well as BFA1p125, 168-17, DJT369-372, AOY111-133 and FMH35. <li>See BW2p218 for a photo. <li>HIs crowning achievement was the publication of <i>The Promulgation of Universal Peace</i> (1922) which was a compilation of the public talks given by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá while in America. <li>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Howard_MacNutt">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>He was posthumously appointed as a <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Disciples_of_‘Abdu’l-Bahá">Disciple of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Dade_City.html">Dade City</a>; <a href="../locations/Pasco_County.html">Pasco County</a>; <a href="../locations/Florida.html">Florida</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Howard_MacNutt.html">Howard MacNutt</a>; <a href="../tags/Disciples_of_Abdul-Baha.html">Disciples of Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Promulgation_of_Universal_Peace.html">Promulgation of Universal Peace</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Nineteen Day Feast in America</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1927 (Mid-Oct)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shoghi Effendi announced the defection of 'Abdu'l-Husayn Ávarih (Abd al-Hosayn Ayati). He had been a very successful teacher and the author of a book on the history of the Faith but opposed Shoghi Effendi's efforts to build the Administrative Order. He was insistent that the Universal House of Justice be formed at that time. He was denounced by the believers in Egypt and Iran. [SETPE1p149, BA137-139, Ruhi8.2-20, CoC294-296; MBW53; PP120; ; <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bwc/BK/bk-170.html.utf8?query=avarih&action=highlight#fr1">BKC118-120</a>] <li>After his defection he became a Muslim and an opponent of the Bahá'í Faith. He returned to Tehran and spent the rest of his life as a secondary school teacher. During this period he wrote many works of poetry and prose, including <i>Kashf al-Hial</i>, a three volume work refuting the Bahá'í Faith. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Hosayn_Ayati#CITEREFAfshar2011">Wikipedia</a>] <li>See <a href="https://chadananda.github.io/ilm-md/#212-1929-02-15-rights-of-covenant-breakers">message from Shoghi Effendi</a> regarding the civil rights of Avarih. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Husayn_Avarih_(Abd_al-Hosayn_Ayati).html">Abdul-Husayn Avarih (Abd al-Hosayn Ayati)</a>; <a href="../tags/Avarih.html">Avarih</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1928 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first publication of Kalil Gibran's book, <i>Jesus (The Son Of Man: His Words And His Deeds As Told And Recorded By Those Who Knew Him)</i> in New York by A.A. Knopf. It was re-published in 1946 and 1995 again by Knopf Doubleday, by Oneworld in 1993 2008 and 2012 and by Green Light Ebooks in Los Angeles in 2011.<p> Around 1911–1912, Gibran met with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to draw His portrait when He visited the United States The meeting made a strong impression on Gibran. One of Gibran's acquaintances later in life, Juliet Thompson reported that Gibran was unable to sleep the night before meeting him. This encounter with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá later inspired Gibran to write <i>Jesus the Son of Man</i> that portrayed Jesus through the "words of seventy-seven contemporaries who knew him – enemies and friends: Syrians, Romans, Jews, priests, and poets." After the passing of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Gibran gave a talk on religion with Baháʼís and at another event with a viewing of a movie of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Gibran would rise to talk and proclaim in tears an exalted station of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and leave the event weeping. [<a href="%c6%92.html">Wikipedia</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MBGxdOWk7g">YouTube Video</a> for more on his painting career and his association with Alexander and Marjorie Morten, Bahá'ís of New York City and gallery owners. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_7/Issue_4/Text#pg45">World Order Series 2 Vol 7 Issue 4 p45</a> for the story of his "declaration" of faith. <li>See <a href="http://smk99.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-kahlil-gibran-and-bahai-faith.html"><i>On Kahlil Gibran and the Bahá'í Faith</i></a> by Steven Kolins.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Jesus_the_Son_of_Man.html">Jesus the Son of Man</a>; <a href="../tags/Kalil_Gibran.html">Kalil Gibran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1928 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Soviet authorities abrogated the constitution of the Spiritual Assembly of ‘Ishqábád (now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan) and the assembly was dissolved. [BW3:37, BW8p88, SETPE1p154] <li>Bahá’í schools and libraries were closed. [BBRSM173] <li>Not long after, the government ordered that all religious buildings in the Soviet Union were the property of the government and the Mashriqu’l-Adhkár was expropriated and leased back to the Bahá’ís. [BBD122; BBR473; BBRSM161; BW3:37] <li>For the history of the persecution of the Bahá’ís in the Soviet Union see BBR473 and BW3:34–43. <li>PP364–5 says it was 1929. <li>See <a href="https://www.momen.org/relstud/ishqabad.htm"><i>The Bahá'í Community of Ashkhabad; Its Social Basis and Importance in Bahá'í History</i></a> by Moojan Momen.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Ishqabad.html">Ishqabad</a>; <a href="../locations/Turkmenistan.html">Turkmenistan</a>; <a href="../locations/Soviet_Union.html">Soviet Union</a>; <a href="../locations/Russia.html">Russia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Russia.html">Persecution, Russia</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Ishqabad.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Ishqabad</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Moojan_Momen.html">Moojan Momen</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1928 20 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney, (b. 12 Apr 1873, Paris, France, d. 20 Dec 1928, Paris, France), Disciple of Abdu’l-Bahá, passed away in Paris. He was buried in Cimetiere de Montmartre in Paris. [UD84–5; <a href="../../file.bahai.media/c/c6/Baha%27i_News_29.pdf#page=1">BN No 29 January 1929 p2</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/138629119/hippolyte-dreyfus_barney">Find a grave</a> for a succinct biography. <li>For Shoghi Effendi’s eulogy of him see BW3:210–14 and UD84–5. <li>Shoghi Effendi's <a href="https://lnker.com/HJgTY">letter</a> to his widow. <li>See <a href="../dreyfus-barney_biography_hippolyte_dreyfus-barney.html"><i>Biography of Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney</i></a> by Laura Clifford Barney and Shoghi Effendi, edited by Thomas Linard. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hippolyte_Dreyfus-Barney.html">Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/Disciples_of_Abdul-Baha.html">Disciples of Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1929 16 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In December of 1925 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of United States and Canada adopted the "Unified Plan of Action" and among the resolutions was to raise some $400,000 over the following three years to construct the first unit of the superstructure of the Temple. By the end of 1926 only $51,000 had been collected and the following year was just as disappointing. At the National Convention in 1928 Fred Schopflocher's donation of $25,000 inspired contributions and the Fund rose to about $87,000 by March 1929. On this day Fred and Lorol Schopflocher contributed a further $100,000. [LoF388-389, SETPE1p162-163] <li>See <a href="1937-05-00">May 1937</a> for another contribution of $100,000 from the Schopflochers.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Montreal.html">Montreal</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a>; <a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Wilmette.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Wilmette</a>; <a href="../tags/Fred_Schopflocher.html">Fred Schopflocher</a>; <a href="../tags/Lorol_Schopflocher.html">Lorol Schopflocher</a>; <a href="../tags/Unified_Plan_of_Action.html">Unified Plan of Action</a>; <a href="../tags/Funds.html">Funds</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1929 27 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Mansion at Bahjí was evacuated by the Covenant-breakers after the occupation by Muhammad-Alí and his relatives for about 40 years. [DH116; GPB355–6; PP231-232, SETPE1p174] <li>During this time they showed no respect for the Holy Site; a blacksmith shop was set up near the entrance to the Shrine. [SE125] <li>For details of how the building was left see GBP356. <li>For pictures of its neglected state see DH116. <li>Covenant-breakers continued to occupy the adjacent house until June 1957. [PP233] <li>See SE126 for Shoghi Effendi's plan for a Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh. <li> See <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_20/Issue_4/Text#pg122">SoW Vol 20 no 4 July 1929 p122</a> for an account of the observations of Miss Isabel Rives who visited the area at this time.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bahji.html">Bahji</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/House_of_Bahaullah_(Bahji).html">House of Bahaullah (Bahji)</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahji.html">Bahji</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Shrine_of.html">Bahaullah, Shrine of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1930 7 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Ruth White wrote to the High Commissioner of Palestine stating that she had sent a photograph of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's <i>Will and Testament</i> to Dr Ainsworth Mitchell in England who had declared it a forgery. The High Commissioner requested she send that same evidence to him and he forwarded it to the Governor of Haifa who requested to meet with Shoghi Effendi and allow an expert to examine the original. The expert declared the Will authentic. [SETPET1p157] <li>See <a href="https://senmcglinn.wordpress.com/2009/05/27/mitchells_mistake/"><i>Mitchell's Mistake</i></a> for a discussion of Mitchell's analysis of the handwriting of 'Abdu'l-Bahá by Senn McGlinn.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Israel.html">Israel</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Ruth_White.html">Ruth White</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Will_and_testament_of-2.html">Abdul-Baha, Will and testament of</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/High_Commissioners.html">High Commissioners</a>; <a href="../tags/Ainsworth_Mitchell.html">Ainsworth Mitchell</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1931 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mrs Claudia Coles in London. (b. 1863 or 1866 in Charleston, South Carolina). She accepted the Faith in Washington DC and moved to London in 1920. She was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the British Isles many times and often served as secretary. [BW4264-265] <li>See <a href="../writings/shoghieffendi/uncompiled_letters/1930s/1931-05-XX%20passing%20of%20Claudia%20Coles.html">tribute</a> from Shoghi Effendi. <li>See <i>Portraits of Some Bahá’í Women</i> by O.Z. Whitehead, GR, Oxford, 1996 pages 29-48.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Claudia_Coles.html">Claudia Coles</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1931 10 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The administration in Palestine wrote to Ruth White advising her that they would take no further action with respect to her claim that the will of 'Abdu'l-Bahá was a forgery. <li>"All Mrs White ever achieved was to stir up a temporary and insignificant cloud of dust". [PP119] <li>Mrs White wrote letters to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States and Canada as well as to some believers objecting to the directives of Shoghi Effendi and to the administration of the Cause through local and national assemblies. One of her converts was Dr Wilhelm Herrigel, one of the founding members of the German community. Later, Dr Herrigel became conscious of the mistake he had made. [SETPE1p158] <li>Likewise, Ruth White's husband was repentant, was offered a path back into the Faith but failed to take it. [SETPE1p158] iiiii <li>See <a href="../../www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/world-order-bahaullah/world-order-bahaullahcb72.pdf?1c31e444">WOB4</a> for Shoghi Effendi's thoughts on such an action as taken by Ruth White. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ruth_White.html">Ruth White</a>; <a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1931 27 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Swiss Bahá’í Auguste Forel, (b. 1 September, 1848 Morges, Switzerland, d. 27 July, 1931 Yvorne Switzerland) world-renowned psychiatrist, entomologist, anatomist, social reformer and peace worker, passed away. [FGM2] <li><a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23998532M/For_the_Good_of_Mankind"><i>For the Good of Mankind: August Forel and the Bahá’í Faith</i></a> by John Paul Vader, (published by George Ronald, Oxford, 1984) was originally written as a doctoral dissertation in the field of the history of medicine at the University of Lausanne on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Dr Forel's passing. The book documents Dr Forel's activities as a Bahá'í. <li>"The famous scientist and entomologist, Dr. Auguste Forel, was converted to the Faith through the influence of a <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/tablet-august-forel/">Tablet</a> sent him by 'Abdu'l-Bahá, one of the most weighty the Master ever wrote." [GPB307-308, 316, 375; AB448-449] <li>The Tablet from 'Abdu'l-Bahá to Dr Forel can also be found in <i>The Bahá’í World</i> Vol. XV, pp. 37–43. <li>See <a href""><i>The Life and Times of August Forel</i></a> by Sheila Banani published in Lights of Irfan, Volume 6, pages 1-20 Wilmette, IL: Irfan Colloquia, 2005 <li>See as well <a href="../ghadirian_auguste_forel.html"><i>Auguste Forel; His Life and Enlightenment</i></a> by A. M. Ghadirian, M.D. <li><a href="../vader_bw18_forel.html"><i>August Forel Defends the Persecuted Persian Bahá'ís: 1925-1927</i></a> by John Paul Vader published in Bahá'í World, Vol. 18 (1979-1983), pages 970-974 1986 (the <a href="../pdf/v/vader_bw18_forel.pdf">pdf</a>) <li>See Shoghi Effendi's mention of Dr Forel in <i>Lights of Divine Guidance</i> Vol 2 page <a href="../writings/shoghieffendi/ldg/ldg2.html#2">5</a>, and his letter to his daughter, Mrs. Marta Brauns-Forel, regarding his status as a believer on pages <a href="../writings/shoghieffendi/ldg/ldg2.html#18">18-19</a>. <li>See <i>Auguste Forel and the Bahá'í Faith</i> published by George Ronald in 1978. It was translated from <i>Brief An Forel</i> originally published by Bahá'í Verlag GmbH. It contains Forel's letter to 'Abdu'l-Bahá, His reply, and a commentary by Peter Mühlschlegel. <li>His autobiography, <i>Rückblick auf mein Leben </i> (1935) has been translated as <i>Out of My Life and Work</i> by Bernard Miall and <a href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/author/auguste-forel/first-edition/">published</a> by Allen & Unwin Ltd in 1937. <li>See the article <i><a href="../forel_world_vision_savant.html"/>The World Vision of a Savant</a></i> by Dr Auguste H Forel. [BW3p284—287] <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Forel">Wikipedia</a> article. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/177203365/auguste-forel">Find a grave.</a> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Switzerland.html">Switzerland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Auguste_Forel.html">Auguste Forel</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1932 15 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Greatest Holy Leaf, Bahíyyih Khánum, ‘outstanding heroine of the Bahá’í Dispensation’ passed away in Haifa about one hour after midnight. [BW5:169; GPB108] <li>Her passing marked the end of the Heroic Age of the Faith. [BBD102; WOB98] <li>She was comparable in rank to Sarah, Ásíyih, the Virgin Mary, Fátimih and Táhirih. [GPB347] And from the publication in her honour by the World Centre in 1982 p34... <ul><a href="../bwc_bahiyyih_khanum.html"><i>the brightest embodiment of that love which is born of God and of that human sympathy which few mortals are capable of evincing</i></a>.</ul> <li>Shoghi Effendi was in Switzerland and immediately went to Italy to commission a memorial for her grave. [DH156] <li>Shoghi Effendi asked the Bahá'í World to observe a period of mourning for her of nine months. [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/decisive-hour/2#293801818"><i>This Decisive Hour</i></a> #3] <li>For Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá revealed in her honour see BW5:171–3; <a href="../books/bahiyyih.khanum/1.html">by Bahá’u’lláh</a>; <a href="../books/bahiyyih.khanum/2.html">by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá</a>; and for tributes <a href="../books/bahiyyih.khanum/3.html">by Shoghi Effendi</a> as well as <a href="../books/bahiyyih.khanum/0.html">by Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhiyyih Khánum</a>. <li>See BW19 pg39-74 <a href="../50th-anniversary_greatest_holy_leaf.html">The Greatest Holy Leaf, The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Passing of Bahiyyih Khanum.</a> <li>For Shoghi Effendi’s tribute to her see BW5:174–9. <li>For Marjory Morten’s obituary of her see BW5:181–5. <li>The design of the monument for the resting place of the Greatest Holy Leaf is a symbol of the Bahá’í administrative order. [CB298] <li>See also <a href="../bwc_bahiyyih_khanum.html"><i> Bahíyyih Khánum</i></a> published by the World Centre in 1982 and <i>Khánum, The Greatest Holy Leaf</i> by Marzieh Gail published by George Ronald in 1982; BBD42; CB121–2, 305; DH156–61; GBF65–8; PP144–8. <li>See <a href="../pdf/f/fazi_gift_love.pdf"><i>A Gift of Love; Offered to the Greatest Holy Leaf</i></a> by Abu'l-Qasim Faizi. <li><a href="https://lnker.com/dkJUR"><i>Meditation on Passing of Bahíyyih Khánum</i></a> from <i>Bahíyyih Khánum</i>, compiled by the Research Department pp23-30 </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Mount_Carmel.html">Mount Carmel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahiyyih_Khanum_(Greatest_Holy_Leaf).html">Bahiyyih Khanum (Greatest Holy Leaf)</a>; <a href="../tags/Heroic_Age-2.html">Heroic Age</a>; <a href="../tags/Marjory_Morten.html">Marjory Morten</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Monument_Gardens.html">Monument Gardens</a>; <a href="../tags/Architecture.html">Architecture</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Bahai_World_Centre_buildings%2c_monuments_and_gardens.html">- Bahai World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens</a>; <a href="../tags/World_Centre.html">World Centre</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1933 23 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Keith Ransom-Kehler died of smallpox in Isfahán after a year of intensive travel around Iran. [BW5:24, 398; <a href="../../file.bahai.media/f/f8/Baha%27i_News_80.pdf#page=1">BN No 80 January 1934 p11</a>] <li>For her obituary see BW5:389–410. <li>She was buried near the grave of the King of Martyrs. [BW5:398] <li>For a picture of her grave see BW5:399. <li>Shoghi Effendi named her America’s ‘first and distinguished martyr’. [BW5:398] <li>Shoghi Effendi elevated her to the rank of Hand of the Cause on 28 October, 1933. [BW5:398, MoCxxii] <li>See message from the Guardian dated <a href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MA/ma-8.html">30 October 1933</a>. <li>For her mission in Iran see BW5:23–7. <li>See also PP306–7. <li>See <i>Other People Other Places</i> by Marzieh Gail (pages 176-181) for a pen portrait of Keith Ransom-Kehler. <li>See FMH51-52] <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/keith-bean-ransom-kehler/amp/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>Photo of her grave. [BW9p68] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Isfahan.html">Isfahan</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Keith_Ransom-Kehler.html">Keith Ransom-Kehler</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_appointed_posthumously_by_Shoghi_Effendi.html">Hands appointed posthumously by Shoghi Effendi</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Activities.html">Hands of the Cause, Activities</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a>; <a href="../tags/Names_and_titles.html">Names and titles</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first American martyr</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1934</span> 20 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/134603a0.epdf?sharing_token=XZFmOH_e9iqp_k9nw-C8XtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Nv1NHJEHz7K3BtNyT7o0ZtvHipbIE8mwsl_99wgtBfiOupiQoiGc4k9B1uWrsA-gJlpGugLyzXUgq-Ggin6cpmxxyhbM9CIrvIZrxSui7rbQ%3D%3D">dictionary</a> used by the Guardian. <p>In a message from the Universal House of Justice to a department at the World Centre, Amatu’l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum is quoted as saying: <p> <q>…that the English dictionary to which the beloved Guardian habitually referred was “Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language”, second edition, unabridged, 1934, London G. Bell and Sons Ltd., Springfield, Massachusetts, R. and C. Merriam Co. We presume that if there were two versions published, one American and one British, it will have been the British one that the Guardian used. Reference to this specific edition of this dictionary is, obviously, very important when gauging the exact meaning intended by Shoghi Effendi in the use of certain words. </q> [<a href="../uhj_dictionary_shoghi_effendi.html"><i>Dictionary Used by the Guardian</i> </a> by/on behalf of Universal House of Justice 1997-12-08] <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary#Webster%E2%80%99s_New_International_Dictionary_(second_edition,_1934)">Wikipedia</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/London.html">London</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Dictionary_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Dictionary of</a>; <a href="../tags/Webster_dictionary.html">Webster dictionary</a>; <a href="../tags/Dictionaries.html">Dictionaries</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a>; <a href="../tags/English_language.html">English language</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Writings_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Translations_by.html">Shoghi Effendi, Translations by</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1935 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh</i>. [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/gleanings-writings-bahaullah">Gleanings</a>; BEL1.37] <li>Described by Shoghi Effendi as being, "a selection of the most characteristic and hitherto unpublished passages from the outstanding works of the Author of the Bahá'í Revelation," [GBF93] <li>Also see <a href="http://introductionbahaibooks.blogspot.com/2010/02/gleanings-from-writings-of-bahaullah.html">Introduction to Bahá'í Books</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Gleanings_from_the_Writings_of_Bahaullah.html">Gleanings from the Writings of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Translations_by.html">Shoghi Effendi, Translations by</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1936 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Renée Szanto-Felbermann became a Bahá’í, the first to accept the Faith in Hungary. She was considered the first person to accept the Faith by some notwithstanding the events of 1913. [BW19:633] <li>See also Renée Szanto-Felbermann, <i>Rebirth: The Memoirs of Szanto-Felbermann</i> p104. <li>This document prepared by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'í Community of Hungary says that Mr. Arminius Vámbéry is the first believer in Hungary. See <a href="http://www.bahai.hu/english/draft-summary-history-international-character-hungarian-bahai-community/">www.bahai.hu</a> <li>See BW5p329 for the testament written by Professor Vámbéry and published in the <i>Egyptian Gazette</i> September 24th, 1913. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Hungary.html">Hungary</a>; <a href="../locations/Budapest.html">Budapest</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/First_Bahais_by_country_or_area.html">First Bahais by country or area</a>; <a href="../tags/Arminius_Vamb%c3%a9ry.html">Arminius Vambéry</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first to accept Bahá'í Faith in Hungary</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1937 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Fred Schopflocher contributed and additional $100,000 (see <a href="1929-03-16">16 March, 1929</a>) to the goal of $350,000 to complete the exterior ornamentation of the House of Worship. For his dedication to the construction the Guardian designated him as "Chief Temple Builder". [LoF 388-390, BW12p664] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Wilmette.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Wilmette</a>; <a href="../tags/Fred_Schopflocher.html">Fred Schopflocher</a>; <a href="../tags/Funds.html">Funds</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1938 25 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shoghi Effendi addressed <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/advent-divine-justice/"><i>The Advent of Divine Justice</i></a>, a book-length letter, to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada. [ADJ; PG215] <li>See <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1096795825/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=baibl0c-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1096795825&linkId=6e7fab2f74d8d019008dc56273ad8810"><i>A Tutorial on the Advent of Divine Justice: Spiritual Values for a New World Order </i></a> by Fazel Naghdy. <li>See as well a <a href=:https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/27894/assignments">Study Guide</a> at the Crimsom Academy. iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Writings_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Advent_of_Divine_Justice_(letter).html">Advent of Divine Justice (letter)</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1939 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Budapest was elected. There were about 14 believers in the community, mostly of Jewish ancestry. This caused difficulty for the community in the Nazi persecutions that followed. [<i>Rebirth: Memoirs of Renée Szanto-Felbermann</i> p108] <p> According to the description of Renée Szántó-Felbermann, they could not even meet in Budapest: „It was at their (the Sugárs) house in Alag (today part of Budakeszi) that we elected the first Spiritual Assembly in the history of Hungary, Ridvan 1939. When we boarded the train for Alag, in order to avoid suspicion, we Bahá’ís did not remain together, but went by twos and threes. The same procedure was repeated on our arrival to Alag. It was a memorable, unforgettable evening, that Feast of Ridván in the small house at Alag fragrant with spring flowers. We were all deeply moved. And our dear Bertha Matthiesen was radiant. … Jenő Sugár was elected chairman, Mária Kleinberger became treasurer and I continued as secretary.” [<a href="http://www.bahai.hu/english/draft-summary-history-international-character-hungarian-bahai-community/">www.bahai.hu</a>] <li>See <a href="http://www.bahai.hu/english/draft-summary-history-international-character-hungarian-bahai-community/">www.bahai.hu</a> for a list of community members. <li>Ms Bertha Matthiesen spent a lot of time in Hungary between 1937 and 1939 when most declarations took place and the first spiritual assembly was formed. [<a href="http://www.bahai.hu/english/draft-summary-history-international-character-hungarian-bahai-community/">www.bahai.hu</a>] <li>Mr Emeric Sala (Imre Szalavetz) a Canadian Bahá'í who was born in Hungary visited Budapest in 1933 and in 1937. [<a href="http://www.bahai.hu/english/draft-summary-history-international-character-hungarian-bahai-community/">www.bahai.hu</a>] <li>Canadian travel teacher Ms Lorol Schopflocher visited Budapest in March-April 1937. [<a href="http://www.bahai.hu/english/draft-summary-history-international-character-hungarian-bahai-community/">www.bahai.hu</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Budapest.html">Budapest</a>; <a href="../locations/Hungary.html">Hungary</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Local_Spiritual_Assembly.html">Local Spiritual Assembly</a>; <a href="../tags/World_War_II.html">World War II</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Hungary.html">Persecution, Hungary</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Jews.html">Jews</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Spiritual Assembly in Budapest</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1939 31 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Lady Sara Louisa Blomfield, entitled Sitárih Khánum, (b. 1859) passed away in London. She was buried in Hampstead Cemetery, Borough of Camden, London. [BW8:651; SEBW109] <li>For details of her life see SEBW101–110, <a href="https://dailynotebahaihistory.blogspot.ca/">Daily Note from Bahá'í History</a> and <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/lady-sara-louisa-blomfield/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>For her obituary see BW8:651–6. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Blomfield">Wikipedia</a>. <li>See <a href="https://archive.ph/YPoT2"><i> First Obligation-Lady Blomfield and the Save the Children Fund</i></a> by Rob Weinberg on the <i>UK Bahá'í Heritage site. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/102015418/sara-louisa-blomfield">Find a grave</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lady_Blomfield.html">Lady Blomfield</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1940 1 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">May Bolles Maxwell (b. 14 January 1940 in Englewood, NJ) passed away in Buenos Aires. [BBD153; TG49] <p> Shoghi Effendi called her "the spiritual mother of Canada" and Montreal the "mother city of Canada". [OBCC35] <li>Shoghi Effendi awarded her the honour of a ‘martyr’s death’ and designated her as a Disciple of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. [BW8:631; MA38] <li>She was the first Bahá'í on European soil and the "mother" of both the French and the Canadian Bahá'í communities. [PP149] <li>For her "In Memoriam" and tribute written by Marion Holley see <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_8/In_Memoriam#pg631">BW8p631-642</a>. <li>Hooper Dunbar quoted Shoghi Effendi in his cable to the friends in Iran announcing her passing:<br> <ul><q>May Maxwell, the severed teacher firebrand of the love of God and spreader of the fragrances of God Mrs Maxwell, forsook her native land and hastened to the most distant countries out of love for her Master and yearning to sound the call to the Cause of her Lord and her inspiration, until she ascended to the highest summit attaining the rank of martyrdom in the capital of the Argentine. The furthermost boundary the countenances of paradise invoke blessings upon her in the glorious apex saying, may she enjoy with healthy relish the cup that is full and brimming over with the wine of the love of God for the like of this should the travaillers travail. Inform all the friends of the announcement of this mighty victory. </q> [A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Au7hdAL_zRo&t=7s">talk</a>] given by Mr Dunbar 28:08]</ul> <li>Shoghi Effendi asked her husband, Sutherland Maxwell, to design her tomb, which was to be a ‘historic centre’ for ‘pioneer Bahá’í activity’. [BW8:642] <li>For an account of the erection of the monument to her see PSBW83–6.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Buenos_Aires.html">Buenos Aires</a>; <a href="../locations/Argentina.html">Argentina</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/May_Maxwell_(Bolles).html">May Maxwell (Bolles)</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Names_and_titles.html">Names and titles</a>; <a href="../tags/Sutherland_Maxwell.html">Sutherland Maxwell</a>; <a href="../tags/Architecture.html">Architecture</a>; <a href="../tags/Disciples_of_Abdul-Baha.html">Disciples of Abdul-Baha</a>; <a href="../tags/First_Bahais_by_country_or_area.html">First Bahais by country or area</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">First Bahá'í on European soil.</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1941 17 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">John Henry Hyde Dunn, passed away in Sydney. [BW9:595; SBR166] <li>Shortly after his passing Shoghi Effendi appointed him to the rank of Hand of the Cause of God. (26 April, 1952) [MoCxxii] <li>For the story of his life see SBR153–68. <li>For his obituary see BW9:593–7. <li>For a biography see <a href="http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:dunn-clara-and-j-hyde&catid=37:biography">The Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project</a> <li>Photo of his grave. [BW9p72] <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/clara-dunn-and-john-henry-hyde-dunn/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Sydney.html">Sydney</a>; <a href="../locations/Australia.html">Australia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hyde_Dunn.html">Hyde Dunn</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_appointed_posthumously_by_Shoghi_Effendi.html">Hands appointed posthumously by Shoghi Effendi</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1941 20 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Howard Colby Ives (b. 11 Oct 1867, Brooklyn, New York, d. Pulaski County, Arkansas, USA). He was buried in Pinecrest Memorial Park and Garden Mausoleum, Alexander, Saline County, Arkansas. [<a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume9.pdf&page=637">BW9p608-613</a>; <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/33678227/howard-colby-ives">Find a grave</a>] <li>He and his wife Mabel spent nearly the last twenty years of his life as itinerant teachers. (Often teamed up with the Obers and the McKays) For example they came to Toronto in November of 1938 and stayed for about 10 months. During that time Mabel gave more than 150 lectures in Toronto and about 70 in Hamilton, Toronto's expansion goal. Howard, who was had had heart problems and who was rapidly losing for sight and hearing at the time, complemented her abilities by doing personal deepening with receptive souls. [TMLF62-67, SEBW139-154] <p> Some of his works were: <ul><li><a href="../pdf/i/ives_ocean_utterances.pdf"><i>The Ocean of His Utterances</i></a> Unpublished study course in the Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh using the books of Bahá'u'lláh, Abdu'l‑Baha, and Shoghi Effendi, compiled and with commentary by Ives. Not yet formatted. <li><a href="../ives_portals_freedom.html"><i>Portals to Freedom</i></a> (1937) A collection of anecdotes and history of Abdu'l-Baha's travels to the United States, as told by one observer. [BEL7.1313 to 7.1320] <li><a href="../ives_song_celestial.html"><i>The Song Celestial</i></a> (1938) A mystical book about Mr. Ives' search for God, in which a seeker asks God various questions, and God responds. [BEL7.1321-1322]</ul> <li>Also see <a href="../ives_mothers_stories_abdulbaha"><i>Mother's Stories: Recollections of Abdu'l-Baha</i></a> by Muriel Ives Barrow Newhall (Daughter of Howard and Mabel Ives) </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Little_Rock.html">Little Rock</a>; <a href="../locations/AR.html">AR</a>; <a href="../locations/Brooklyn.html">Brooklyn</a>; <a href="../locations/NY.html">NY</a>; <a href="../locations/Toronto.html">Toronto</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Howard_Colby_Ives.html">Howard Colby Ives</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Mabel_Rice-Wray_Ives.html">Mabel Rice-Wray Ives</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1941 31 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Some members of the National Spiritual Assembly filed suit against Sohrab to try to stop him from using the name Bahá'í. He had opened a Bahá'í bookshop in New York in 1939. This suit was filed in the Supreme Court of New York County. The judge granted a motion to dismiss, stating that "the plaintiffs have no right to a monopoly of the name of a religion. The defendants, who purport to be members of the same religion, have an equal right to use the name of the religion..." The judge mentioned that the complaint could be further amended and the NSA appealed but the Appellate Court affirmed the decision of the lower court. <br> The National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada distributed a mimeographed statement concerning the New History Society entitled <i>The Basis of the Bahá’í Community</i>, which explained the purpose and outcome of the lawsuit entered against the founders of the New History Society to prevent their misuse of the name "Bahá’í” on which the National Spiritual Assembly had obtained a trademark patent. [<a href="../nsa_new_history.html">The Basis of the Bahá'í Community: A Statement Concerning the New History Society</a>] <li>Also see <a href="../sohrab_vs_us-nsa_1941.html"> United States National Spiritual Assembly vs. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab</a>. <li>During the second World War the New History Society put forth an alleged passage from 'Abdu'l-Bahá which would justify citizens in refusing to obey their governments when drafted into the military forces. The National Spiritual Assembly was obliged to explain the true Bahá'í position to the federal authorities as set forth by the Guardian.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Covenant-breakers.html">Covenant-breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/New_History_Society.html">New History Society</a>; <a href="../tags/Ahmad_Sohrab.html">Ahmad Sohrab</a>; <a href="../tags/The_Basis_of_the_Bahai_Community.html">The Basis of the Bahai Community</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1942 – early</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication in Iran of <i>The Political Confessions or Memoirs of Prince Dolgoruki</i> (or, simply, <i>Dolgorukov's Memoirs</i>). The book contends that the Bábí Faith was simply an element in a plot to destabilize Iran and Islam. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/1407/sole-targets-of-conspiracism/">22 February, 2009</a> Iran Press Watch] <li>See <a href="../../tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/69065/3/Yazdani_Mina_20116_PhD_thesis.pdf">Religious Contentions in Modern Iran, 1881-1941</a> by Dr Mina Yazdani where she posits that "The process of Othering the Bahá'ís had at least three components; 1) religious, carried on by the traditionalist theologians; 2) institutional and formal, sanctioned by the state; and 3) political, the result of a joint and gradual process in which Azalīs, former Bahá'ís and reformist theologians all played a role. This process reached its culmination with the widespread publication of <i>The Confessions of Dolgoruki</i> which resulted in a fundamental paradigm shift in the anti-Bahá'í discourse. With the widespread impression of Bahá'ís as spies of foreign powers, what up to that point constituted a sporadic theme in some anti-Bahá'í polemics now became the dominant narrative of them all, including those authored by traditionalist clerics. Consequently, as Iran entered the 1940s, the process that would transform Islamic piety to political ideology was well under way." <li>In its preface, <i>Dolgorukov's Memoirs</i> purported to be a translation of the memoirs of Prince Dimitri Ivanovich Dolgorukov (Russian Minister in Iran from 1845-54), first published in the official organ of the Soviet Communist Party. According to the book, whose Russian “original” has never been found, Prince Dolgorukov had travelled to Iran during the 1830s, entered the ranks of the ‘ulama, and instigated the Bábí-Bahá’í uprising. The book totally contradicted the well-documented life of Prince Dolgorukov, and made obvious chronological and historical mistakes in its allegations about the lives of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh. Nevertheless, it was reprinted many times, and created a master narrative that others subsequently deployed. With its political tone, the book, on the one hand, heralded the ascendancy of politics over religion in the mindset of Iran’s Shi’a clergy, and on the other, demonstrated the vast popularity that conspiracy theories enjoyed in Iran. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/1407/">Iran Press Watch</a> 1407] iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Conspiracy_theories.html">Conspiracy theories</a>; <a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a>; <a href="../tags/Memoirs.html">Memoirs</a>; <a href="../tags/Prince_Dolgorukov.html">Prince Dolgorukov</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1942 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Lidia Zamenhof was killed in the gas chambers at Treblinka. [HDBF516] <li>For her obituary see BW10:533–8. <li>See also <i>Lidia</i> by Wendy Heller, GR, Oxford, 1985 and <a href="https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2017/01/lidia-zamenhof-a-cosmopolitan-woman-and-victim-of-the-holocaust.html"><i>Lidia Zamenhof, a cosmopolitan woman and victim of the Holocaust</i></a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-695810">JPost.com 8Feb2022</a> for a full history of the language and of the Zamenof family. iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Treblinka.html">Treblinka</a>; <a href="../locations/Poland.html">Poland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lidia_Zamenhof.html">Lidia Zamenhof</a>; <a href="../tags/World_War_II.html">World War II</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Poland.html">Persecution, Poland</a>; <a href="../tags/Esperanto.html">Esperanto</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1943 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i><a href="../hofman_will_testament_abdul-baha.html">A Commentary on the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá</a></i> written by David Hofman by a new publisher, George Ronald. They went on to publish books on business ethics, comparative religion, studies of sacred texts, Islam, poetry, music, novels, biography and philosophy as well as a number of other subjects. George Ronald is primarily a publisher of books related to the history, teachings, doctrines and personalities of the Bahá’í Faith. See the reference for a list of Bahá'í books published up to 2013. [<a href="A%20Commentary%20on%20the%20Will%20and%20Testament%20of%e2%80%98Abdu%e2%80%99l-Bah%c3%a1.html">George Ronald A Bibliographic History by Jan Jasion</a>] <li>A current catalogue can be found at their<a href="http://www.grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/"> website</a>. <li>see <a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2021/02/george-ronald-publishing-authentic-accurate-inspiring-bahai-books-since-1943/"><i>George Ronald: Publishing Authentic, Accurate & Inspiring Baha’i Books Since 1943</i></a> by Sonjel Vreeland.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Will_and_Testament_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Will and Testament of</a>; <a href="../tags/George_Ronald.html">George Ronald</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Publishing.html">Publishing</a>; <a href="../tags/Publishing_Trusts.html">Publishing Trusts</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/David_Hofman.html">David Hofman</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first book published by George Ronald.</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1943</span> 18 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mabel Rice-Wray Ives (Rizwanea) (b. in St. Louis, MI in 1878) in Oklahoma, OK. She was buried in Memorial Park Cemetery. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_9/In_Memoriam#pg617">BW9p616</a>; <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/60963651/mabel-ives">Find a grave</a>] <p>She first heard of the Faith at the age of 21 in 1899 under miraculous circumstances. [<a href="https://bahaimemories.com/mable-ives-mysterious-trolley-car-ride"><i>Mable Ives & The Mysterious Trolley Car Ride</i></a>] <p>In 1903 she married Theron Canfield Rice-Wray and had three children. They lived in California from 1909 to 1914 where her marriage ended and she returned to the East. <p>In 1919 she met Howard Colby Ives and they married in 1920 and she became known to many who loved her as "Rizwanea". For nearly twenty years they traveled and taught the Faith often teaming with Grace and Harlan Ober as well as Doris and Willard McKay in both business and the teaching work. It was their entire life. They traveled through the New England states, through Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, New York and many many more in Canada as well-always teaching, always leaving an established Assembly behind them." For example they came to Toronto in November of 1938 and stayed for about 10 months. During that time Mabel gave more than 150 lectures in Toronto and about 70 in Hamilton, Toronto's expansion goal. Howard, who was had had heart problems and who was rapidly losing for sight and hearing at the time, complemented her abilities by doing personal deepening with receptive souls. [TMLF62-67, SEBW139-154] <ul><li>See <a href="https://www.grbooks.com/search?q=doris+mckay"><i>Fires in Many Hearts - Memoirs of an early American believer</i></a> by Doris McKay.</li></ul> <p>See the story of how Mabel resolved the situation when she could no longer tolerate the itinerate lifestyle in the story <a href="https://bahaimemories.com/when-mable-ives-could-endure-no-more-she-prayed"><i> When Mable Ives Could Endure No More, She Prayed </i></a>. <p>See the tribute paid to her in the Canadian Bahá'í News No 202 November 1966 p4. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/St.html">St. Louis,MI</a>; <a href="../locations/Oklahoma%2cOK.html">Oklahoma,OK</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mabel_Rice-Wray_Ives.html">Mabel Rice-Wray Ives</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1944 Nov (mid)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>God Passes By</i>, a survey of the history of the first century of the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths by Shoghi Effendi. [BBRSM137; CB308; PG217-218; GPBXI; BEL5.62] <li>Shoghi Effendi intended the book to be a gift to the Bahá’ís of the West on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Declaration of the Báb but conditions in the United States delayed its publication. [GT79–80; PP224] <li>For information on how Shoghi Effendi wrote the book, "the only true book we have from his pen", see GBF95–6 and PP222–4. <li>Shoghi Effendi also wrote a shorter version of the same theme as <i>God Passes By</i> in Persian. [PP420] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2022/06/a-users-guide-to-god-passes-by/"><i>A User's Guide to God Passes By</i></a> on Bahá'í Blog.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/God_Passes_By_(book).html">God Passes By (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Writings_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Gifts.html">Gifts</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1945</span> (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Marzieh Gail and her father, 'Ali Kuli Khan made a provisional translation of the Long Healing Prayer that was hand-typed and distributed informally among the friends. [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wswVr3F09c">The Long Healing Prayer of Bahá'u'lláh: The Metaphysics of Unity 12.56</A>] <li>See <a href="../bahaullah_khan_healing_prayer.html"><I>Long Healing Prayer: an early provisional translation by Bahá'u'lláh</I></A> translated by Ali Kuli Khan and Marzieh Gail.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Long_Healing_Prayer.html">Long Healing Prayer</a>; <a href="../tags/Marzieh_Gail.html">Marzieh Gail</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Kuli_Khan.html">Ali Kuli Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Healing_Prayer%2c_Long.html">Healing Prayer, Long</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1945 24 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The United Nations was formally established. <li>For the relationship of the Bahá’í Faith to the United Nations see BW16:327–52. <li>See <a href="http://www.bahai.org/r/605810522"</>SDC64-65</a> for 'Abdu'l-Bahá's prophetic statement, written in 1875, "True civilization will unfurl its banner...". <li>The temporary headquarters for the United Nations was established in Lake Success, NY in a warehouse formerly occupied by the Sperry Gyroscope Company. (1946-1952). <li>See the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter">United Nations Charter</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/San_Francisco.html">San Francisco</a>; <a href="../locations/California.html">California</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Secret_of_Divine_Civilization_(book).html">Secret of Divine Civilization (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Collective_security.html">Collective security</a>; <a href="../tags/Prophecies.html">Prophecies</a>; <a href="../tags/World_War_II.html">World War II</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1946 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of Germany and Austria was re-established. [BN No 187 September 1946 p8-9] <li>It was elected for the first time since 1937. Those elected were: Fred Kohler, Dr Adelheid Jäger, De Hermann Grossmann, Martha Brauns-Forel, Erwin Knorr, Paul Golfer, Edith Horn, Martel Weiss, Hede Schubert. [<a href="../liedtke_german_bahai_nazism.html"><i>The German Baha'i Community under National Socialism</i></a> p18] <li>Three American servicemen, Bruce Davison, John Eichenauer, and Capt Henry Jarvis rendered service to the stricken community. <li>It would appear that there was no Austrian representation at this National Convention nor at the National Convention the following year. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_11/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_in_the_East_and_West#pg30">BW11p30</a>] <li>See <a href="../liedtke_german_bahai_nazism.html"><i>The German Baha'i Community under National Socialism</i></a> p21-26 for the persecution of the Bahá'í community before and during the war. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Germany.html">Germany</a>; <a href="../locations/Austria.html">Austria</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1946 11 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Orcella Rexford (b. Louise Cutts-Powell, 12 Jun 1887 in Tracey, Minnesota) in Los Angeles. She was buried near the grave of Thornton Chase in the Inglewood Park Cemetery. [BW11p495-498; <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/140562537/orcella-rexford">Find a grave</a>] <li>Orcella first heard of the Bahá'í Faith from Mrs. Myrta Sandoz of Cleveland, Ohio, and was later confirmed by Dr. Edward Getsinger in Boston, Mass. She became a believer in 1918-1919. [BW11p495] <li>For a brief biography see <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/orcella-rexford/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>For a more extensive biography see <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Orcella_Rexford">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>See her article, <i>Alaska, Our New Frontier</i>. [BW9p918-922] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Los_Angeles.html">Los Angeles</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Orcella_Rexford.html">Orcella Rexford</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a>; <a href="../tags/Thornton_Chase.html">Thornton Chase</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1947 1 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Reflecting the unity in diversity highly valued by the Bahá'í community, Amin Banani, Mildred Mottahedeh, Hilda Yen, and Matthew Bullock presented the statement <a href=https://www.bic.org/statements/bahai-declaration-human-obligations-and-rights#FoseVfAyBj840A1A.97">"A Bahá'í Declaration of Human Obligations and Rights"</a> to the UN, which ended by quoting a well-known passage by Baha'u'llah: "The earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens." <li> In 1947 as was "The Bahá'í Statement of the Rights of Women". [<a href="../khanum_priceless_pearl%26chapter%3d13.html">PP304</a>] <li> Amin Banani was an influential scholar; Mildred Mottahedeh was a member of the International Bahá'í Council from 1961-63 and later a representative of the BIC for many years (1948-1967); Hilda Yen was a leading figure in Chinese-American society who worked as a diplomat for many years; and Matthew Bullock was a Knight of Baha'u'llah for the Dutch West Indies, on this day was also a Knight for the Netherlands Antilles, and later a representative of the BIC. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1172/slideshow#img-9">BWNS1172</a>] <li>For background information on the initiative to become involved with the United Nations see <a href="../khanum_priceless_pearl%26chapter%3d13.html">PP303-304</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Matthew_Bullock.html">Matthew Bullock</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Amin_Banani.html">Amin Banani</a>; <a href="../tags/Mildred_Mottahedeh.html">Mildred Mottahedeh</a>; <a href="../tags/Hilda_Yen.html">Hilda Yen</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">the first delegation of the Baha'i International Community to the United Nations</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1948 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The owners of a house near the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh fled and the house became government property. [DH226] <li>Shoghi Effendi restored the house and made it a pilgrim house. [DH226] <li>He acquired the title in about 1956 as part of the exchange of the Ein Gev properties. [DH226] <li>See <a href="https://newsrnd.com/news/2022-11-12-the-bahá-ís-and-the-conflict-over-ein-gav-lands---voila!-news.BkBUOJTHi.html">The Limited Times 11Nov22</a> for a history of the Ein Gev properties.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bahji.html">Bahji</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Shrine_of.html">Bahaullah, Shrine of</a>; <a href="../tags/House_of_Bahaullah_(Bahji).html">House of Bahaullah (Bahji)</a>; <a href="../tags/Pilgrim_Houses.html">Pilgrim Houses</a>; <a href="../tags/Pilgrim_house%2c_Bahji-2.html">Pilgrim house, Bahji</a>; <a href="../tags/Restoration.html">Restoration</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1948 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first Bahá'í institution in Italy, the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Rome was elected. <li> See <a href="https://www.datocms-assets.com/6348/1550577395-131101.jpg">picture</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Rome.html">Rome</a>; <a href="../locations/Italy.html">Italy</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Local_Spiritual_Assembly.html">Local Spiritual Assembly</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Local Spiritual Assembly in Italy</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1949</span> 9 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Resolution entitled <a href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/genocide.html"><i>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</i></a>. <li>It was largely through the one-man campaign of a Polish jurist, Raphael Lemkin, someone who had lost family members in the Nazi holocaust, and who had invented the term "genocide", that the Resolution was adopted. [<i>In Search of a Better World</i> by Payam Akhavan p91-92] <li>The attitude at the time could be summed up in the words "Never again!" however the world would have to wait another 50 years before the International Criminal Court would be established to provide any real meaning to this Resolution. <li>See <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/IBM-Holocaust-Strategic-Alliance-Corporation/dp/0609607995/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=IBM+and+the+Holocaust&qid=1613663125&sr=8-1">IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation</i></a> by Edwin Black. It is the stunning story of IBM's strategic alliance with Nazi Germany -- beginning in 1933 in the first weeks that Hitler came to power and continuing well into World War II. As the Third Reich embarked upon its plan of conquest and genocide, IBM and its subsidiaries helped create enabling technologies, step-by-step, from the identification and cataloging programs of the 1930s to the selections of the 1940s. A <a href="https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/ibm-holocaust/">book review.</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Genocide.html">Genocide</a>; <a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Justice.html">Justice</a>; <a href="../tags/Law%2c_International.html">Law, International</a>; <a href="../tags/World_War_II.html">World War II</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1950 (In the decade)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In Iran, the Hujjatiyya Society was started by Shaykh Mahmúd Halabí to persecute and harass the Bahá’ís. [S1296] <li>During the Pahlaví era it confined itself to this end and was called the Anti-Bahá’í Society. [SI296] <LI>See <a href=:https://bahai-library.com/abedi_anti_bahai_society"><i>The Anti-Bahá'í Society </i></a> by Mehdi Abedi and Michael M.J. Fischer.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hojjatieh_Society.html">Hojjatieh Society</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Anti-Bahai_Society.html">Anti-Bahai Society</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1950 15 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The earliest observation of what has become known as World Religion Day was observed in Portland, Maine in October of 1947 and was entitled "World Peace Through World Religion" after a talk by Firuz Kazemzadeh. [<a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/305472/world_religion_day_observed_with_with/">Portland Sunday Telegram And Sunday Press Herald. Portland, Maine. October 19, 1947. p. 42.</a>; <a href="../../bahai.works/File_Baha%27i_News_229.html">BN No 229 March 1956 p1</a>] <li>In 1949 there were observances in various communities in the United States and in December of 1949 it was standardized across the United States by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States to be held January 15, 1950. The purpose of World Religion Day is to highlight the ideas that the spiritual principles underlying the world's religions are harmonious, and that religions play a significant role in unifying humanity. [BN No 226 December 1949 106BE p4-5] <li>It is celebrated internationally each year on the third Sunday in January. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Religion_Day">Wikipedia</a>] <li>See <a href="../pdf/b/buck_celebrations_world_day.pdf"><i>World Religion Day (January)</i></a> by Christopher Buck <lI>See message from the Universal House of Justice dated 22 October, 1968 to the Spiritual Assembly of Chicago in <a href="../hornby_lights_guidance_2.html%26chapter%3d4#n1710"><i>Lights of Guidance</i></a> #1710 in which they describe the purpose of World Religion Day.<p> ".....is a celebration of the need for and the coming of a world religion for mankind, the Bahá'í Faith itself." iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/World_Religion_Day.html">World Religion Day</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Firuz_Kazemzadeh.html">Firuz Kazemzadeh</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1951 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Several National Spiritual Assemblies-Britain, Egypt, India, Iran and the United States, joined forces in their first collaborative teaching effort called the Africa Campaign (1951-1953). [Ruhi 8.2 p46, BBRSM158, MBW135-140] <li>See also UD261 for the significance of the Africa Campaign. <li>See <a href="../hassall_bahai_communities_country.html#26">Bahá'í Communities by Country: Research Notes </a>by Graham Hassall for further details of the Plan.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Africa.html">Africa</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a>; <a href="../locations/India.html">India</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Africa_Campaign.html">Africa Campaign</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1951 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Central America, Mexico and the Antilles was elected at an international convention in Panama City. Those elected were: Srta. Raquel J. Francois, Mrs. Cora H. Oliver, Srta. Elena Marsella, Srta. Natalia Chavez, James V. Facey Srta. Zenayda Jurado C, Mrs. Louise Caswell, Dr. David Escalante, Artemus Lamb. [BW12:60; <a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_244/Text#pg12">Bahá'í News No 244 June 1951</a> p12] <li>25 delegates representing 12 countries were present at the convention. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_12/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities#pg60">BW12:60] <li>For a photo of those attending see <a href="http://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2019/05/april-1951-bahai-delegates-and-visiting.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+BahaiHistoricalFacts+%28Baha%27i+Historical+Facts%29">Bahá'í Historical Facts</a>. <li>The countries of Central America were Belize, Costa Rica (confirmed) El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Panama.html">Panama</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a>; <a href="../tags/Raquel_Francois.html">Raquel Francois</a>; <a href="../tags/Cora_Oliver.html">Cora Oliver</a>; <a href="../tags/Elena_Marsella.html">Elena Marsella</a>; <a href="../tags/Natalia_Chavez.html">Natalia Chavez</a>; <a href="../tags/James_Facey.html">James Facey</a>; <a href="../tags/Zenayda_Jurado_C.html">Zenayda Jurado C</a>; <a href="../tags/Louise_Caswell.html">Louise Caswell</a>; <a href="../tags/David_Escalante.html">David Escalante</a>; <a href="../tags/Artemus_Lamb.html">Artemus Lamb</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA of Central America</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1951 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of South America was elected at an international convention in Lima, Peru. Elected were: Edmund J. Miessler (Sao Paulo), Mrs. Margot Worley (Bahia), Miss Eve Nicklin (Lima), Manuel Vera (Lima), Dr. Alejandro Reid (Punta Arenas), Mrs. Gayle Woolson (Bogota), Esteban Canales L. (Asuncion), Srta. Mercedes Sanchez (Lima), Rangvald Taetz (Montevideo) [BW12:60; <a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_244/Text#pg12">Bahá'í News No 244 June 1951</a> p12] <li>18 of the 27 delegates were present at the convention. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_12/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities#pg60">BW12:60</a>] <li>For a photo see <a href="http://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2019/05/april-1951-first-national-spiritual.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+BahaiHistoricalFacts+%28Baha%27i+Historical+Facts%29">Bahá'í Historical Facts<a/>. <li>The countries involved were: Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia. The union lasted until 1957 when it was split into two administrative bodies. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Lima.html">Lima</a>; <a href="../locations/Peru.html">Peru</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA of South America</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1951 30 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Louis Gregory, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Eliot, Maine, near Green Acre. [CoF163; BW12:666; TMW310, LOF98; SYH236; <a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_247/Text#pg1">BN No 247 September 1951 p1</a>] <li>A national memorial service was held for him at the Temple in Wilmette on the 24th of November 1951. [SYH236] <li>Soon after his passing he was designated by Shoghi Effendi the first Hand of the Cause of his race. (On 5 August, 1951) [BBD91; BW12:666, MoCxxii] <li>Louis Gregory was the first person of his race to be elected to any administrative body in the United States. [-from talk by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2O2vbHa4r8">Louis Venters</a> 2min 13sec] <li>See TG114, 117-8 for a description of his passing . <li>For his obituary see BW12:666–70. <li>See a <a href="https://www.google.ca/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Louis+G.+Gregory%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=3">list</a> of his publications. <li>For biographical information on Hand of the Cause Louis Gregory see Gayle Morrison, <i>To Move the World: Louis G. Gregory and the Advancement of Racial Unity in America</i> (Wilmette, IL, USA Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1982, 1999 printing). <li>For short biographical information see <a href="http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:gregory-louis-george&catid=37:biography">Bahá'í Encyclopedia</a>] <li>Louis Gregory kept a journal of his visit to 'Abdu'l-Baha in 1911 including statements of 'Abdu'l-Baha, stories of the believers in the Holy Land and his experiences at the Shrines. It includes a selection of tablets 'Abdu'l-Baha addressed to him. <a href="../gregory_heavenly_vista.html">A Heavenly Vista: The Pilgrimage of Louis G. Gregory"</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtiKRJcLnpk"><i>Louis Gregory, the Oneness of Humanity, and Highlights in the Development of the African-American Lawyer</i></a> a presentation by Anthony Vance.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Eliot.html">Eliot</a>; <a href="../locations/Maine.html">Maine</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Louis_Gregory.html">Louis Gregory</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_appointed_posthumously_by_Shoghi_Effendi.html">Hands appointed posthumously by Shoghi Effendi</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first black Hand of the Cause</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1951 2 or 3 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The establishment of the Faith in Uganda with the arrival of Mr. Músá Banání, his wife Samí'ih Banání, their daughter, Mrs. Violette and her husband, Mr. Ali Nakhjavani, of Iran, with their baby daughter Bahiyyih, and Mr. Philip Hainsworth who arrived in Kampala from England. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahá'í_Faith_in_Uganda">Wiki Bahá'í Uganda</a>] <li> See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/135/">BWNS135</a> for an account of the celebration of 50 years of the Faith in Uganda and the accomplishments.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Kampala.html">Kampala</a>; <a href="../locations/Uganda.html">Uganda</a>; <a href="../locations/Africa.html">Africa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Musa_Banani.html">Musa Banani</a>; <a href="../tags/Violette_Nakhjavani.html">Violette Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Nakhjavani.html">Ali Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahiyyih_Nakhjavani.html">Bahiyyih Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/Philip_Hainsworth.html">Philip Hainsworth</a>; <a href="../tags/Samiih_Banani.html">Samiih Banani</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first pioneers to arrive in Uganda</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1952</span> 10 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Honoré Jaxon (b. 1861 as William Henry Jackson in the village of Wingham, ON). He died one month after his eviction from his basement apartment where he hoarded three tons of archival material which he hoped would become a library for the study of the Métis people of Saskatchewan. <p> See <a href="https://oceanflynn.wordpress.com/2009/12/04/william-henry-jackson-honore-joseph-jaxon-1861-1952/">Speechless 4 December 2009</a> for a chronological biography as well as a bibliography / webliography of other works on him. <p> See <a href="https://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/summer-2012/scalawags-honore-jaxon">NUVO</a> for a photo of his eviction from the<i> New York Daily News</i> archive and a short biography. <p>See as well BFA1p90-93; OBCC18-21, 25-26. <li>For his biography see <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Honore-Jaxon-Visionary-Donald-Smith/dp/1550503677/ref=sr_1_1?crid=TY8GCM3FW9ZB&keywords=honore+jaxon&qid=1660778988&sprefix=honore+jaxon%2Caps%2C176&sr=8-1"><i>Honoré Jaxon: Prairie Visionary</i></a> by Donald B. Smith and <a href="https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/strange-empire-a-narrative-of-the-northwest-borealis-books_joseph-kinsey-howard/522268/item/6542231/?gclid=CjwKCAjwo_KXBhAaEiwA2RZ8hBovt-4ydRf6AFmQ_cGlJNB41ErclkgOJUn-O06jvP0y8_jN_LxW5hoCm08QAvD_BwE#idiq=6542231&edition=4374686"><i>Strange Empire: Louis Riel and the Métis People</i></a> by Joseph Howard.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Honore_Jaxon.html">Honore Jaxon</a>; <a href="../tags/Metis.html">Metis</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1952 May (end)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Plans drawn up by Mason Remey for a Mashriqu'l-Adhkár on the promontory of Mount Carmel in Haifa were approved but construction is not presently planned. <li>For a photo of the model of the design see <a href+'https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume12.pdf&page=578">BW12p548</a>. This model was presented and place on view at the Intercontinental Conference in Chicago in 1953. It is now at the main hall of the Mansion at Bahjí. [SER170-174] <li>For an address by Mason Remey made at the unveiling of the model see <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File%3ABW_Volume12.pdf&page=577">BW12p547-550</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Haifa.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Haifa</a>; <a href="../tags/Mason_Remey%2c_architect.html">Mason Remey, architect</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1952 8 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shoghi Effendi announced his decision to launch ‘the fate-laden, soul-stirring, decade-long world-embracing Spiritual Crusade’ in the coming year. [BW12:253–5; MBW40-41; StS42] <li>For the objectives of the Crusade see BW12:256–14. <li>Among the goals to be achieved was the construction of the International Bahá’í Archives building. [BBD22; DH168; MBW43] <uL><lo>"the first of the major edifices destined to constitute the seat of the World Bahá'í Administrative Centre to be established on Mount Carmel". [PP264]</ul> <li>See <a href="../pdf/s/shoghieffendi_statistics_1844-1952.pdf"><i>The Bahá’í Faith 1844-1952 Information Statistical and Comparative</i></a> (PDF) compiled by Shoghi Effendi. <li>See <a href="https://1.winkelbach-web.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/history/shoghi_Effendi_Map_of_Goals_for_the_Ten_Year_World_Crusade.jpg">map</a> of the Ten Year Crusade.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ten_Year_Crusade.html">Ten Year Crusade</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Bahai_Archives.html">International Bahai Archives</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Activities.html">Hands of the Cause, Activities</a>; <a href="../tags/Auxiliary_Boards.html">Auxiliary Boards</a>; <a href="../tags/Auxiliary_Board_Members.html">Auxiliary Board Members</a>; <a href="../tags/Assistants.html">Assistants</a>; <a href="../tags/Appointed_arm.html">Appointed arm</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Ten_Year_Crusade">Ten Year Crusade</a> (1953-1963) was launched. See MBW151-156, <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MBW/mbw-71.html#gr5">MBW151</a>. <p> The four primary goals of the plan were outlined as follows:<br> -the development of institutions at the World Centre<br> -consolidation of the twelve countries where the Faith was well established<br> -consolidation of all other territories already open<br> -the opening of the remaining "chief virgin territories" around the globe (131)<p> For the objectives of the Crusade see BW12:256–14. Among the goals to be achieved was the construction of the International Bahá’í Archives building. [BBD22; DH168; MBW43] "the first of the major edifices destined to constitute the seat of the World Bahá'í Administrative Centre to be established on Mount Carmel". [PP264]<p> <p> To those Bahá’ís who arose to open new territories to the Faith during the Ten Year Crusade, the title 'Knight of Bahá’u’lláh' was given. On 27 May 1992, the Roll of Honour containing the names of all the Knights of Bahá’u’lláh was deposited beneath the entrance door to the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh.<p> <i>“…Sometimes people strive all their lives to render outstanding service. Here is the time and opportunity to render historic services; in fact, the most unique in history, aiding in the fulfillment of Daniel’s Prophecies of the Last Day, and the 1335 days, when men are to be blessed by the Glory of the Lord, covering the entire globe—which is the real goal of the Ten Year Crusade.</I> [<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/DG/dg-148.html">DG54-55</a>]<p> A map of goals for the Ten Year World Crusade by Shoghi Effendi can be found in Bahá'í World, Vol. 12 (April 1950-1954). Electronic versions, in both medium and large format can be found <a href="../shoghieffendi_goals_crusade.html">here</a>.<p> The achievements of the Ten Year Crusade were celebrated at the Most Great Jubilee in April and May 1963, which commemorated the Centenary of the Declaration of Baha’u’llah’s Mission. Two historic events transpired during that time: the International Convention, convened in Haifa, Israel, to elect the first Universal House of Justice; and the World Congress held in London, England. <li>See The Journal of Bahá'í Studies Vol 14, no. 3-4, 2004 for the essay <a href="https://doi.org/10.31581/JBS-14.3-4.1(2004)">The Ten Year Crusade</a> by Ali Nakhjavani.</li> <li>See CBN No 66 July 1956 in a message dated the 13 of May 1956 Leroy Ioas, (unsure if it was sent on behalf of the Guardian or from the International Bahá'í Council, probably the former), Mr Ioas outlined the three phases of the Crusade; First Phase: open virgin territories, Second Phase: 1. widespread dispersal, 2. settlement in new areas, 3. formation of Local Assemblies and National Assemblies, 4. incorporate Local Assemblies. Third Phase: (open on 21 April 1956, the formation of National Assemblies, with their own Haziratu'l-Quds, have their own endowments and to be incorporated. <li>See <a href="../pdf/s/shoghieffendi_statistics_1844-1952.pdf"><i>The Bahá’í Faith 1844-1952 Information Statistical and Comparative</i></a> (PDF) compiled by Shoghi Effendi. <li>For a graphic representation of the goals of the Ten Year Crusade see <a href="../chart_tasks_10-year_crusade.html"><i>Objectives and Tasks of Ten-Year Spiritual Global Crusade of the Bahá'í World Faith by Shoghi Effendi</i></a> compiled by Beatrice Ashton published in Bahá'í World, Vol. 12 (April 1950-19540). <li><a href="../shoghieffendi_goals_crusade.html"><i>Map of Goals for the Ten Year World Crusade by Shoghi Effendi</i></a> published in Bahá'í World, Vol. 12 (April 1950-1954) Wilmette, IL: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1956. <li><a href="../progress_bahai_world_crusade.html"><i>Progress Bahá'í World Crusade 1953-1958</i></a> was the map that Shoghi Effendi finished on the night of his passing. <li>At the start of the Ten Year Crusade the only sovereign countries in Africa were Egypt and Ethiopia, the remainder were still under the yoke of colonialism. <li>Many who arose as pioneers to the African continent came from Iran, the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. In Southern Africa alone, 27 pioneers arrived in the first year of the Crusade. Among them were Melvin and Helen Hope in Angola; Fred and Beth Laws in Lesotho; Enayat Sohaili and ‘Izzat Zahrai in Mozambique; Mehranguiz Munsiff in Madagascar; Ottilie Rhein in Mauritius; Lowell and Edith Johnson, William, Marguerite and Michael Sears and Harry and Bahíyyih Ford in South Africa; Claire Gung in Southern Rhodesia; and Ted Cardell in South West Africa. In the whole of Africa, 58 of the international pioneers opened new territories and were named Knights of Bahá’u’lláh [<i>A Brief Account of the Progress of the Bahá'í Faith in Africa Since 1953</i> by Nancy Oloro-Robarts and Selam Ahderom p3] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Worldwide.html">Worldwide</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Statistics.html">Statistics</a>; <a href="../tags/Ten_Year_Crusade.html">Ten Year Crusade</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Roll_of_Honour.html">Roll of Honour</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a>; <a href="../tags/Endowments.html">Endowments</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of Italy and Switzerland was established. Elected were: Prof. Mario Fiorentini, Mrs. Anna Kunz, Dr. Ugo R. Giachery, Miss Elsa Steinmetz, Mrs. Stella Lonzar, Mrs. Anne Lynch, Friedrich Schar, Mrs. Marion Little, and Prof. Alessandro Bausani. <li>For a photo see <a href="http://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2019/05/1953-first-italo-swiss-bahai-national.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+BahaiHistoricalFacts+%28Baha%27i+Historical+Facts%29">Bahá'í Historical Facts</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Italy.html">Italy</a>; <a href="../locations/Switzerland.html">Switzerland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA Italy and Switzerland</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 2 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The House of Worship in Wilmette, the Mother Temple of the West, was dedicated in a public ceremony. [BW12:142, <a href="http://www.news.bahai.org/story/218">BWNS218</a>] <li>For the text of the Guardian’s message of dedication see BW12:141–2. <li>For an account of the event see BW12:154–63. <li>See <a href="../../file.bahai.media/9/9f/Baha%27i_News_261.pdf">BN No 261 November 1952 p9-10</a>. The Temple Dedication Committee consisted of: Paul E. Haney, Mrs. Corinne True, Allen B. McDaniel, Carl Scheffler, Albert R. Windust with Horace Holley as the chairman. <li>See <i>The Bahá'í Faith 1844-1952 Information Statistical & Comparative</i> p24-26 for project statistics and a chronology of events. <li>Towards the end of his life in Tehran, Ahmad (of "Tablet of Ahmad" fame) had entrusted the original Tablet to his grandson Jamal who, in turn, out of the purity of his heart and his devotion to the Faith of God, offered it as a gift to Hand of the Cause, Trustee of Huqúq, the son and brother of two illustrious martyrs, Jinab-i-Valiyu'llah Varqá. When Jinab-i-Varqa, according to the instructions of the beloved Guardian, was sent to take part in this dedication ceremony he brought this most precious Tablet as his offering to the archives of the Bahá'ís of the United States. [<a href="../faizi_flame_fire.html"><i>A Flame of Fire</i></a> by A.Q. Faizi.] <li>See the message of the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20140801_001&f=f1-2">1 August, 2014</a> for more on the Ma<u>sh</u>riqu'l-A<u>dh</u>kár in Wilmette. <li>See <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=mdp.39015006743309;seq=1;num="><i>The Story of the Temple</i></a> by <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Allen_B._McDaniel">Allen Boyer McDaniel</a>. [CBN No43 August 1953 p4; BELp101 7.1479] <li>See the video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2V3jcbjhNEs&fbclid=IwAR2IEOtdrlL98FvoMMR_6TLTVxhD_BPNUWJGW-ztGXhJ67QMAjer0bHC2VY">The Temple History Design and Construction</a>. <p> <ins><strong>Specifics</ins></strong> <br> <ul> <STRONG>Location:</STRONG> Wilmette, Illinois, U.S. Cook County<br> <STRONG>Administration:</STRONG> On the same day as the internment of the sacred remains of the Báb on Mount Carmel, March 21st, 1909, the first American Bahá'í Convention opened in Chicago. The Convention established the 'Bahá'í Temple Unity', incorporated to hold title to the Temple property and to provide for its construction. A constitution was framed and an Executive Board of the Bahá'í Temple Unity elected. This body became the future National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada. [BBD39; BBRSM:106; BW10:179; GPB349; PP397; SBBH1:146; BFA2:XVII, 309; BW13:849; MBW142–3]<br> <STRONG>Foundation Stone:</STRONG> by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 1 May, 1912<br> <STRONG>Construction Period:</STRONG>The purchase of the site completed: 1914. Design Chosen: 1920. Superstructure: 1921 – 1 May 1931. External Ornamentation: June 1932 -1943. Interior: 1951<br> <STRONG>Dedication:</STRONG> 1 May 1953<br> <STRONG>Architects:</STRONG> Louis Bourgeois with Alfred Shaw (interior cladding) Bourgeois became a Baha’i in New York City in 1907, and two years later responded to the call for designs for the Temple. In 1920, delegates from across the country unanimously selected his innovative design. Bourgeois traveled to Haifa to consult with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. With ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s encouragement, Bourgeois refined and scaled down the size of his design. [<a href="https://www.bahai.us/bahai-temple/architecture/">The House of Worship Architecture</a>]<br> <STRONG>Seating:</STRONG> 1,191 [DP220]<br> <STRONG>Dimensions:</STRONG> 203ft at the base and 49ft high<br> <STRONG>Cost:</STRONG> $2.6 million (another source) $51,500 (land) plus $3,212,517.60 (construction costs 1921-1953)<br> <STRONG>Dependencies:</STRONG> Construction of a home for the aged was began in December, 1957 and inaugurated on 1 February, 1959. It is located about three blocks away. <br> Note: In GPB349 Shoghi Effendi states that “…this enterprise—the crowning achievement of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bahá’u’lláh in the first Bahá’í century…”.<br> <STRONG>References:</STRONG> CEBF236-241,GPB348-353, MDM121-239, <i>The Dawning Place</i>, <i>The Bahá'í Faith 1844-1963 Information Statistical & Comparative</i> p36-37. iiiii  </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Wilmette.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Wilmette</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Mother_Temples.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Mother Temples</a>; <a href="../tags/Lawh-i-Ahmad_(Tablet_of_Ahmad_(Arabic)).html">Lawh-i-Ahmad (Tablet of Ahmad (Arabic))</a>; <a href="../tags/Gifts.html">Gifts</a>; <a href="../tags/Archives.html">Archives</a>; <a href="../tags/Dedications.html">Dedications</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Quick_facts.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts</a>; <a href="../tags/Alfred_Shaw.html">Alfred Shaw</a>; <a href="../tags/Architects.html">Architects</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_home_for_the_aged.html">Bahai home for the aged</a>; <a href="../tags/Homes_for_the_aged.html">Homes for the aged</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Dependencies_of.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Dependencies of</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Life_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Life of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1953</span> 28 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In a message addressed on the eve of the 61st anniversary of the passing of Bahá'u'lláh, at the opening of the Ten Year Crusade, Shoghi Effendi encouraged 70 pioneers to arise to fill the goals promising that a Roll of Honour with their names would be deposited at the entrance door of the inner Sanctuary of the Tomb of Bahá’u’lláh. [<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MBW/mbw-29.html.utf8?query=28%7Cmay%7C1953&action=highlight#gr7">MBW48-49</a>] <li>He further elaborated in a message addressed to the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada. See the message of the <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MC/mc-180.html?query=pioneering&action=highlight#gr1">8 June 1953</a>. [MtC177] <li>See <a href="1992-05-28">1992 28 May</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Pioneers.html">Pioneers</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Roll_of_Honour.html">Roll of Honour</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Shrine_of.html">Bahaullah, Shrine of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 27 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Siegfried (Fred) Schopflocher, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Montreal and was buried beside the grave of Sutherland Maxwell in Mount Royal Cemetery. He was born in Germany in 1877. [BW12:664-666, LOF390, TG119, <a href="http://news.ca.bahai.org/siegfried-schopflocher-1877-–-1953">CBNS 24 July 2014, <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/siegfried-schopflocher/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a></a>, <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/20830823/Schopflocher-Siegfried-1877-1953">SCRIBD</a>, Schopflocher, Siegfried (1877–1953) <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/20830823/Schopflocher-Siegfried-1877-1953">by Will C. van den Hoonaard</a>] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the second contingent on the 29th of February, 1952. [MoCxxiii] <li>See TG32, 228 and LoF384-390 for short biographies. <li>See <a href="../hoonaard_encyclopedia_siegfried_schopflocher.html">Schopflocher, Siegfried</a> by Will C. van den Hoonaard. <li>For his obituary see BW12:664–6. <li>He was known as the “Temple Builder” because of his great contributions to the completion of the first Mashriqu’l-Adhkár of the West. [BW12:664-666] <li>For a brief biography see <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/siegfried-schopflocher/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/108945108/siegfried-schopflocher">Find a grave</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Montreal.html">Montreal</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Siegfried_Schopflocher.html">Siegfried Schopflocher</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Second_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Second Contingent</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Wilmette.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Wilmette</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 2 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Fred Schechter, an American, arrived in Djibouti and was named a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh for French Somaliland. [BW13:451] <li>Mr Schechter went on to pioneer to several Latin American countries, he spent thirteen year on the Continental Board of Councillors for the Americas and served on the International Teaching Centre. He passed away on 27 January 2017 in California, U.S.A. He was 89 years old. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1149">BWNS1149</a>] <li>See <a href="../pdf/f/fred_schechter_memorial_program.pdf"><i>In Memoriam Fred Schechter: Bahá'í House of Worship Memorial Program</i></a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/French_Somaliland_(Djibouti).html">French Somaliland (Djibouti)</a>; <a href="../locations/Djibouti.html">Djibouti</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Fred_Schechter.html">Fred Schechter</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Counsellors.html">Counsellors</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Teaching_Centre%2c_Members_of.html">International Teaching Centre, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 Jul - Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Amín and Sheila Banání, a Persian-American couple, settled in Athens-Kifissia in August 1953 and were named Knights of Bahá’u’lláh for Greece. [BW452] <li>They were able to stay in Greece until 1958 when they were asked to leave by the government. [from an interview with Sheila Banani 10 November, 2022 on Thursday Night @7] <li>See <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00210862.2013.877681"><i>Professor Amin Banani, 1926–2013: A Prominent Scholar of Iranian Studies</i></a> by Ehsan Yarshater in <i>Iranian Studies,</i> 2014, Vol 47 No 2 p347-351 for an obituary of Amin Banani.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Athens.html">Athens</a>; <a href="../locations/Greece.html">Greece</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Amin_Banani.html">Amin Banani</a>; <a href="../tags/Sheila_Banani.html">Sheila Banani</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 26 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Ella Bailey (b. 16 December, 1864, Houston, Harris County, Texas) passed away in Tripoli, Tarabulus, Libya at the age of 88 years. [BW12:687] <li>She was elevated to the rank of martyr. [MBW170] <li>For the story of her life see PSBW131–42. <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/ella-martha-bailey/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>For her obituary see BW12:685–8. <li>For information on her burial site and a short biography see <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/70332916?search=true">Find-a-grave.</a> <li>See Youtube video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3haELlwVixY"><i>I Adjure Them - The Ella Bailey Story</i></a> as told by Hand of the Cause of God William Sears. <li>She had accompanied Mr and Mrs Rober Gulick in their settlement in Tripoli. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_271">BN No 271 september 1953 p6</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tripoli.html">Tripoli</a>; <a href="../locations/Libya.html">Libya</a>; <a href="../locations/Houston.html">Houston</a>; <a href="../locations/Texas.html">Texas</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ella_Bailey.html">Ella Bailey</a>; <a href="../tags/Names_and_titles.html">Names and titles</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1953 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hugh McKinley and his mother, Violet, arrived in Cyprus and were named Knights of Bahá’u’lláh. [BW13:450] <li>Violet passed away in 1959 and she was laid to rest in Famagusta. Hugh remained in Cyprus until 1963. He died in Suffolk in 1999 was was buried in Lawshall, Suffolk. He had been born on the 18th of February, 1924. <li>See Ismael Velasco's paper entitled <a href="../../oj.bahaistudies.net/OJBS_1_Velasco_McKinley_In_Memoriam.pdf"><i>In Memoriam: Hugh McKinley</i></a>. <li>See <a href="../pdf/solas/mckinley_life_hugh_mckinley.pdf"><i>Life of Hugh McKinley, Knight of Bahá'u'lláh</i></a> by Olive McKinley.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Cyprus.html">Cyprus</a>; <a href="../locations/Famagusta.html">Famagusta</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Hugh_McKinley.html">Hugh McKinley</a>; <a href="../tags/Violet_McKinley.html">Violet McKinley</a>; <a href="../tags/Ismael_Velasco.html">Ismael Velasco</a>; <a href="../tags/Olive_McKinley.html">Olive McKinley</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 10 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Dorothy Baker, (b.21 December, 1898) Hand of the Cause of God, was killed in a plane crash in the Mediterranean Sea, near the island of Elba. [BW12:670] <li>In 1921 she married Frank Baker who had two motherless children. They had a girl and a boy of their own. [FMH73] <li>She was the granddaughter of Ellen "Mother" Beecher who took her to see 'Abdu'l-Bahá in New York in 1912. An early teacher (unnamed), after seeing the young girl, had a vision and asked Jináb-i-Fazil for an explanation. He replied that "someday she will become on of the great teachers of the Cause" and Mother Beecher began to pray that this would be fulfilled. [FMH73] <li>See FMH76-77 for the story of how Doris McKay was able to help Dorothy deal with her depression in 1929. <li>For the Guardian’s cable see BW12:670, CF161. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed her among the first contingent on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li>For her obituary see BW12:670–4. <li>See also Freeman, <i><a href="../gilstrap_copper_gold_baker.html">From Copper To Gold</a></i>. <li>See TG229 for a short story about her and a comment from her on the Long Obligatory Prayer. <li>See <a href="http://bahaiblog.net/site/2013/01/remembering-dorothy-baker/">Remembering Dorthy Baker</a> at Bahá'í Blog. <li> See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/dorothy-beecher-baker/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See article in the Canadian Bahá'í News No 46 February 1954 p1. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/71386302/dorothy-baker">Find a grave.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Mediterranean_Sea.html">Mediterranean Sea</a>; <a href="../locations/Elba.html">Elba</a>; <a href="../locations/Italy.html">Italy</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Dorothy_Baker.html">Dorothy Baker</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_First_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, First Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 15 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Charles Duncan (a musician and composer) and Harry Clark, both Americans, arrived in Brunei from Kota Kinabalu (Jesselton) in Sabah, where they had been waiting for several weeks, and were named Knights of Bahá’u’lláh. [BW13:451; PH63] <li>Later he pioneered to Thailand where he learned the language. See <a href="http://www.afnanlibrary.org/morgan-servants/">Servants of the Glory</a> page 19</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Brunei.html">Brunei</a>; <a href="../locations/Thailand.html">Thailand</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/Charles_Duncan.html">Charles Duncan</a>; <a href="../tags/Harry_Clark.html">Harry Clark</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 4 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The arrival of Knights of Bahá'u'lláh Elena (Marsella) and Roy Fernie in Kiribati (Gilbert Islands). They had come from the National Spiritual Assembly of Panama. [<a href="http://www.news.bahai.org/story/301">BWNS301</a>, BW13:452] <li> They had left their home in Panama and their service on the National Spiritual Assembly of Panama to pioneer. They arrived on the island of Abaiang (aka Charlotte Island, of the Gilbert Islands), on March 4, 1954 and for this service they were named Knights of Baha'u'llah. About the first of June 1954, former Catholic seminarian and mission teacher Peter Kanere Koru became the first convert on the island. <li>Their teaching work brought opposition from the Roman Catholic priest who told his congregation not to attend the Bahá'í meetings. He began to criticize them in the Roman Catholic newsletter and actually contributed to the knowledge of the Faith because the newsletter had a wide distribution. <li>The priest persisted in his opposition by informing his bishop who asked the government to send the Fernies away and to send Peter Kanere, a native Bahá'í, back to his native island of Tabiteuea. At the time, to be a registered religious organization required a membership of at least 100 believers so the government-approved sending the Fernies away however, in a single night some 300 people registered. A certificate of registration was issued on the 24th of September, 1955, but not before they managed to exile Roy Fernie. Elena continued the teaching work on her own and was responsible for firmly establishing the Faith on Abaiang. <li>Meanwhile, Peter Kanere, back on his home island, managed to teach a Protestant minister who was under discipline of his church at the time. Together they spread the Faith on Tabiteuea. [Island Churches: Challenge and Change by Makisi Finau page 101] <li>For more details on the life of Roy Fernie see <a href="https://bahaikipedia.org/Roy_Fernie">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>See also <a href="https://doi.org/10.31581/JBS-16.1-4.2(2006)">The Origins of the Bahá’í Faith in the Pacific Islands: The Case of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a> by Graham Hassall. <li>And <a href="../hassall_bahai_asia-pacific_issues.html">Bahá'í Faith in the Asia Pacific: Issues and Prospects</a> also by Graham Hassall.<li>Elena Maria Marsella published <i>The Quest for Eden</i> in 1966. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tabiteuea.html">Tabiteuea</a>; <a href="../locations/Kiribati.html">Kiribati</a>; <a href="../locations/Gilbert_Islands.html">Gilbert Islands</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/First_Bahais_by_country_or_area.html">First Bahais by country or area</a>; <a href="../tags/Islands.html">Islands</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Bahá'í on Kiribati (Gilbert Islands)</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Olivia Kelsey and Florence Ullrich arrived in Monaco and were named Knights of Bahá’u’lláh. [BW13:454] <li>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/florence-maria-ullrich-kelley/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for the story of the life of Florence Maria Ullrich Kelley (b. November 3, 1932 d. February 17, 2016) </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Monaco.html">Monaco</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 25 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Marion Jack (General Jack) (b. St. John, New Brunswick) at her pioneer post in Sofia, Bulgaria at the age of 87. She had been at her post since 1931. [<a href="news.bahai.org/story/385.html">BWNS385</a>; <i>Never be Afraid to Dare</i> p. 227] <li>Shoghi Effendi called her ‘a shining example to pioneers of present and future generations of East and West’. [CF163] <li>For her obituary see BW12:674–7. <li>See also BFA2155; MC359. <li>For a photo of her gravestone see CBNOct1972p.10. <li>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/marion-jack/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for a biography. <li>For a photo by the Bahá'ís of Sofia see BW5p464. <li>See also <a href="http://bahaiheoresheroines.blogspot.ca/2010/07/marion-jack-immortal-heroine-and.html"><i>Marion Jack: Immortal Heroine</i></a> by Jan Jasion</li> <li>See CBN October1979 for tributes as well as a photo of her gravesite.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Sofia.html">Sofia</a>; <a href="../locations/Bulgaria.html">Bulgaria</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Marion_Jack.html">Marion Jack</a>; <a href="../tags/Pioneers.html">Pioneers</a>; <a href="../tags/In_memoriam-3.html">In memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Pioneers.html">Pioneers</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mrs Mehrangiz Munsiff pioneered to the city of Douala in the French Cameroons (later Cameroon). Both she and Mr Samuel Njiki were honoured as Knights of Bahá'u'lláh for this territory. [Bahá'í Journal UK Vol 20, No 5 Jan/Feb 2004, BW13:451; <a href="http://www.news.bahai.org/story/249">BWNS249</a>] <li>For a photo see <a href="http://media.bahai.org/detail/4536440">Bahá’í Media Bank</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/French_Cameroon.html">French Cameroon</a>; <a href="../locations/Cameroon.html">Cameroon</a>; <a href="../locations/Douala.html">Douala</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Meherangiz_Munsiff.html">Meherangiz Munsiff</a>; <a href="../tags/Samuel_Njiki_(Samuel_Nyki).html">Samuel Njiki (Samuel Nyki)</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">Knight of Bahá'u'lláh for Cameroons</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Dr John Fozdar arrived in Brunei in April 1954 and was named a Knight of Bahá’u’lláh. [BW13:450] <p>See <a href="https://bahairecollections.com/2022/11/"><i>Remembering Dr John Fozdar</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Brunei.html">Brunei</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/John_Fozdar.html">John Fozdar</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1954 9 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Alain LeRoy Locke (b. September 13, 1885, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.) in New York. He was laid to rest in Congressional Cemetery in Washington DC. <li>Locke graduated from Harvard University and was the first African American to win a prestigious Rhodes Scholarship. Despite his intellect and clear talent, Locke faced significant barriers as an African American. Though he was selected as the first African-American Rhodes Scholar, Locke was denied admission to several colleges at the University of Oxford because of his race. He finally gained entry into Hertford College, where he studied from 1907 to 1910. Locke also studied philosophy at the University of Berlin during his years abroad. He subsequently received a doctorate in philosophy from Harvard and taught at Howard University. Locke publicized the Harlem Renaissance to a wide audience. <li>Locke declared his belief in the Bahá'í Faith in 1918. He is thus among a list of some 40 known African Americans to join the religion during the ministry of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. His philosophical writings promoted pluralism, cultural relativism and self-expression. Locke, the compiler of literary works and principal interpreter of the watershed Harlem Renaissance, rarely proselytized his Bahá'í views, but he did integrate them into his copious writings and lectures [<a hrf="https://www.upliftingwords.org/bahai-faith-articles/dr-alain-locke">Uplifting Words</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_LeRoy_Locke">Wikipedia</a>] <li>See his article "Impressions of Haifa". [BW3p527-528] <li>See also his article "The Orientation of Hope". [BW5p527-528] <li>See <a href="../buck_alain_locke_bsr.html"><i>Alain Locke: Bahá'í Philosopher</i></a> by Christopher Buck. <li>See <a href="https://www.kalimatpress.com/product/alain-locke-faith-and-philosophy/"><i>Alain Locke: Faith & Philosophy</i></a> by Christopher Buck <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/dr-alain-leroy-locke/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/alain-lockes-profound-impact-on-the-civil-rights-movement/">Bahá'í Teachings</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.upliftingwords.org/post/dr-alain-locke">Uplifting Words</a>. <li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/37801687/_Chapter_3_Alain_Locke_on_Race_Religion_and_the_Bahá_í_Faith._The_Bahá_í_Faith_and_African_American_History_Creating_Racial_and_Religious_Diversity_December_2018_“><i>The Bahá’í Faith and African American History: Creating Racial and Religious Diversity</i>, Chapter 3:"Alain Locke on Race, Religion, and the Bahá’í Faith” by Christopher Buck. <li>The US Postal Service issued a series of stamps entitles <a href="https://store.usps.com/store/results/_/Ntt-Voices+of+the+Harlem+Renaissance?Ns=product.displayName%7C0&_requestid=888758">Great Literary Movement: The voices of the Harlem Renaissance Forever</a> on 21 May 2020. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/96401495/alain-leroy-locke">Find a grave.</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Philadelphia.html">Philadelphia</a>; <a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Alain_Locke.html">Alain Locke</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_amity-2.html">Race amity</a>; <a href="../tags/Race_unity.html">Race unity</a>; <a href="../tags/Harlem_Renaissance.html">Harlem Renaissance</a>; <a href="../tags/African_Americans.html">African Americans</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">the first African-American Rhodes Scholar,</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1956 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>Ade-rih-wa-nie-ton On-kwe-on-we Neh-ha: A Message to the Iroquois Indians</i> in the Canadian Bahá'í News. This pamphlet was translated to the Mohawk language by Mr. Charles Cooke of Ottawa and there is reason to believe the translation was commissioned by the Québec Regional Teaching Committee. [<a href="../pdf/n/nsa-canada_message_iroquois_letter.pdf">Letter from the National Spiritual Assembly to Dr. C Buck 6 January 2021</a>; CBN No69 Oct 1955 p4; CBN 45 April 1956 p.11] <li>See <a href=:https://bahai-library.com/pdf/n/nsa-canada_message_iroquois_letter.pdf'><i>Deganawida, the Peacemaker</i></a> by Dr Christopher Buck published in <i>American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies</i> Supplement XXVI (2015) <li>See as well <a href="../buck_native_messengers.html"><i>Native Messengers of God in Canada?: A Test Case for Bahá'í Universalism</i></a> by Christopher Buck published in Bahá'í Studies Review, 6, pages 97-133 London: Association for Bahá'í Studies English-Speaking Europe, 1996. Also <a href="../collins_buck_native_messengers.html"><i>Native Messengers of God in Canada? A test case for Bahá'í universalism, by Christopher Buck:Commentary</i></a> by William P. Collins. <li>Also of interest on the same subject is his article <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/david-ruhes-tribute-indigenous-messengers-god/"><i>Dr. David Ruhe’s Tribute to Indigenous Messengers of God</i></a>. <li>See as well <a href="../buck_addison_messengers_god.html"><i>Messengers of God in North America, Revisited: An Exegesis of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet to Amír Khán</i></a> by Christopher Buck and Donald Addison. <li>For information about the Tablet to Amír Khán see <a href="../uhj_amir_khan_mariner.html"><i>Tablet to Amir Khan and Tablet of the Holy Mariner</i></a> by / on behalf of Universal House of Justice. <li><a href="../pdf/b/buck_universalism_native_prophets.pdf"><i>Bahá'í Universalism and Native Prophets</i></a> by Christopher Buck. <li>See the series <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/series/indigenous-messengers-of-god/"<i>Indigenous Messengers of God</i></a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Indigenous_Messengers_of_God.html">Indigenous Messengers of God</a>; <a href="../tags/Iroquois.html">Iroquois</a>; <a href="../tags/Native_Americans.html">Native Americans</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1956 9 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Juliet Thompson (b. Washington, DC 1873 - d. December 9th, 1956 New York). [BW13:862-864] <li>For her memorial service at the House of Worship see <a href="../../bahai-news.info/pdfs/bn04.html">Bahá'í News</a> p475, 493. <li>After learning of the Bahá'í Faith in Washington DC near 1898 she traveled to Paris at the invitation of Laura Dreyfus-Barney's mother. Later in 1901 in Paris she met Thomas Breakwell, who gave her Arthur de Gobineau's description in French of the Execution of the Báb which confirmed her faith. In Paris she took classes on the religion from Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Thompson">Wiki</a>] <li>She published her book <i>I, Mary Magdalene</i> in 1940. It is available at <a href="../thompson_mary_magdalen.html">bahai-library.com/</a>. <i>The Diary of Juliet Thompson</i> was published by Kalimat Press in 1983 from her 1947 typescript. <li>The restoration of Juliet's grave took place on December 5, 2010. After a 54 year delay, the new gravestone, commissioned by the NSA, was unveiled in the Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York, engraved with this moving tribute from Shoghi Effendi: <p> "Deplore loss of much-loved, greatly admired Juliet Thompson, outstanding, exemplary handmaid of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. Over half-century record of manifold, meritorious services, embracing the concluding years of Heroic and opening decades of Formative Ages of Bahá'í Dispensation, won her enviable position in the glorious company of triumphant disciples of the beloved Master in the Abha Kingdom. Advise hold memorial gathering in Mashriqu'l-Adhkar to pay befitting tribute to the imperishable memory of one so wholly consecrated to the Faith of Bahá'u'lláh, and fired with such consuming devotion to the Center of His Covenant."<p> [December 6, 1956] (Shoghi Effendi, Citadel of Faith, p. 170) </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_Rochelle.html">New Rochelle</a>; <a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Juliet_Thompson.html">Juliet Thompson</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1957</span> (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <a href="../abdul-baha_secret_divine_civilization.html"><i>The Secret of Divine Civilization</i></a> by 'Abdu'l-Bahá as translated by Marzieh Gail in Wilmette Il by the Bahá'í Publishing Trust. It was earlier translated as <i>The Mysterious Forces of Civilization</i> by <a href="1910-00-00-12.html">another translator</a>, this was 'Abdu'l-Bahá's message to the government, clergy and people of Iran on the requirements of true civilization. It applies as well to the present as mankind's traditional political and social philosophies have shown themselves incapable of renewing human civilization. [BEL 3-107 p13] <li>See <a href="../title/secret%20of%20divine%20civilization.html">Bahá'í-library.com</a> for documents related to the work by 'Abdu'l-Bahá. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/IL.html">IL</a>; <a href="../locations/USa-2.html">USa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdu%27l-Baha%2c_Writings_of.html">Abdu'l-Baha, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Marzieh_Gail.html">Marzieh Gail</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1957 25 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hand of the Cause of God George Townshend passed away in Dublin, Ireland. (b.14 June, 1896) [BBD226, BW02-03p169] <li>For his obituary see BW13:841–846. <li>See also David Hofman's biography, <i>George Townshend</i>. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the first contingent on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li>His pamphlet entitled <i>The Old Churches and the New World Faith</i> was his statement upon severing his relationship with his colleagues in the Anglican Church. [CBN No 89 June 1957 p1] <li>A <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_DSGVb10Qw&list=WL&index=15">talk</a> given by O.Z. (Zebby) Whitehead at an Irish Bahá'í Summer School. <li>See <a href="../pdf/t/townshend_covenant_analysis.pdf"><i>The Covenant: An Analysis</i></a>, a study guide on the idea of a covenant, Messengers and their missions, the covenant between the Messenger and the faithful, and covenant-breaking. Includes an appendix, compilation on the covenant. It was published in Manchester in 1950.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Dublin.html">Dublin</a>; <a href="../locations/Ireland.html">Ireland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/George_Townshend.html">George Townshend</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_First_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, First Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1957 9 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The funeral of Shoghi Effendi took place in the Great Northern Cemetery, London. [BW13:222; PP448] <li>See BW13:222 for details of the funeral service. <li>See BW13:222–5 and PP449–50 for a description of the funeral. <li>For an a account of the funeral see <a href="../gail_arches_years.html">AY</a>314-319. <li>The Resting Place is located at 51°37'21.85"N, 0°8'35.41" W.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Passing_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Passing of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1957 26 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mirzā Asad-Allāh, known as Fāżel Māzandarāni (b. Bábol, Persia 1881). <li>He became a Bahá'í in Tehran in 1909. He travelled to Egypt in 1919-1911 where he met with 'Abdu'l-Bahá and was send to India and Burma to promote the Faith. <li>'Abdu'l-Bahá sent him to North America for the period 1920-1921. He arrived in North America with Manúchihr Khán in time to speak at the National Convention. His purpose was to assist and stimulate the Bahá'í communities. He departed for the Holy Land on the 9th of July, 1921. [AB443; SBR88] <li>Mírzá Asadu'lláh Fádil-i-Mázandarání visited North America again in 1923-1925 at the request of Shoghi Effendi. [<a href="../momen_iranica_fadl_mazandarani.html">Fádl Mázandarání, Mírzá Asadu'lláh</a> by Moojan Momen] <li>See <a href="../anon_mazandarani_united_states.html"><i>Jináb-i-Fádil Mazandarání in the United States</i></a> by Fadl Mazandarani (published as Jinab-i-Fadil Mazandarani) compiled by Omeed Rameshni for transcripts of his talks. <li>In about 1924 Shoghi Effendi wrote to the Central Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Persia, asking them to gather materials towards the compilation of a general history of the Bahá'í faith. Initially this work was handed to a committee and Fāżel served as the liaison between this committee and the Assembly, of which he was himself a member at the time. However, after the committee failed to make significant progress, Fāżel took on the responsibility to compile this work himself. His work, <i>Ẓohur-al-Ḥaqq</i> (variously also called <i>Tāriḵ-e Ẓohur-al-Ḥaqq</i> and <i>Ketāb-e Ẓohur-al-Ḥaqq</i>) is said to be the most comprehensive history of the first century of the Bahá'í faith yet written. It records the full biographies of the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, and ʿAbdu'l-Baháʾ, the Faith’s leading disciples and learned members, poets, martyrs, and other prominent personalities. It covers the history of the persecutions of the Bahá'ís; discusses the internal crises of the faith and, more significantly, contains excerpts from the holy writings and includes documentation and a considerable number of pictures. It was compiled in nine volumes: volumes 1-3 completed in May of 1932, the fourth in February, 1936, and the final volume in 1943. For various reasons it has not been translated into English. [<a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zohur-al-haqq">Ẓohur-al-Ḥaqq</a>] <li>Other works of Fāżel include his dictionary of commonly used proper terms and titles in Bahá'í literature, <i>Asrār al-āṯār</i>, which was published in five volumes (1967-72) of more than 1,600 pages. <li>Fāżel’s other major work, <i>Amr wa ḵalq</i>, contains hundreds of selections from the Bahá'í holy writings grouped under topics related to philosophical, theological, religious, and administrative matters. The work was published in Iran (1954-74) in four volumes. <li><a href="https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/index/diglib/mazand1.htm">The Collected Works</a> of Asadu'llah Fadil Mazandarani. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazil_Mazandarani">Wikipedia page</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Babol.html">Babol</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/India.html">India</a>; <a href="../locations/Myanmar_(Burma).html">Myanmar (Burma)</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mirza_Asadullah_Fadil-i-Mazandarani.html">Mirza Asadullah Fadil-i-Mazandarani</a>; <a href="../tags/Amr_va_Khalq.html">Amr va Khalq</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_studies.html">Bahai studies</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_history.html">Bahai history</a>; <a href="../tags/Zuhur_al-Haqq_(Zuhurul-Haqq).html">Zuhur al-Haqq (Zuhurul-Haqq)</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1958 2–4 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The third Intercontinental Conference was held at the mid-point of the Crusade convened in Wilmette, Illinois. [BW13:323] <li>Hand of the Cause Dr Ugo Giachery, who had been designated by the Guardian as his representative, attended, accompanied by four other Hands of the Cause. [BW13:323] <li>For the message of the Custodians to the conference see MC90–8. <li>For a report of the conference see BW13:323–5. <li>See <a href="../notes_third_intercontinental_conference.html">Notes</a> by Emma Maxie Jones and Anonymous.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/Illinois.html">Illinois</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/America.html">America</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Activities.html">Hands of the Cause, Activities</a>; <a href="../tags/Ugo_Giachery.html">Ugo Giachery</a>; <a href="../tags/Conferences%2c_Bahai.html">Conferences, Bahai</a>; <a href="../tags/Conferences%2c_Teaching-2.html">Conferences, Teaching</a>; <a href="../tags/Conferences%2c_Intercontinental.html">Conferences, Intercontinental</a>; <a href="../tags/Ten_Year_Crusade.html">Ten Year Crusade</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1959 1 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The ‘first Dependency of the Ma<u>sh</u>riqul-A<u>dh</u>kár in Wilmette’, the Bahá’í Home for the Aged, opened. [BW13:747] <li>For the history of its building see BW13:743–8. <li>For pictures see BW13:742, 744–7. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/National_Bahá’í_Review/Issue_4">National Bahá'í Review No 4 April 1968 p11<a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_home_for_the_aged.html">Bahai home for the aged</a>; <a href="../tags/Homes_for_the_aged.html">Homes for the aged</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Wilmette.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Wilmette</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Dependencies_of.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Dependencies of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Dependency the Mashriqu’l-Adhkár Wilmette’</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1960</span> 30 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The unveiling of <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1150/slideshow#img-1"><i>Statue of a Liberated Woman</i></a> by sculptor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_Abdurahmanov">Fuad Abdurahmanov</a> (b. 28 April, 1915 in Shaki, d. 15 June, 1971 Baku) The statue stands in central Baku and depicts a woman casting off her veil. It is said to have been influenced by the story of Tahirih. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1150/">BWNS1150</a>] <li>For a photo of the statue from another angle see <a href="https://vahidhoustonranjbar.medium.com/marion-jack-bfc5cd200a9d#.cs9stjrhb">Part III of my Will and Testament</a> by Vahid Houston Ranjbar. <! see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_a_Liberated_Woman where it says that the sculptor was inspired by the character of Sevil from the play of Cafar Cabbarli entitled “Sevil”. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevil_(1928_play)></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baku.html">Baku</a>; <a href="../locations/Azerbaijan.html">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Fuad_Abdurahmanov.html">Fuad Abdurahmanov</a>; <a href="../tags/Statue_of_a_Liberated_Woman.html">Statue of a Liberated Woman</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Tahirih.html">Tahirih</a>; <a href="../tags/Veils.html">Veils</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1960 18 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Clara Dunn, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Sydney. (b.12 May 1869) [BW13:859; MoC245] <li>For her obituary see BW13:859–62. <li>For cable from the Hands see MoC245. <li>See also SBR153–75. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed her among the second contingent on the 29th of February, 1952. She was one of only eight women appointed. [MoCxxiii] <li>For a biography see <a href="http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:dunn-clara-and-j-hyde&catid=37:biography">The Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project</a>. <li><a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2012/11/remembering-clara-dunn/">Remembering Clara Dunn</a> by Melanie Lotfali. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Sydney.html">Sydney</a>; <a href="../locations/Australia.html">Australia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Clara_Dunn.html">Clara Dunn</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Second_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Second Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1962 1 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Amelia Collins passed away in Haifa. (b. 7 June, 1873) [BW13:399, 840; MC12] <li>For her obituary see BW13:834–41. <li>Shoghi Effendi appointed her (publicly) among the first contingent on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li>For the cable of the Hands of the Cause see MC333. <li>See also <i>Milly</i> by A Q Faizi and PSBW73–106. <li>For a timeline of her life see <a href="https://hdcommittee.wordress.com/2015/02/11/amelia-collins">Shareable Bahá'í Resources</a>. <li>While serving in Haifa she was given 'Abdu'l-Bahá's room. She was the last person to occupy it. [TG231] <li>See <a href="#"><i>Collins, Amelia: The Fulfilled Hope of 'Abdu'l-Bahá</i></a> by Richard Francis for further details of her life. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2020/12/remembering-milly-a-tribute-to-amelia-collins/"><i>Remembering ‘Milly’ – A Tribute to Amelia Collins</i></a> by Yas Taherzadeh. <li>See <a href="../faizi_milly_amelia_collins.html"><i>Milly: A Tribute to The Hand of the Cause of God Amelia E. Collins </i></a> by Abu'l-Qasim Faizi.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Amelia_Collins.html">Amelia Collins</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_First_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, First Contingent</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Milly_Collins.html">Milly Collins</a>; <a href="../tags/Abul-Qasim_Faizi.html">Abul-Qasim Faizi</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1962</span> 10 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of F. St. George Spendlove (b. 23 April, 1897 in Montreal) in Toronto. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_13/In_Memoriam#pg897">BW13p895-899</a>] <li>He was part of the community of early believers in Montreal where he learned about the Faith after returning from the war in Europe. <li>He was a curator of the Canadian Collection at the Royal Ontario Museum. <a href="https://www.doullbooks.com/product/48336"><i>The Face of Early Canada</i></a>, published in 1958, was illustrated with pieces from this collection. A second book, <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Collectors-Luck-St-George-Spendlove/dp/B002IA3JYO/ref=sr_1_2?qid=1554339623&refinements=p_27%3AF.+St.+George+Spendlove&s=books&sr=1-2"><i>Collectors’ Luck</i></a>, followed in 1960. [BW13p895–899] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.ca/diverse-and-growing-community/canadian-origins/g_spendlove/"><i>Bahá'ís of Canada</i></a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Toronto.html">Toronto</a>; <a href="../locations/Montreal.html">Montreal</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/George_Spendlove.html">George Spendlove</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1963 20 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Ten Year Crusade was successfully completed. The achievements of the Ten Year Crusade were celebrated at the Most Great Jubilee in April and May 1963, which commemorated the Centenary of the Declaration of Baha’u’llah’s Mission. Two historic events transpired during that time: the International Convention, convened in Haifa, Israel, to elect the first Universal House of Justice; and the World Congress held in London, England. <li>For a summary of achievements during the Crusade see BW13:459–60. <li>For countries, islands and dependencies opened to the Faith during the Crusade see BW13:461–2. (259) <ul><li>During the Ten Year Crusade the Faith had expanded to 93 more countries and major territories. bringing the total to 259. [<a href="https://www.patheos.com/library/bahai/historical-development/missions-spread-changes-regional-adaptations">Patheos website</a>]</ul> <li>For number of localities in which Bahá’ís reside in different parts of the world see BW13:462. (from 2,000 to more than 11,000) <li>For languages into which Bahá’í literature has been translated see BW13:462–4. <li>For races represented in the Bahá’í world community see BW13:464. <li>For national spiritual assemblies at the end of the plan see BW13:468–9. (from 12 to 56) <LI>See <a href="../handscause_statistics_1953-63.html"><i>The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963</i></a> compiled by the Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. <li>See also <a href="../../www.h-net.org/_bahai/diglib/books/F-J/H/Hands/1844-1964_Addenda.pdf"><i>Addenda to Statistical Information Published by the Hands of the Cause of God Residing in the Holy Land in Ridván 1963</i></a>. This publication shows the countries and territories opened by the Faith as well as "supplementary accomplishments". </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Worldwide.html">Worldwide</a>; <a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ten_Year_Crusade.html">Ten Year Crusade</a>; <a href="../tags/Most_Great_Jubilee.html">Most Great Jubilee</a>; <a href="../tags/Conventions%2c_International.html">Conventions, International</a>; <a href="../tags/Growth.html">Growth</a>; <a href="../tags/Statistics.html">Statistics</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Shoghi Effendi, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1964 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Four new believers in Cambodia were arrested and imprisoned as the Bahá’í Faith was not formally recognized and the Bahá’ís did not have permission to teach. <li> See <a href="http://www.afnanlibrary.org/morgan-servants/"><i>Servants of the Glory</i></a> page 26.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Cambodia.html">Cambodia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Cambodia.html">Persecution, Cambodia</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Arrests.html">Persecution, Arrests</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1964 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Nine_Year_Plan_(1964-1973)">Nine Year Plan</a> (1964-1973) was launched. [BBRSM159; VV1; WG22–7] <li>The NIne Year Plan was first mentioned by the Universal House of Justice in its message of <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19630507_001/1#232002799">7 May 1963</a> to all National Conventions. In its message of <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19631001_001/1#751002911">October 1963</a>, addressed to “The Followers of Bahá’u’lláh throughout the World”, the Universal House of Justice first informed the friends that the new Plan would extend over a period of nine years. <li>This marked the beginning of the second epoch of Abdu’l-Bahá’s Divine Plan. [AWH178] <li>See the letter from the Universal House of Justice addressed to all 69 national/regional assemblies with details of the plan entitled <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_14/The_launching_of_the_Nine_Year_Plan"><i>The Launching of the Nine Year Plan</i></a>. [BW14:104-123] <li>To see the goals of the plan sorted geographically see <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Goals_of_the_Nine_Year_Plan_(1964-1973)">Goals of the Nine Year Plan</a>. <li>For a listing of collaboration projects fo the plan see <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Collaboration_Projects_of_the_Nine_Year_Plan_(1964-1973)#North_East_Africa_-_1">Collaboration Projects of the Nine Year Plan</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Nine_Year_Plan_(1964-1973).html">Nine Year Plan (1964-1973)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Formative_Age.html">Formative Age</a>; <a href="../tags/Ages_and_Epochs.html">Ages and Epochs</a>; <a href="../tags/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Plan.html">Tablets of the Divine Plan</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1965 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first local spiritual assembly in Iceland was formed in Reykjavik. Its members were Asgeir Einarsson, Kirsten Bonnevie, Florence Grindlay, Jessie Echevarria, Carl John Spencer, Charles Grindlay, Liesel Becker, Barbel Thinat and Nicholas Echevarria. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_417/Text#pg10">Bahá'í News No 417 10 December 1965</a> p10] <li>See <a href="http://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2010/12/first-local-assembly-formed-in-iceland.html">Bahá'í Historical Facts</a> for a photo.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Reykjavik.html">Reykjavik</a>; <a href="../locations/Iceland.html">Iceland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Local_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">Local Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first LSA Iceland</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1965 22 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Leroy Ioas, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Haifa. (b.15 February 1896 in Wilmington, IL). He was known as "the Guardian's Hercules" and was praised by Shoghi Effendi for his "tireless vigilance, self-sacrifice, and devotion to the Cause in all its multiple fields of activity, in 'prodigious labours' and his 'stupendous efforts'. [BW14:291-300, VV7] <li>For his obituary see BW14:291–300. <li>Both of his German-born parents had become Bahá'ís, instructed by Paul Dealy who taught Kheiralla's classes when the demand for such classes became overwhelming in Chicago in 1998. [<a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_18/Issue_4"><i>The Bahá'í Faith: Beginning in North America</i></A> by Robert Stockman, World Order Vol 18 Issue 4 p24] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the first contingent on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li>For cable of the Universal House of Justice see WG157. <li>For a short biography see LoF265-275. <li>See <i>Leroy Ioas: Hand of the Cause of God</i> by Anita Ioas Chapman, published by George Ronald, 1998 <li><a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Leroy_Ioas">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>Shoghi Effendi named the inner front door of the Shrine of the Báb "Báb-i-Ioas". <li> See <a href="https://bahaiworld.bahai.org/library/the-cause-of-universal-peace/"><i>The Cause of Universal Peace: 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Enduring Impact</i></a> by Kathryn Jewett Hogenson for information on his part in the organization of a Race Amity Conference in San Francisco with Ella Goodall Coop and Kathryn Frankland Rabbi Rudolph Coffee, the head of the largest synagogue in the Bay Area.. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Wilmington%2c_IL.html">Wilmington, IL</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Leroy_Ioas.html">Leroy Ioas</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_First_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, First Contingent</a>; <a href="../tags/Anita_Ioas_Chapman.html">Anita Ioas Chapman</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1966 7 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Ali Kuli Khan (b. Káshán Persia, about 1879) in Washington, DC. [BW14p351] <li>For information on his burial place see <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=112730158">Rock Creek Cemetery.</a> <li>For a short biography and recollections by Ali Kuli Khan see <a href="../gail_abdul-baha_portrayals.html">World Order, 6.1 p29-41. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/Kashan.html">Kashan</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ali_Kuli_Khan.html">Ali Kuli Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1967 25 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Canadian pioneer Catherine Huxtable (b. 6 January, 1932 Carlwood, Surrey, England) at her home in Jamestown, St Helena. Her life had been shortened due to muscular dystrophy. She, husband Cliff and son Gavin had arrived on St. Helena some nineteen months before. [LNW169, BW14p313-315] <li>See <a href="../huxtable_conqueror_st_helena.html"><i>A Conqueror for St. Helena: A Tribute to Catherine Huxtable</i></a> by W. G. Huxtable.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Jamestown.html">Jamestown</a>; <a href="../locations/St_Helena.html">St Helena</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Catherine_Huxtable.html">Catherine Huxtable</a>; <a href="../tags/Clifford_Huxtable.html">Clifford Huxtable</a>; <a href="../tags/Gavin_Huxtable.html">Gavin Huxtable</a>; <a href="../tags/In_memoriam-3.html">In memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1967</span> 25 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Knight of Bahá'u'lláh Charles Dunning (b.27 March, 1885 need Leeds). [BW14p305-308] <li>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Charles_Dunning">Bahaipedia</a> <li>See a <a href="https://inspire9.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/story-about-charles-dunning-knight-of-bahaullah/">story</a> about Charles as told by Marion Hofman. <li>See <a href="http://bahaisworldwide.blogspot.com/2017/05/charles-dunning-ted-cardell-1965-two.html">Bahá'í Blogspot</a> for a photo of Charles with Ted Cardell and a story from a talk by Ian Semple. <li>See the <a href="http://bahaisoforkney.org/about-us/history/">Bahá'ís of Orkney</a> website.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Cardiff.html">Cardiff</a>; <a href="../locations/Wales.html">Wales</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1968</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Twenty years prior, on December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To mark this event the UN General Assembly unanimously designated the whole of this year, 1968, as International Human Rights Year. <p> The Bahá'í Communities of North America, on the occasion of the world-wide commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the call to the world's leaders to establish universal peace through justice and unity by Bahá'u'lláh, observed 1968 as the International Year for Human Rights. At the Bahá'í Intercontinental Conference in Chicago the Bahá'ís affirmed that in accordance with the Teachings of Bahá'u'lláh, human rights are God given rights. <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/National_Bahá’í_Review/Issue_4">National Bahá'í Review Issue 4 April 1968</a> for the events associated with the commemoration. <li>A pamphlet titled <i>A Bahá'í Declaration of Human Obligations and Rights</i> was published by the Bahá'í Publishing Trust in Wilmette.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Human_Rights-2.html">Human Rights</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1968 19 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II of Western Samoa, the first reigning monarch to become a Bahá’í, wrote to the Universal House of Justice confirming his acceptance of the Faith. [BW15:180–3] <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/ugo-giachery/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for the story of his enrollment.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Samoa.html">Samoa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II_of_Western_Samoa.html">Malietoa Tanumafili II of Western Samoa</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_royalty.html">Bahai royalty</a>; <a href="../tags/Royalty.html">Royalty</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first reigning monarch Bahá’í</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1968 21 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Universal House of Justice established the Continental Boards of Counsellors to continue the functions of the Hands of the Cause in the protection and propagation of the Faith. [BBD58–9, 97; BW15:611–13; BW17:319; MUHJ4–5; WG141, Mess63-86p130, <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19680621_001/1#414110289">21 June, 1968</a>, CEBF112] <li>For details of the eleven Boards and their membership see BW15:612 and WG140–4. <ul><li>Among the eleven people named to the Boards in Africa were three native believers: Oloro Epyeru and Kolonario Oule in Uganda, and Seewoosumbur-Jeehiba Appa in Mauritius.</ul> <li>For pictures of the Counsellors see BW15:614, 615, 618, 619, 622, 623, 625, 627. <li>For a history of the development of the institutions of the International Teaching Centre and the Continental boards of Counsellors see <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19680621_001/1#414110289">BW20p673-693</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice.html">Universal House of Justice</a>; <a href="../tags/Counsellors.html">Counsellors</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Appointed_arm.html">Appointed arm</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Universal House of Justice, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Auxiliary_Board_Members.html">Auxiliary Board Members</a>; <a href="../tags/Assistants.html">Assistants</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1968 7 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Hand of the Cause Hermann Grossmann in Neckargemünd, near Heidelberg, (b.16 February, 1899) [BW15p416-421] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the first contingent of Hands of the Cause on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li>For his biography see <i>Hermann Grossmann: Hand of the Cause of God, A Life for the Faith</i> by Susanne Pfaff-Grossmann. <li>For his obituary see BW15:416–21. <li>For cable of the Universal House of Justice see BW15:416 and WG157–8. <li>Alternatively see <a href="../uhj_messages_1963-86_full%26chapter%3d3.html#135">Mess63-86p135</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Neckargemund.html">Neckargemund</a>; <a href="../locations/Germany.html">Germany</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_First_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, First Contingent</a>; <a href="../tags/Hermann_Grossmann.html">Hermann Grossmann</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1968 10 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Dr Lutfu’lláh Hakím (1888 - 1968), former member of the Universal House of Justice, passed away in Haifa. [BW15:434] <li>For his obituary see BW15:430–4. <li>For cable of the Universal House of Justice see BW15:434 and WG158. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutfu%27lláh_Hakím">Wikipedia</a>. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/136928668/lutfu_llah-hakim">Find a grave</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/136928668/lutfu_llah-hakim">Bahá'í Reference Library</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Lutfullah_Hakim.html">Lutfullah Hakim</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1968 2 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Tarázu’lláh Samandarí, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Haifa. (b.1874 in Qazvin, Persia) <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the first contingent on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li>For his obituary see <a href="../pdf/bw/memoriam_bw_15.pdf">BW15p410-416</a>. <li>For cable of the Universal House of Justice see BW15:416 and WG158–9. <li><a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/tarazullah-samandari/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.kalimatpress.com/product/moments-with-bahaullah-memoirs-of-the-hand-of-the-cause-of-god-tarazullah-samandari"><i>Moments with Bahá'u'lláh: Memoirs of the Hand of the Cause of God Tarázu'lláh Samandarí </i></a> translated by Mehdi Samandarí and Marzieh Gail and published by Kalimat Press. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/136921595/tarazu_llah-samandari">Find a grave</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Tarazullah_Samandari.html">Tarazullah Samandari</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1969 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">For the Bahá'í position on military service see <a href="../nsa_war_governance_conscience.html"><i>War, Governance, and Conscience in This Age of Transition</i></a> by National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States published by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States in the National Bahá'í Review.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Armed_forces.html">Armed forces</a>; <a href="../tags/Military.html">Military</a>; <a href="../tags/Weapons.html">Weapons</a>; <a href="../tags/War_(general).html">War (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1969</span> 4 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih <u>Kh</u>ánum and her companion, Violette Na<u>kh</u>javání, arrived in Kampala, Uganda, at the start of the ‘Great African Safari’. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_468/Text#pg2">BN No 468 March 1970 p2-12]</a><p> <ul><q>On August 5, 1969, the wheels of our plane touched down at Entebbe airport, Kampala, Uganda—at last the long-promised visit of Amatu’l-Bahá to the believers of Africa was commencing. In 1961, at the time when she dedicated the Mother Temple of Africa for public worship, Rúḥíyyih <u>Kh</u>ánum promised the friends to come back and really visit them, touring as many Centres as possible. After nine years, this has now been fulfilled.</q> [BW15p594] </ul> <p> It was the start of a four-leg journey that took the Hand of the Cause to 34 African countries, travelling 36,000 miles, addressing 40,000 people including 19 heads of state in some 400 gatherings. Beginning her Safari in East Africa, she crossed the whole breadth of the continent to the Gambia, turned back to the center of the Congo, and went down to the tip of South Africa in Cape Town before returning to East Africa. She met nineteen Heads of State among them Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, President Hamani Diori of Niger, President Dr. William V.S Tubman of Liberia, King Motlotletlehi Sobhuza II of Swaziland, President Gregoire Kayibanda of Rwanda, and President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia. <li>For a map and details of the safari as well as pictures see <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume15.pdf&page=617">BW15:593–607</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.grbooks.com/products/great-african-safari_nakhjavani?variant=33969342447755"><i>The Great African Safari: The travels of Rúhíyyih Khánum in Africa, 1969-73</i></a> by Violette Nakhjavani published by George Ronald in 2003. <li>A diary of Rúhíyyih <u>Kh</u>ánum's travels through Africa was serialized in <a href="../nakhjavani_great_safari_khanum.html"><i>Bahá'í News</i> in 26 issues (468-513)</a> from 1970 through 1973. <q>These travels lead to significant exposure of the Faith in the public domain, from governments to civil leaders to mass media, propelling the development of national institutions across the continent in a new dimension of work. One can say these events greatly contributed to the emergence of the Faith from obscurity in Africa.</q> [<i>A Brief Account of the Progress of the Bahá'í Faith in Africa Since 1953</i> by Nancy Oloro-Robarts and Selam Ahderom p9] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Kampala.html">Kampala</a>; <a href="../locations/Uganda.html">Uganda</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum%2c_Journeys_of.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of</a>; <a href="../tags/Violette_Nakhjavani.html">Violette Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/Great_African_Safari.html">Great African Safari</a>; <a href="../tags/George_Ronald.html">George Ronald</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1969 29 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul"><b>A mechanism of world inter-communication will be devised, embracing the whole planet, freed from national hindrances and restrictions, and functioning with marvellous swiftness and perfect regularity.</b> WOB203 <p>1844 May 24 Samuel F.B. Morse sent the first telegraphic message over an experimental line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore; the message said: "What hath God wrought?" which is a verse from <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2023%3A23&version=KJV"><i>The Book of Numbers</i> 23:23</a>. Also see <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%2038%3A35&version=KJV"><i>The Book of Job</i> 38:35</a> where it says <i>Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go and say unto thee, Here we are?</i> <p>1858 Aug 16 the first transatlantic telegraph cable was an undersea cable running under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications was laid across the floor of the Atlantic from Telegraph Field, Foilhommerum Bay, Valentia Island in western Ireland to Heart's Content in eastern Newfoundland. The first communications occurred August 16, 1858, reducing the communication time between North America and Europe from ten days. <p>1894 May 10 Marconi sent a radio wave 3/4 mile, the first "wireless" transmission. <p>1897 Marconi Co sent the first ship-to-shore message 12 miles. 1899 Mar 3 the ship "East Goodwin" was saved after sending the distress signal "HELP". This system of HF radio for safety at sea communications as replaced globally by geostationary satellites with the launch of the INMARSAT system (International Marine Satellite) on the 1st of February 1982. [<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0843871418824955">International Journal of Maritime History</a>] <p>1969 October 29 The birth of the Internet. First message from computer to computer in different locations. UCLA student Charley Kline attempts to transmit the text “login” to a computer at the Stanford Research Institute over the first link on the ARPANET, which was the precursor to the modern Internet. After the letters “l” and “o” are sent the system crashed, making the first message ever sent on the Internet “lo” and the first crash of the system.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Internet.html">Internet</a>; <a href="../tags/Communication.html">Communication</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/History_(general).html">History (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Morse Code message, first radio message, first transatlantic cable message, first Internet message....</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1969</span> 12 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The world premiere of the film <i>A New Wind</i>, written and directed by George C Stoney and distributed by the Public Information Committee of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States. The National Spiritual Assembly approved an initial showing of the film in forty cities and ten colleges across the United States. A second premiere showing of the film was on World Religion Day, January 18th, 1970, in forty different cities and ten different colleges. <br>The film shows scenes from the Holy Land, as well as Bahá'í communities in India, Japan and in the United States, depicting Bahá'ís in their gatherings and firesides, in their daily lives and personal activities. It demonstrates the unity in diversity so characteristic of the Faith and portrays, in twenty- eight minutes of screen time, the spirit and scope of a fast-growing worldwide religious community. [<a href="https://bahai.works/National_Bahá’í_Review/Issue_21"><i>National Bahá'í Review</i> Issue 21 September 1969 p10</a>; <a href="https://bahai.works/National_Bahá’í_Review/Issue_23"><i>National Bahá'í Review</i> Issue 23 November 1961 p13</a>; <a href="https://bahai.works/National_Bahá’í_Review/Issue_47"><i>National Bahá'í Review</i> Issue 47 November 1972 p2</a>] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/National_Bahá’í_Review/Issue_22"><i>National Bahá'í Review</i> Issue 22 October 1969 p14</a> for a resumé of the work of George Stoney. <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xskjnJ2bjd4">YouTube</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/film.html">film</a>; <a href="../tags/A_New_Wind.html">A New Wind</a>; <a href="../tags/George_Stoney.html">George Stoney</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1970</span> 18 or 20 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Hilda Yank Sing Yen Male (b. 29 Nov or 29 Nov 1902, 1904 or 1906 in China, d. Riverdale, Bronx County, New York, USA). She was buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum, Hartsdale, New York, USA. <li>In Memoriam. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_15/In_Memoriam">BW15p476-478</a>; PH54-56] <li>A note from Mrs. Mildred Mottahedeh. read, in part: "This noble lady played an important role in the development of the Bahá'í Faith in the international field, and it was through her efforts that the Bahá'ís began their work with the United Nations." [<a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_472/Text">BN No 472 July 1970 p2</a>] <li>For a biography see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Yen">Wikipedia</a>. <li>She asked to attend the 1944 Baháʼí Annual convention as an observer and was moved by the spontaneous gestures of welcome and care shown between individuals society normally kept apart. She requested to enroll as a Baháʼí. She then asked to address the convention as a Baháʼí:<p> "Fellow Baha'is, this is more than a pleasure. It is a miracle that I am participating with you in discussing such important matters. I contacted two denominations and a parliament of religions before I met Julia Goldman, Baha'i, who sowed this seed in my heart. While convalescent from a flying crash, my life was given me for service to God. Julia took me under her wing. I saw God vaguely; then more clearly, through the Baha'i Faith. Then came the battle of Hongkong(sic) where all shared in a common danger and hunger - forced to live the oneness of mankind. At length I secured a priority to fly to America and how do I rejoice to be in this free country! Conferring with Americans I have found this country the best to execute the message of peace. I have been blessed in meeting other Baha'is. I have been deeply impressed by the love and affection among Baha'is. China is well prepared by its sages for the Baha'i Faith. …" [<a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_170/Text">BN No 170 September 1944 p6</a>] <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/17799313/hilda-ya_tsing-male">Find a grave</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Riverdale%2c_NY.html">Riverdale, NY</a>; <a href="../locations/China.html">China</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hilda_Yen.html">Hilda Yen</a>; <a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/BIC.html">BIC</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1971 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In Germany, Hermann Zimmer resurrected the claims of Ruth White in a small book published in 1971 (English translation in 1973), <a href="http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01004021897&indx=58&recIds=BLL01004021897&recIdxs=7&elementId=7&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&dscnt=0&vl(2084770704UI0)=any&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&tb=t&mode=Basic&vid=BLVU1&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=baha%27i&dstmp=1570660056923"><i>A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Bahá'í Religion into Political Shogism</i></a>. <li>In Switzerland, Francesco Ficicchia wrote a comprehensive attack aimed mainly at the Bahá'í administration, <li>Der Bah'ismus Weltreligion der Zunkunft?</i> (Evangelische Zentralstelle für Weltanschauungsfragen, Quell Verlag, Stuttgart, 1981). <ul><li>See <a href="../mclean_refutation_ficicchia.html"><i>The Refutation of Francesco Ficicchia and the Dangers of Silence</i></a> by Jack McLean.</li></ul> <li>Both of these works were financed and distributed by Evangelical Protestant organizations in Germany. [<a href="../momen_encyclopedia_covenant.html"><i>The Covenant and Covenant-breaker</i></a> by Moojan Momen] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Germany.html">Germany</a>; <a href="../locations/Switzerland.html">Switzerland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Covenant-Breakers-2.html">Covenant-Breakers</a>; <a href="../tags/Hermann_Zimmer.html">Hermann Zimmer</a>; <a href="../tags/Ruth_White.html">Ruth White</a>; <a href="../tags/Francesco_Ficicchia.html">Francesco Ficicchia</a>; <a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1971</span> (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/abdul-baha/memorials-faithful/"><i>Memorials of the Faithful</i></a> by the Bahá'í Publishing Trust in Wilmette as translated from the original Persian and annotated by Marzieh Gail. It contains eulogies of some eighty early Bahá’ís transcribed from a series of talks given by ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá in Haifa around 1914–15. <p> It was first <a href="1924-00-00-02.html">published in 1924</a> in Farsi when the Persian transcripts that had been corrected by ‘Abdu’l‑Bahá were compiled into a single volume. <li>In 1973 <i>Memorials of the Faithful</i> was transcribed by Gertrude D Schurgast and published in Tucson, AZ by the Bahá'í Service for the Blind. In 1975 a second print run was done. [BEL3.75, 8.3] <li>See <a href="../tags/Memorials%20of%20the%20Faithful%20(book).html">reviews, papers and tributes</a> to the book.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Wilmette.html">Wilmette</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Writings_and_talks_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Writings and talks of</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Life_of.html">Abdul-Baha, Life of</a>; <a href="../tags/Memorials_of_the_Faithful_(book).html">Memorials of the Faithful (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdul-Baha%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Abdul-Baha, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_Service_for_the_Blind.html">Bahai Service for the Blind</a>; <a href="../tags/Gertrude_D_Schurgast.html">Gertrude D Schurgast</a>; <a href="../tags/Marzieh_Gail.html">Marzieh Gail</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1971 1 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Agnes Baldwin Alexander, (b. 26July 1875 in Hawaii) Hand of the Cause; “the daughter of the Kingdom”, and “the beloved maid-servant of the Blessed Perfection” (‘Abdu’l-Baha); the only Hand of the Cause mentioned in the Tablets of the Divine Plan; The first Bahá'í to set foot on Hawaiian soil; the first Bahá'í to settle in Japan; and the first Bahá'í to teach the Faith in Korea, passed away in Honolulu. (b. 21 July 1875) [BW15:423; VV8] <li>On the 13th of October she received a Tablet from 'Abdi'l-Baha encouraging her to travel to Japan. She arrived in 1914 and remained there for a total of thirty-two years. She lf[PH32] <li>She was appointed a Hand of the Cause on the 27th of March, 1957 after the passing of Hand of the Cause of God George Townshend. [MoCxxiv]eft Japan in 1937 and returned in 1950. <li>For her obituary see BW15:423–30. <li>See <a href="../troxel_life_agnes_alexander.html"> Life of Agnes Alexander</a> by Duane Troxel. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2021/01/a-tribute-to-agnes-alexander/"><i>A Tribute to Agnes Alexander</i></a> by Ben Perkins. <li>See <a href="../alexander_linard_autobiography.html"><i>An Account of How I Became a Bahá'í and My Stays in Paris in 1901 and 1937: Written at the Request of Mrs. Laura Dreyfus-Barney </i></a> by Agnes Baldwin Alexander and edited by Thomas Linard. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Honolulu.html">Honolulu</a>; <a href="../locations/Hawaii.html">Hawaii</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Agnes_Alexander.html">Agnes Alexander</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Appointments.html">Hands of the Cause, Appointments</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first to set foot on Hawaiian soil, first to settle in Japan, first to teach the Faith in Korea </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1971 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of Chad was formed with its seat in Fort Lamy. (In 1973 Fort Lamy became known as N’Djaména.) [BW15:207] <li>For picture see BW15:148. <li>See <a href="http://www.afnanlibrary.org/morgan-servants/">Servants of the Glory</a> page 45-46.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chad.html">Chad</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA Chad</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1971 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Formerly under the jurisdiction of the National Spiritual Assemblies of North West Africa, from 1956 to 1964, and of West Africa from 1964 to 1971 the Bahá’í community of Ivory Coast, Mali and Upper Volta elected its National Spiritual Assembly at Riḍván, 1971, with its seat in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_15/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities#pg193">BW15p193</a>] <li>For picture see <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_15/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities#pg150">BW15p150</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Ivory_Coast.html">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA Ivory Coast, Mali and Upper Volta</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1971 4 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Músá Banání, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Kampala, Uganda. (b.1886) [BW15:42; VV7] <li>For a brief biography see <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/musa-banani-neda-add-story/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>For his obituary see BW15:421–423. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the second contingent on the 29th of February, 1952. [MoCxxiii] <li>A Bahá'í Winter and Summer School was established in the southern part of Ethiopia and named "Banání House" in honour of Hand of the Cause Músá Banání, their "spiritual father". [BW15p187] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Kampala.html">Kampala</a>; <a href="../locations/Uganda.html">Uganda</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Musa_Banani.html">Musa Banani</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Second_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Second Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1972 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first national spiritual assembly in Micronesia, the National Spiritual Assembly of the North West Pacific Ocean, was formed with its seat in Ponape. [BW15:268] <li>Jusisdiction: Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, the Marshall Islands, and Guam. <li>For picture see BW15:155. <li>For the story of the Knights of Bahá'u'lláh for Guam, Edgar and Cynthia Olson (and Robert Powers) see <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/303/">BWNS303</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Ponape.html">Ponape</a>; <a href="../locations/Micronesia.html">Micronesia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA in Micronesia; first NSA North West Pacific Ocean</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1973 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum and her companion Violette Nakhjavání completed their tour of Africa. <li>For details of the safari see <a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume15.pdf&page=617">BW15:593–607</a>. <li>They drove some 36,000 miles to visit more than 30 countries. [BW15:596; VV12] <li>See BW15:606–7 for the countries, islands and territories visited and the heads of state and other dignitaries who received them. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Africa.html">Africa</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum%2c_Journeys_of.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of</a>; <a href="../tags/Violette_Nakhjavani.html">Violette Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/Great_African_Safari.html">Great African Safari</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1973 5 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The International Teaching Centre was established at the Bahá’í World Centre for the purpose of continuing the work of the Hands of the Cause of God into the future. [BBD118–19; BBRSM132–3; BW16:134, 411–14; BW17:322–5; VV16, CEBF200; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Teaching_Centre">Wikipedia</a>] <li>For cable of the Universal House of Justice see BW16:413. <li>Hands of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum, ‘Alí-Akbar Furútan, Paul Haney and Abu’l-Qásim Faizí and Counsellor members Hooper Dunbar, Florence Mayberry and Aziz Yazdí were appointed. [BW16:413] <li>For pictures see BW16:412 and VV16. <li>The duties and the organization of the International Teaching Centre were deliniated in the Message from the Universal House of Justice of <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=19730608_001&f=f1-2">June 8th, 1973</a>. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Teaching_Centre">Wikipedia</a> article for the names of the Counsellor members since its inception.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/International_Teaching_Centre.html">International Teaching Centre</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Teaching_Centre%2c_Members_of.html">International Teaching Centre, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Activities.html">Hands of the Cause, Activities</a>; <a href="../tags/Counsellors.html">Counsellors</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Universal House of Justice, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Akbar_Furutan.html">Ali Akbar Furutan</a>; <a href="../tags/Paul_Haney.html">Paul Haney</a>; <a href="../tags/Abul-Qasim_Faizi.html">Abul-Qasim Faizi</a>; <a href="../tags/Hooper_Dunbar.html">Hooper Dunbar</a>; <a href="../tags/Florence_Mayberry.html">Florence Mayberry</a>; <a href="../tags/Aziz_Yazdi.html">Aziz Yazdi</a>; <a href="../tags/Appointed_arm.html">Appointed arm</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1974 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>The Bahá'í Faith: Its History and Teachings</i> by Reverend William McElwee Miller. This book was an update of his 1931 publication <i>Bahá'ism: Its Origin, History and Teachings. </i> Forty-three years earlier he had predicted that the Bahá'í Faith would soon only be known to students of history. Now he revised his assessment to say, "Whoever peruses the thousands of pages of the thirteen large volumes of <i>The Bahá'í World</i> will be impressed by the fact that the Bahá'í Faith is indeed a world faith." [MCSp766] <li>See <a href="../momen_cyprus_exiles.html"><i>The Cyprus Exiles</i></a> p102 by Moojan Momen for information on how Miller got a great deal of material for his book. <li> See "<a href="../martin_missionary_historian_miller.html">Missionary as Historian: William Miller and the Bahá'í Faith"</a> by Douglas Martin published in <i>Bahá'í Studies</i>, volume 4.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Pennsylvania.html">Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a>; <a href="../tags/William_McElwee_Miller.html">William McElwee Miller</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1974 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Universal House of Justice launched the <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Five_Year_Plan_(1974-1979)">Five Year Plan</a> (1974-1979). [BBD181; BBRSM159; BW16:107; VV17] <li>For the message of the Universal House of Justice setting out the broad objectives of the Plan see <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_16/The_five_year_international_teaching_plan_1974-1979">BW16:107</a>; Message <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19740321_002/1#911943644">Naw-Rúz 1974</a>. <li>Three major objectives: <br> -preservation and consolidation of the victories won<br> -a vast and widespread expansion of the Bahá’í community<br> -development of the distinctive character of Bahá’í life particularly in the local communities. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Five_Year_Plan_(1974-1979).html">Five Year Plan (1974-1979)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1974 18 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney, (b. 30 Nov 1879, Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio, USA) passed away in Paris. [BW16:296] <li>For her obituary see BW16:535–8. <li>She was buried at <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13690524/laura-dreyfus-barney">Cimetiere de Passy</a>, Paris, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France. <li>She is best known for having compiled the Bahá'í text <i>Some Answered Questions</i> from her interviews with `Abdu'l-Bahá during her visit to Akka between 1904 and 1906. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Clifford_Barney">Wikipedia</a>] <li>See <a href="https://doi.org/10.31581/JBS-28.1-2.2(2018)">Laura Barney’s Discipleship to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: Tracing a Theological Flow from the Middle East to the United States, 1900–1916</a> by Layli Maria Miron in The Journal of Bahá’í Studies 28.1-2 2018. <li>She was the only Western woman to have been designated as "Amatu'l-Bahá" (Handmaid of Bahá) by 'Abdu'l-Bahá. [<a href="../maani_saq_compiler.html"><i>Some Answered Questions" and Its Compiler</i></a> by Baharieh Rouhani Ma'ani published in <i>Lights of Irfan</i>, 18, pages 445; M9YA314] <li>At the end of the war she placed her faith in the League of Nations and represented the International Council of Women in that body, playing an important role in cultural exchange. She was the only woman named by the League Council to sit on the Sub-Committee of experts on Education, a post which she held for many years, beginning in 1926. On 23 July 1925 she was appointed Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur. In that same year she formed under the aegis of the League of Nations the ‘Liaison Committee of Major International Organizations to promote through Education better Understanding between Peoples and Classes’ and became a permanent member of the committee as well as its liaison officer. In 1934 she became a member of the Advisory Committee of the League of Nations on Teaching; she was also a member of the French Committee on Intellectual Co-operation. [BW15p537] <li>See <a href="../khademi_life_laura_dreyfus-barney.html"><i>A Glimpse into the Life of Laura Dreyfus-Barney</i></a> by Mona Khademi for a brief biography of Laura Barney and her family. <li><a href="../mclean_interview_laura_dreyfus-barney.html"><i>My Interview with Laura Dreyfus-Barney </i></a> by Jack McLean (1967) <li>See <a href="https://www.grbooks.com/products/the-life-of-laura-barney?variant=40311508697227"><i>The Life of Laura Barney</i></a> by Mona Khademi published by George Ronald in 2022. <ul> <li>See page 67-71 for an account of her recording of the "table talks" of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. <li>See page399 for her listing in <i>Who's Who in America</i>.</ul> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Paris.html">Paris</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Laura_Clifford_Barney.html">Laura Clifford Barney</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_(title).html">Amatul-Baha (title)</a>; <a href="../tags/Some_Answered_Questions.html">Some Answered Questions</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1975 Feb - Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hand of the Cause Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih <u>Kh</u>ánum set out on the Green Light Expedition to visit the indigenous peoples of the Amazon Basin in South America. [VV30–2] <li>For a pictorial description of the expedition see BW16:419–48. <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pW4qAmfpjG8"><i>Green Light Expedition</i></a>, a film by Rodney Charters, Mark Sadan, David Walker and Anthony Worley.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Latin_America.html">Latin America</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Green_Light_Expedition.html">Green Light Expedition</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum</a>; <a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum%2c_Journeys_of.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, Journeys of</a>; <a href="../tags/Rodney_Charters.html">Rodney Charters</a>; <a href="../tags/Mark_Sadan.html">Mark Sadan</a>; <a href="../tags/David_Walker.html">David Walker</a>; <a href="../tags/Anthony_Worley.html">Anthony Worley</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1975 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The only Bahá’í to visit the continent in the 1970s, John R. Peiniger, an Australian, was stationed in Antarctica for a brief time. <li>See <a href="http://www.bahai-library.com/chronology/1968-12-31">Aníbal and Norma Soto</a>, a couple who visited in the previous decade.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Antarctica.html">Antarctica</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/John_R.html">John R. Peiniger</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1976 24 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mark George Tobey (b. December 11, 1890 Centerville, Wisconsin – d. April 24, 1976 Basel, Switzerland) [<a href="../../bahai-news.info/pdfs/bn09.html">Bahá'í News</a> page 341, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tobey">Wiki</a>, VV119] <li> He had been introduced to the Faith by Bernard Leach. [OPOP223] <li>Another version is that In 1918 Mark Tobey came in contact with Juliet Thompson and posed for her. During the session Tobey read some Bahá'í literature and accepted an invitation to Green Acre where he converted. [Seitz, William Chapin (1980). <i>Mark Tobey</i>. Ayer Publishing. p. 44] <li>Tobey was one of the twentieth century’s most cosmopolitan of artists. An inveterate traveler—he eventually settled in Basel, Switzerland—he was always better known in Europe than in his homeland. <li>His mature ‘white writing’ works are made up of pulsing webs of lines inspired by oriental calligraphy, explicitly acknowledged the direct influence of the Bahá'í Faith on his painting. It has been said that Tobey “made line the symbol of spiritual illumination, human communication and migration, natural form and process, and movement between levels of consciousness.” He often stated, “that there can be no break between nature, art, science, religion, and personal life". <li>See Bahá'í World 1994-95 pg248 for an article by Anne Boyles entitled "The Language of the Heart: Arts in the Bahá'í World Community" for mention of Mark Tobey. <li>For his obituary see BW17:401–4.</li> <li>Towards the end of his life, Tobey was the recipient of some of the highest distinctions that the European art scene of his time could bestow. He won the gold medal at the Venice Biennale in 1958—the first American painter to do so since 1895. In 1961, a major retrospective of his work was held at the Louvre in Paris, an unprecedented achievement for a living and American artist. <li>See The Journal of Bahá'í Studies, Volume 26, number 4 – Winter 2016 p94 for an article by Anne Gordon Perry entitled <a href="../perry_hauberg_tobey.html">Anne Gould Hauberg and Mark Tobey: Lives Lived for Art, Cultivated by Spirit</a>. <li>An exhibition, <b>Mark Tobey: Threading Light</b> showed at the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice, 6 May to 10 September 2017 and at the Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, 4 November 2017–11 March 2018. <li>An example of some of his <a href="https://bahaigeschiedenis.nl/werk-van-mark-tobey/">works</a>. <li>See <a href="../../file.bahai.media/6/6d/World_Order2_Vol11_Issue3.pdf"><i>World Order</i> Vol 11 No 3 Spring 1977</a> for the following articles: <uL><li><i>The Days with Mark Tobey</i> by Marzieh Gail <li><i>Mark, Dear Mark</i> by Bernard Leach <li><i>Memories of Mark Tobey</i> by Firuz Kazemzahed <li><i>The Dot and the Circle</i> by Mark Tobey</ul> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Centerville.html">Centerville</a>; <a href="../locations/Wisconsin.html">Wisconsin</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/Basel.html">Basel</a>; <a href="../locations/Switzerland.html">Switzerland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Mark_Tobey.html">Mark Tobey</a>; <a href="../tags/Bernard_Leach.html">Bernard Leach</a>; <a href="../tags/Anne_Gould_Hauberg.html">Anne Gould Hauberg</a>; <a href="../tags/Arts.html">Arts</a>; <a href="../tags/Painting.html">Painting</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1977 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <a href="../shoghieffendi_call_nations.html"><i>Call to the Nations</i></a>, by Shoghi Effendi. It was composed of selections from the writings of the Guardian's "World Order letters" chosen by the Universal House of Justice and offered as a light and a guidance to all humankind in a "dark period of our history". <li>For a download in English see <a href="https://www.bahaibookstore.com/Search.aspx?k=call+to+the+nations&c=1824"><i>Call to the Nations</i></a>. <li>For a Spanish translation see <a href="../pdf/s/shoghieffendi_llamado_naciones.pdf"><i>Llamado a las Naciones</i></a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Writings_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Call_to_the_Nations_(book).html">Call to the Nations (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Shoghi_Effendi%2c_Works_of.html">Shoghi Effendi, Works of</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1977 12 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The first Bahá’í educational and cultural radio station, HCRN-1 Radio Bahá’í del Ecuador, made its inaugural broadcast at 1420kHz, 20 watts, in Spanish and Quechua from studios in Otavalo. [BBD193; BW17:169, 215–17; BW19:120; VV77; Mess63-86p373] <li>Radio Bahá'í was first housed in the Amatu'l-Bahá Ruhiyyih Khanum Institute in Otavalo. [BW18p226] <li>For pictures see BW17:216, 218 and VV77. <li>Full time programming (six hours a day) was initiated on the 12th of December, 1977. The 1 kiloWatt transmitter was located at Cahas, 20km south of Otavalo. [<i>Radio Bahá'í Ecuador</i> p23, 52] <li>On December 12th, 1979, programming was initiated in the short wave band on 2340 kHz in the 120-metre band. The 1 kilowatt transmitter was located about 30 km north of Otavalo at an altitude of 10,000 feet. In 1982 the transmission frequency was switched to 4990 kHz on the 60-meter band. [<i>Radio Bahá‘Í Ecuador</i> p205 note 23] <li>For further details on this radio station see <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Radio-Bahai-Ecuador-Development-Project/dp/0853982732"><i>Radio Bahá'í Ecuador</i></a> by Kurt Hein. <li> See as well the compilation entitled <i>Use of Radio and Television in Teaching</i> attached to the message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19750525_001/19750525_001.xhtml?5f092a4b">25 May 1975</a>. <li><a href="https://bahai.media/Category:Radio_Bahá’í_Ecuador">Pictures</a< of the site.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Otavalo.html">Otavalo</a>; <a href="../locations/Cahas.html">Cahas</a>; <a href="../locations/Ecuador.html">Ecuador</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_radio.html">Bahai radio</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai-owned_radio.html">Bahai-owned radio</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Education.html">Education</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first Bahá’í educational and cultural radio station in Ecuador makes inaugural broadcast</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1978</span> 5 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Ruth J. Ellis Moffet (b. 19 January 1880 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin). She was buried in Glendale Cemetery in Des Moines, Iowa. Ruth Moffet has been described as a "champion teacher for of the Cause of God" and as being "instrumental in helping establish the Bahá’í Faith in the United States". Her travels took her through Europe, the Near East, Asia, Egypt and Canada as well as the United States. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_17/In_memoriam#pg463">BW17p463</a>] <p>Publications: <ul><li><i>Do'a: On Wings of Prayer</i>: First published in 1933, then in 1938 and 1953 as <i>Do'a: The Call to Prayer</i>. It was reprinted in 1974 and later in 1984. The book has been described as "A broad Bahá'í approach to prayer and mediation of 'the practice of the presence of the Spirit of God', using quotations from the Bahá'í Faith and other religions." [BELp105] Her formula, which has become known as the "Five Steps of Prayer", and was printed in <a href="../compilation_principles_bahai_administration.html#Dynamics%20of%20Prayer"><i>Principles of Bahá'í Administration</i></a> published by the National Spiritual Assembly of the British Isles in 1953 and was cited by the Universal House of Justice in its message of the <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19781011_001/1#855579666">11 October 1978</a>. <li><i>New Keys to the Book of Revelation</i>: Published in New Delhi in 1977 and reprinted in 1989. [BEL105] It contains a <a href="../wwwboard/messages01/62.html">chronology</a> of the events in the Holy Land. <li><i>A Pilgrimage to the Holy Land</i>: Published in Honolulu 1980. This was also entitled <a href="../moffett_pilgrims_notes.html"><i>Visting the Bahá'i World Centre</i></a>. It consisted of notes from her pilgrimage May 17 - September 17, 1954. [BEL105] <li><a href="../moffett_rise_fall_civilizations.html"<i>The Cause of the Rise and Fall of Civilizations</i></a>: This was a chart that she produced after her pilgrimage. It is her own interpretation of history. <li>Her essay, <i>The Dynamics of Prayer</i> was published in <a href="https://bahai.works/Star_of_the_West/Volume_21/Issue_2/Text#pg47">SoW Vol 21 Issue 2 p47</a> in May 1930. A 'cleaner' PDF is available <a href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Flookaside.fbsbx.com%2Ffile%2FDynamics%2520of%2520Prayer.docx%3Ftoken%3DAWyQXVFQU5X-pu2ZLgbBYM_Q1kHJIK7bzbOxxf5aQosvycj8iXBx0y207uCas2a4yUsfCp0QKUjpz0qpz9mGVtk9PbVYkBHaQ3z5IzLbiFn96EhTkiRNP-eghqO6MouzWsHi5XBw8Ki8hqws0Zj_kkU9Rwic1L2n4dNPGiu9Iu-55DONfGedjUy5Gky57nd-XrzymBDjQkBI_n1siY5irvohNfZ9rSZXLQAP92XRaoz8lPskbGTixTcZfjdDKhRALeIksbDsxIcpXeysr0p0YGB3Wdxeb_3Usl2Llq6KkSkhJeTxQJCJAN7BrN-1Yp9-DuI&h=AT1C8M_MLTgb3DnO9RqY3GrbMzICg-BXk1vt0OSipGird-1l2dKDlVmBValrPOIRzbVJ5stWu-HWyC6e363kFOZCLxBKzBrORdMM7UBE_o2JCDM0xL0e8WJNI67oucGC1Mouoq4OGP-iJ6e2W7E&__tn__=H-R&c[0]=AT1e7t1pYhz0zoV7qb7CogalaNO-nT2g1GrXTOsqKhiqhmHNedHoI6Za1-BVXSMhzD4IGah_GocgVGin8_wWYc3tbU-m8twsVOMLwpwsuhNHWwb5g5CkvfMfaWfubvp4RCEOxoYntuQlhStfl0O-nVby5vY-G7F6QJonDyn4rEKIwPt_">here</a>.</ul> <li>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Ruth_Moffett">Bahaipedia</a> for a detailed biography. <li><a herf="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/124999277/ruth-jean-moffett">Find a grave<a/>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Eau_Claire%2c_WN.html">Eau Claire, WN</a>; <a href="../locations/Des_Moines%2c_Iowa.html">Des Moines, Iowa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ruth_Moffett.html">Ruth Moffett</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Prayer%2c_Five_Steps_of.html">Prayer, Five Steps of</a>; <a href="../tags/Prayer.html">Prayer</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Seven_Year_Plan_(1979-1986)">Seven Year Plan</a> was launched. (1979-1986) [BBD181; BBRSM159; <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_17/The_Five_Year_International_Teaching_Plan_1974-1979">BW17:71</a>] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_676/Text">Bahá’í News No 676 July 1987 p2-7</a> for the achievements of the Seven Year Plan. <li>See the publication <i>The Seven Year Plan 1979-1986: Statistical Report Ridván 1983</i>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Seven_Year_Plan_(1979-1986).html">Seven Year Plan (1979-1986)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 -1982</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In the period Riḍván 1979 to Riḍván 1982 the Association for Bahá’í Studies played an increasingly important role in the affairs of the international Bahá’í community and through its conferences and publications has provided an exciting forum for intellectual and spiritual development. <p> A change of name which was recommended by the Canadian National Assembly and approved by the Universal House of Justice in April 1981 reflecting the emerging nature of the Association’s membership and activities with national affiliates established in a number of countries. lts executive committee included, for the first time, members from the United States as well as Canada. Serving on the Executive Committee were Hossain Danesh, Glen Eyford, Richard Gagnon, Jane Goldstone, William Hatcher, Douglas Martin, Peter Morgan, Nasser Sabet and Christine Zerbinis, of Canada. Firuz Kazemzadeh and Dorothy Nelson served as liaison officers in the United States. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg194">BW18p194</a>] <p>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Association_for_Bahá’í_Studies">Wikipedia</a> for a current list of association for Bahá'í Studies worldwide. <p>In 1979 the Universal House of Justice gave a further goal to the Canadian community for the Seven Year Plan: ‘Expand the opportunities for teaching in Canadian institutions of higher learning and further develop the Canadian Association for Studies on the Bahá’í Faith.’ <p> And in 1981, when the second phase of the Seven Year Plan was launched, the Universal House of Justice restated this goal and divided it into two parts: ‘Foster the development of the Canadian Association for Studies on the Bahá’í Faith’ and “Expand and intensify the teaching of the Faith in Canadian institutions of higher learning.‘ <p>The goal of cultivating opportunities for formal presentations and courses remained a primary objective of the Association, but the Universal House of Justice also encouraged specific attention to the development of the Association itself. The Association had become a significant feature of the intellectual, social and spiritual life of the Canadian community, and for increasing numbers of Bahá’ís worldwide. <p>In March of 1981 the Association for Bahá'í Studies announced the acquisition of a property in the heart of the University of Ottawa campus, the first such centre in the world. It is located at 34 Copernicus Street Ottawa, Ontario KIN 7K4. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg195">BW18p195</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_Studies%2c_Associations_for.html">Bahai Studies, Associations for</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 6 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Bernard Howell Leach CBE, (b.5 Jan 1887 Hong Kong), internationally known potter, artist and author, passed away in St Ives, Cornwall. He was buried in the Barnoon Cemetery in St Ives. [BW18:669–71] <li>See AY50 for the significance of the name of the village of St. Ives. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/108898749/bernard-howell-leach">Find a grave</a> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Leach">Wikipedia</a>. <li><a href="https://www.leachpottery.com/history">Leach Pottery</a>. <li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bernard-Leach">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> <li>He was the author of <a href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo19387183.html"><i>A Potter's Book</I></a>, <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Potter-Japan-Bernard-Leach/dp/191006517X/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=bernard+leach&qid=1554648963&s=gateway&sr=8-3"><i>A Potter in Japan</i></a> as well as <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Beyond-East-West-Memoirs-Portraits/dp/1912690217/ref=sr_1_fkmrnull_1?keywords=beyond+east+and+west%3B+memoirs+portraits+and+essays&qid=1554650744&s=gateway&sr=8-1-fkmrnull"><I>Beyond East and West: Memoirs, Portraits and Essays</i>, and <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Drawings-Verse-Belief-Bernard-Leach/dp/1851680128/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=drawings%2C+verse+and+belief&qid=1554650826&s=gateway&sr=8-1"><i>Drawings, Verse and Belief</i>. [BEL10.892-10.985] <li> See <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Potter-Japan-Bernard-Leach/dp/191006517X/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=bernard+leach&qid=1554648963&s=gateway&sr=8-3"><i>Bernard Leach, Potter:A Biographical Sketch</i></a> by Robert Weinberg. <li>See <a href="../scott_bw18_bernard_leach.html"><i>Remembering Bernard Leach</i></a> by Trudi Scott (Published in BW18 pp929-931). <LI>See <a href="../east-asia/traces/78-81.html"><i>Traces that Remain</i></a> p216-218. <li>See the tribute to Bernard Leach and Shoki Hamada entitled <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/pioneering-pottery-sought-unity-of-east-and-west/"><i>Pioneering Pottery Sought Unity of East and West</i></a> on the centenary of the founding of Leach Pottery in St. Ives, England. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/St_Ives.html">St Ives</a>; <a href="../locations/Cornwall.html">Cornwall</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bernard_Leach.html">Bernard Leach</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 8 – 10 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The House of the Báb in Shíráz was attacked and substantially demolished by a crowd accompanied by 25 Revolutionary Guards apparently under the clergyman in charge of the local religious endowments department. [BBD108; BI11; BW18:253] <li>See <a href="../pdf/bw/bahai_world_volume_18.pdf">BW18p253</a>p253 for an idea of the size of the house. <li>A <a href="https://bmb.imgix.net/1614851/1614851-master.jpg">photo</a> of the destruction.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Shiraz.html">Shiraz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_House_of_(Shiraz).html">Bab, House of (Shiraz)</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Destruction.html">Persecution, Destruction</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 16 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Enoch Olinga—Hand of the Cause of God and Knight of Bahá’u’lláh—his wife and three of his children were murdered in Kampala, Uganda. (b.24 June 1926) [BBD 172; BW18:633; LoF471-472] <li>He was buried near the grave of Hand of the Cause Mr Banání with the graves of his wife and children nearby. [CG132] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the third contingent on the 2nd of October, 1957. [MoCxxiii] <li>For his obituary see BW18:618–35. <li>See <a href="http://bahaiblog.net/site/2018/09/remembering-enoch-olinga/?utm_source=Baha%27i+Blog+Updates&utm_campaign=179ac12bf8-Email_Updates_Responsive&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1ad8a6c17c-179ac12bf8-339782529">Bahá'í Blog</a> for a tribute to his life. <li>Early in May soldiers had invaded his home and thoroughly sacked it. The president of Uganda was a Nilotic and a native of northern Uganda as were a majority of his army. After taking control of the country they began to take reprisals from rival tribes and those who they thought had supported Idi Amin. [CG127] <li>On the morning of the murders Mr. Olinga and his family had participated in a work detail at the Temple grounds. After the evening meal, a group of soldiers entered their compound and murdered him as well as his wife Elizabeth the children Táhirih and Lennie. [CG130-132] <li>Claire Gung, the "Mother of Africa", had had an extraordinarily accurate dream and had warned Mr. Olinga of his danger. [CG163] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Kampala.html">Kampala</a>; <a href="../locations/Uganda.html">Uganda</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Enoch_Olinga.html">Enoch Olinga</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Third_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Third Contingent</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Uganda.html">Persecution, Uganda</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Dreams_and_visions.html">Dreams and visions</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from which all civil rights stem and which did not give recognition to the Bahá’í Faith, was adopted by referendum. [BI11] <li>See <a href="../uhj_messages_1963-86_full%26chapter%3d6.html#426">Mess63-68p462</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Constitutions.html">Constitutions</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1979 29 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Rahmatu’lláh Muhájir, Hand of the Cause of God and Knight of Bahá’u’lláh, passed away in Quito, Ecuador. (b. 4 April 1923 in 'Abdu'l-'Azím) [BW18:486, 651] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the third contingent on the 2nd of October, 1957. [MoCxxiii] <li>For his obituary see BW18:651–9. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/353/">BWNS353</a> for news of the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of his passing in Quito. <li>See also <i>Dr Muhajir: Hand of the Cause of God, Knight of Bahá’u’lláh</i> by Írán Furútan Muhájir. <li>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/rahmatullah-muhajir/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>For stories about Dr Mahájir see <a href="https://bahaimemories.com/rahmatullah-muhajir">Bahá'í Memories</a>. <li>See <a href="http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2763577">Academic Wikipedia</a>. <li>See <a href="../francis_muhajir_biography.html"><i>Rahmatu'llah Muhajir: Hand of the Cause of God the Treasure of All Humanity </i></a> by Richard Francis. <li>A <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705025249/http://media.bahai.org/subjects/people/institutions/hands_activitie/6470/details">photo</a>. <li>See as well LoF455-461. <li> The 25th anniversary of Rahmatu'lláh Muhájir's death was marked in Ecuador by a Growth and Victories conference and graveside ceremony, including a talk by his daughter Gisu Mohadjer Cook. <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/353/">BWNS353</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Quito.html">Quito</a>; <a href="../locations/Ecuador.html">Ecuador</a>; <a href="../locations/Abdul-Azim.html">Abdul-Azim</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Rahmatullah_Muhajir.html">Rahmatullah Muhajir</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Knights_of_Bahaullah.html">Knights of Bahaullah</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Third_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Third Contingent</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1980 12 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Hasan M. Balyuzi, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in London. (b. 7 September, 1908, Shiraz, Iran). He was buried at the New Southgate Cemetery London. [BW18:635; VV52, Mess63-86p442] <li>For his obituary see BW18:635–51 and SBBR5:XI–XX. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the third contingent on the 2nd of October, 1957. [MoCxxiii] <LI>See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/hasan-muvaqqar-balyuzi-neda-add-story/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for a biography. <li>For a brief biography see <a href="../francis_balyuzi_biography.html"><i>Balyuzi, Hasan M.</i></A> by Richard Francis. <li>For some essays and excerpts from Hasan Balyuzi's work see <a href="../author/Hasan%2bM.html">Bahá'í Library</a>. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113735992/hasan-muvaqqar-baly_z_">Find a grave.</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/London.html">London</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hasan_Balyuzi.html">Hasan Balyuzi</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_studies.html">Bahai studies</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1980 2 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Bahá’ís of India commemorated the centenary of the founding of the Bahá’í Faith in their country with a reception attended by about 400 guests, including the Minister of Foreign Affairs. [BW18:246–7] <li>See <a href="1880-00-03">here</a> for the story of Jamal Effendi.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/India.html">India</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Centenaries.html">Centenaries</a>; <a href="../tags/Prominent_visitors.html">Prominent visitors</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1980 21 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The members of the National Spiritual Assembly of Iran were arrested along with two colleagues. They disappeared without trace and were presumed dead. In late December the bodies of five of the members of the National Assembly were discovered. [<a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_18/International_Survey_of_Current_Bahá’í_Activities_1979-1983#pg257">BW18p257</a>; BW19:43, 235; <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search?q=december+1981#s=messages-universal-house-justice">Message from the Universal House of Justice 28 December 1981</a>] <li>Those that went missing were: Abdolhossein Taslimi, Houshang Mohammadi, Ebrahim Rahmani, Hassan Naji, Manouher Ghaemmaghami, Ataollah Mogharabi, Yousef Ghadimi, Behieh Naderi, Dr. Kambiz Sadeghzadeh Milani, Yousef Abbasian and Heshmatollah Rouhani. <li>See <a href="https://bmb.imgix.net/7547249/7547249-master.jpg">photo</a>. <li>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/20394/hope-father-killed-firing-squad">Iran Press Watch # 20394</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_Iran.html">National Spiritual Assembly, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Arrests.html">Persecution, Arrests</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1980 17 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Leonora Stirling Holsapple Armstrong, (b.June 23, 1895, Hudson, New York), the ‘spiritual mother of South America’ and the first Latin American pioneer, passed away in the city of Salvador in Bahia, Brazil. She had served on the Continental Board of Counsellors from her appointment in 1973. [Mess63-86p248; BW18:738; VV32] <li>For her obituary see BW18:733–738. <li>See <a href="../asuncion_leonora_armstrong.html"><i>Armstrong, Counsellor Leonora: A Loving Portrait</i></a> by Kristine Leonard Asuncion. Brief biographical sketch of Counsellor Armstrong, the "Spiritual Mother of South America" . <li><a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2016/10/leonora-armstrong-spiritual-mother-south-america/">Bahá'í Blog</a>. <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Armstrong">Wikipedia</a>. <li><a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Leonora_Armstrong">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>See FMH40-41 for the story of how she was inspired to go pioneering as told to Doris and Willard McKay. (She had been a classmate of Willard's sister Marguerite at Cornell University.)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bahia.html">Bahia</a>; <a href="../locations/Brazil.html">Brazil</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Leonora_Holsapple_Armstrong.html">Leonora Holsapple Armstrong</a>; <a href="../tags/Names_and_titles.html">Names and titles</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first pioneer Latin American </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1980 20 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Abu’l-Qásim Faizí, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Haifa. (b.1906) [BW18:659; VV52] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the third contingent on the 2nd of October, 1957. [MoCxxiii] <li>For his obituary see BW18:659–65. <li>See <a href="../faizi_conqueror_hearts"><i>Conqueror of Hearts: Excerpts from Letters, Talks, and Writings of Hand of the Cause of God Abu'l-Qásim Faizí</i></a> by Abu'l-Qasim Faizi edited by Shirley Macias. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Abul-Qasim_Faizi.html">Abul-Qasim Faizi</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Third_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Third Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1981 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The persecution of the Bahá’ís of Iran continued throughout the year. [BW18:92] <li>Forty–six Bahá’ís were executed and two assassinated. [BW18:292–3; BW19:230–1] <li>For pictures of the martyrs see BW18:295–305 and BW19:236–46. <li>For accounts of some of the martyrdoms see BW18:277–8, 281–4. <li>For excerpts from the wills of some of the martyrs see BW18:284–9. <li>For a list of resolutions adopted by the United Nations, regional bodies, national and provincial governments, and other actions taken, see BW18:92–6 and BW19:44–6. <li>For a list of the actions taken by the Bahá’í International Community, Bahá’í institutions and others see BW18:341–5, 417–20. <li>See <a href="https://iranbahaipersecution.bic.org/archive/video-recording-secret-trial-members-bahai-national-assembly-held-1981-evin-prison-edited">Archives of Bahá'í Persecution in Iran</a> for an edited video recording of the secret trial of the members of the National Spiritual Assembly of Iran at Evin Prison in Tehran. (In Farsi) <li>During the year the Bahá'í International Community made its first appeal to the UN Commission in Human Rights to address the situation of the Bahá'í Community in Iran. [<a href="https://www.bic.org/about/about-us#history">BIC History</a> 1981] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/NSA.html">NSA</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1981 1 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>Der Bahā'ismus, Weltreligion der Zukunft?: Geschichte, Lehre und Organisation in Kritischer Anfrage (Bahá'ism-Religion of the Future? History, Doctrine and Organization: A Critical Inquiry)</i> by Francesco Ficicchia under the auspices of the Central Office of the Protestant Church for Questions of Ideology in Germany. This book was distributed by the Protestant Church and became the most widespread book on the Bahá'í Faith in German, and as such was widely accepted as a critical academic publication. At the time of its distribution a decision was taken to not dignify the publication with a rebuttal. This proved to be an error. <i><a href="../schaefer_towfigh_crooked_straight.html">Making the Crooked Straight</a></i> was published in 1995 in German and translated/published by George Ronald Publishers in 2000. The purpose of the book, as the name suggests, was to address the distorted views presented in Ficicchia's publication. [MCSintroduction] <li>See <a href="http://jack-mclean.com/articles/refutation-francesco-ficicchia/"><i>The Refutation of Francesco Ficicchia and the Dangers of Silence</i></a> by Jack McLean.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Germany.html">Germany</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Opposition.html">Opposition</a>; <a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a>; <a href="../tags/Making_the_Crooked_Straight_(book).html">Making the Crooked Straight (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_Scholarship.html">Bahai Scholarship</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1981</span> 23 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Dr. Masih Farhangi had spent 502 days in the Evin Prison before his martyrdom by firing squad. For his execution he was accompanied by three other Baha’i souls: Mr. Badi’u’llah Farid, Yadu’llah Pustchi, and Varqa Tibyaniyan. Dr Farhangi was known as the "Prison Angel" for his service as the prison physician by treating his prison mates, who were clearly not receiving the medical care they needed by the prison establishment. [<i>The Life and Services of Dr. Masih Farhangi</i> by Dr. Farhang Farhangi (Jabbari); translated by: Farzin Farhangi; first edition 2020; publisher: Baran, Sweden]. <li>See <a href="https://iranwire.com/en/features/8229"">Iran Wire</a> for details of Dr Farhangi's life. [<a href="https://bahai.works/index.php?title=File:BW_Volume20.pdf&page=425">BW20p393</a>; <a href="https://www.iranrights.org/memorial/story/-8368/masih-farhangi">Abdorrahman Boroumand Center</a>; <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Masíh_Farhangí">Bahaipedia</a><a href="#"></a><a href="#"></a><a href="#"></a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1981</span> 2 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Hazel Scott (b. 11 June 1920 in Port of Spain and raised in Harlem) in Manhattan. She was <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6805014/hazel-scott">buried</a> in Flushing Cemetery in Queens, NY. Her friend Dizzy Gillespie, along with other Bahá'í musician friends, had told her about the Bahá'í Faith over the years. On December 1, 1968, she became a Bahá'í. [<a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2022/06/hazel-scott-gifted-musician-and-defender-of-her-people/">Bahá'í Blog</a>] <li>From the Bahá'í Bookstore see <a href="https://www.bahaibookstore.com/Hazel-Scott-A-Woman-a-Piano-and-a-Commitment-to-Justice-P10175.aspx"><i>Hazel Scott: A Woman, a Piano and a Commitment to Justice</i></a> by Susan Eagle. <li>See the book <a href="https://www.amazon.ca/Hazel-Scott-Pioneering-Journey-Hollywood/dp/0472034472"><i>Hazel Scott: The Pioneering Journey of a Jazz Pianist, from Café Society to Hollywood to HUAC</i></a> by Karen Clinton presents the compelling biography of Hazel Scott, who became known not only for her accomplishments on stage and screen, but for her outspoken advocacy of civil rights. During the 1940s and '50s, her international career and her marriage to the controversial Black congressman from Harlem, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., kept her in the headlines. A target of the House Un-American Activities Committee during the McCarthy Era (late 1940s-1950s), she eventually joined the Black expatriate community in Paris. In this first biography of Scott, the author traces the fascinating arc of this star's life and rescues her from obscurity. <li>See <a href="https://www.amazon.com/BIOGRAPHY-HAZEL-SCOTT-classical-Discrimination-ebook/dp/B09Z7QRGMV"><i>Biography of Hazel Scott</i></a> by Michelle R Brown. <li>See the video essay <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_WJ4PpxWaE"><i>What Ever Happened to Hazel Scott?</i></a> which tells the story of the extraordinary pianist and jazz vocalist, Hazel Scott. It was written and edited by Eve Goldberg. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Scott">Wikipedia</a>. <li>From the <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/hazel-scotts-lifetime-of-high-notes-145939027/">Smithsonian</a>. <li>See the BBC documentary <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cszjv9"><I>Hazel Scott: Jazz Star and Barrier Breaker</i></a>. <li>From the <i>History, Art and Archives</i> site of the US House of Representatives, a <a href="https://history.house.gov/Blog/2021/January/1-21-Hazel-Scott/">story</a> that recounts her persecution by the House Committee on Un-American Activities in the US Congress of which her husband, Adam Clayton Powell , was an member. <li>See an <a href="https://time.com/4507850/hazel-scott/">article</a> from <i>Time</i></a> magazine. <li>See <a href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/hazel-scott">entry</a> from the National Women's History Museum. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Port_of_Spain%2c_Trinidad.html">Port of Spain, Trinidad</a>; <a href="../locations/Manhattan%2c_NY.html">Manhattan, NY</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hazel_Scott.html">Hazel Scott</a>; <a href="../tags/Famous_Bahais.html">Famous Bahais</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1981 5 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Bahá'í cemetery in Tehran was seized "by order of the Revolutionary Court". Five caretakers and eight temporary workers were arrested and the cemetery was closed. [Mess63-86p510]<p> The Baha’i cemetery, known as “Golestan-i-Javid” – the Eternal Garden – was confiscated. Ten years later, the City of Tehran demolished the cemetery in order to build the Khavaran Cultural Complex. In accordance with Shi’a jurisprudence, the conversion for the purpose of so-called “improvement” of a cemetery is only permissible after 30 years, but in this case only ten years had passed. The construction of the Khavaran Cultural Centre required deep excavation and the disinterment of more than 1,000 bodies. The design for the sunken yard and the vast basement of this complex was in reality a modern solution to the doctrinal problem of cleansing the soil of the “contamination” of the “unclean” remains of Bahá'ís. During the excavation and recycling of the soil, the remains of the “non-believer” Bahá'ís were apparently used in the foundation for the road and a new overpass. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/19288/persecution-dead-from-the-bab-to-khavaran/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+iranpresswatch+%28Iran+Press+Watch%3A+The+Baha%27i+Community%29">Iran Press Watch</a> 11 June 2018] <LI>For the historical background of the mistreatment of the dead in Iran see <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/19288/persecution-dead-from-the-bab-to-khavaran/">Iran Press Watch 19288</a>.iiiii <li> Since the Bahá'ís have always been prohibited from burying their dead in Muslim cemeteries, the acquisition of burial grounds has been a major goal of the Bahá'í communities. From the earliest days, Bahá'í dead have been buried in their own private properties, in plots of land donated by individual Bahá'ís to the community as local endowments, or, where possible, in the community-owned cemeteries obtained by collective financial contributions of individual Bahais. A systematic process of acquiring separate Bahá'í cemeteries, however, was inaugurated in most Bahá'í communities in the 1920s and continued in later decades. Prior to the 1979 revolution, most of the principal Bahá'í centers had their own cemeteries run under the supervision of the local Spiritual Assembly. After the revolution most of them have been destroyed and desecrated. [<a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-v"><i>BAHAISM v. The Bahai Community in Iran</i></a> by V. Rafati] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Destruction.html">Persecution, Destruction</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Arrests.html">Persecution, Arrests</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Golestan-i-Javid.html">Golestan-i-Javid</a>; <a href="../tags/Eternal_Garden.html">Eternal Garden</a>; <a href="../tags/Khavaran_Cultural_Complex.html">Khavaran Cultural Complex</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_denial_of_burial.html">Persecution, denial of burial</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1981 27 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Eight of the nine members of the replacement National Spiritual Assembly of Iran were executed. They replaced the members who had been arrested and who had "disappeared" in August of 1980. The members of the second National Assembly were: Mr. Mihdi Amin Amin, Mrs. Zhinus Mahmudi, Dr. 'Izzatu'lláh Furúhi, Mr. Kamran Samimi, Mr. Jalal Azizi, Dr. Mahmud Madjhub, Mr. Sirus Rawshani Oskui, and Mr. Qudratu’llah Rawhani. Gítí Vahíd was absent from the meeting of the National Spiritual Assembly through illness and so was not arrested. [BI13; BW19:43; <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search?q=december+1981#s=messages-universal-house-justice">Message from the Universal House of Justice 28 December 1981</a>] <li>Note: The <a href="https://iranbahaipersecution.bic.org/archive/members-second-national-assembly-after-revolution-seven-them-were-executed-december-1981">Archives of the Bahá'í Persecution in Iran</a> reports that seven members of the second National Assembly after the revolution were executed in December 1981. There is a photo but the members are not identified. <li>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/20394/hope-father-killed-firing-squad">Iran Press Watch # 20394</a>. <li>A <a href="https://www.christianforums.com/threads/trial-of-the-bahai-national-assembly-in-iran.7913149/">video</a> of the trial of the second Assembly was shown on the BBC on the 17th of October, 2015. Mrs Ahinous Ne'mat was not present in the video. The remaining members shown were: Mahmound Madjzoob, Kamran Samimi, Jalal Azizi, Qudrat'u'llah Rohani, Mehdi Amin Amin, Sirous Roshani Oskou'i, and Ezzat'u'allah Fououhi. <li>See <i>Letter From <u>Zh</u>ínús Mahmúdí to Her Three Children, 7 June 1981</i>. Her husband Hú<u>sh</u>ang had been elected to the first National Spiritual Assembly. He had been arrested on 21 August 1980 and his whereabouts are still unknown. His wife was arrested on 13 December 1981 and she was executed on the 27th. [<a href="https://bahai.works/World_Order/Series2/Volume_17/Issue_1">World Order, Series 2, Volume_17 Issue 1</a> p32-35] IIIII <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQ8LQb_ZXKo">Link</a> to Muna Mahmoudi's talk on Sacrifice & Martydom. <li>See <a href="https://religionnews.com/2018/11/28/the-iranian-government-is-targeting-bahais-in-yemen-weve-seen-this-before/">Religion New Service</a> 2 April, 2020 for a story about the execution of Kamran Samimi and his companions. For a brief biography of Kamran Samini see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamran_Samimi">Wikipedia</a>. <li>See <a href="https://iranwire.com/en/features/8333">Iran Wire</a> for details of the life of Dr Sirous Rowshani Oskui. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_Iran.html">National Spiritual Assembly, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1982 14 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Amoz Gibson, (b. 3 Aug 1918 Washington), a member of the Universal House of Justice from 1963 until 1982, passed away in Haifa. He was buried in the Bahá'í Cemetery in Haifa. [BW18:669; VV52] <li>His diagnose was acute lymphoblastic leukemia. See <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/amoz-everett-gibson/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a> for a brief biography. <li>For his obituary see BW18:665–9. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/133807801/amoz-everett-gibson">Find a grave</a>. <li>Elected to the Universal House of Justice to replace him was Mr. Glenford Mitchell. He was born in Jamaica and held a Masters degree in journalism from Columbia University. An author, he had worked as a magazine editor and managing editor and taught English and journalism at Howard University. He served as chief executive officer of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States from 1968 until his election to the Universal House of Justice. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/208/">BWNS208</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Amoz_Gibson.html">Amoz Gibson</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Members_of-2.html">Universal House of Justice, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/Glenford_Mitchell.html">Glenford Mitchell</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1982 9 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Richard Edward St. Barbe Baker (b. 9 October, 1889 West End, Hampshire, England d. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) <li>He was one of the foremost world famous environmentalists of the twentieth century, an ecologist, conservationist, forester, vegetarian, horseman, apiarist, author of some thirty books and numerous articles and a committed Bahá’í who rendered service to the Bahá’í Faith for more than fifty years. <li>Shoghi Effendi referred to Baker as "the first member of the English gentry to join the Bahá’í Faith." [<a href="https://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=282:baker-richard-edward-st-barbe&catid=37:biography">Bahá'í Encyclopedia Project</a>. <li>He formally founded the Men of the Trees organization in England in 1924 and it soon spread to many other countries. (Shoghi Effendi enrolled as the first life member of the Men of the Trees.) Now known as the <b>International Tree Foundation</b>, it has a large membership of women and men from all walks of life. In 1978 Charles, Prince of Wales, became the society’s patron. A <a ref="https://internationaltreefoundation.org/history/">history</a> of the organization is on their website. [<a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/richard-edward-st-barbe-baker/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>; BW18p802-805] <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1292/">BWNS1292</a>. <li>He was buried in the <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2163/richard-st._barbe_baker" >Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1304/slideshow#img-22">photo. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Hampshire.html">Hampshire</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="../locations/Saskatoon.html">Saskatoon</a>; <a href="../locations/Saskatchewan.html">Saskatchewan</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Richard_St.html">Richard St. Barbe Baker</a>; <a href="../tags/Men_of_the_Trees.html">Men of the Trees</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Tree_Foundation.html">International Tree Foundation</a>; <a href="../tags/Environment.html">Environment</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Cemeteries_and_graves.html">Cemeteries and graves</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">the first member of the English gentry to join the Bahá’í Faith.</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1983 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of St Vincent and Grenada was formed. [BW18:107] <li>Was it "St Vincent and the Grenadines"? See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/national-communities/saint-vincent-and-grenadines">National website</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/St_Vincent.html">St Vincent</a>; <a href="../locations/Grenada.html">Grenada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first NSA St Vincent and Grenada</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1983 18 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In Shiraz, ten Bahá'í women ranging in age from 17 to 57, were hanged. All of the women had been tortured and interrogated in the months prior to their execution. The youngest of these martyrs was Mona Mahmudnizhad, a 17-year-old schoolgirl who had been beaten on the soles of her feet, kissed the hands of her executioner and placed the hangman's rope around her own throat. The names of the others executed were <a href="https://iranwire.com/en/bahais-of-iran/107374-zarrin-moghimi-abyaneh-a-young-bahai-woman-executed-for-her-faith/">Zarrin Muqimi-Abyanih,</a> 28, Ruya Ishraqi, a 23-year-old veterinary student, Shahin Dalvand, 25, a sociologist; Izzat Janami Ishraqi, 57, a homemaker; Mahshid Nirumand, 28, who had qualified for a degree in physics but had it denied her because she was a Bahá'í, Simin Sabiri, 25; Tahirih Arjumandi Siyavushi, 30, a nurse; Akhtar Thabit, 25, also a nurse; Nusrat Ghufrani Yalda'i, 47, a mother and member of the local Bahá'í Spiritual Assembly. [<a href="../../www.bic.org/sites/default/files/pdf/TheBahaiQuestion%2047-48.pdf">Hanged for teaching “Sunday school”</a>] <li>For the story of the martyrs see BW19:180–7 and VV56. <li>For their obituaries see BW19:596–607. <li>For pictures of the martyred women see BW19:240–1. <li>See <i>World Order</i> magazine Vol 4 Issue 3, 1986 for an article on Zarrin Muqimi-Abyanih written by her sister Simin <u>Kh</u>avari. <li>See <a href="https://bahaiteachings.org/executed-for-her-hospitality/">Bahá'í Teachings</a> for the story of Nusrat Yalda’i, a mother of four children, three sons and one daughter, who was executed for her hospitality. <li>See <a href="https://www.trackpersia.com/shocking-stories-abuse-harassment-humiliation-female-prisoners-iran/">Track Persia</a> dated 25 January 2020 for an account of how female prisoners have been treated in Iranian prisons since the Islamic Revolution. <li>In 1985 a 45-page booklet entitled <a href="https://www.dramacircle.org/the-story-of-mona"><i>The Story of Mona: 1965-1983</i></a> was published by Bahá'î Canada Publications, under the auspices of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Canada. <li>Also in 1985 a music video called <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEyaGAFvFKQ"><i>Mona and Children</i></a> was made by Douglas John Cameron and friends. <li>In 2003 a play, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ly8oDV8HJKs"><i>A New Dress for Mona</i></a> by Mark Perry was produced by the Drama Circle. <li>Lenz entertainment produced a screenplay entitled <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ly8oDV8HJKs"><i>Mona's Dream</i></a>. It was written by Houshang Touzie and Jack Lenz and won the 2010 Female Eye Audience Choice Screenplay Award. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MovieMonasdream/">Facebook</a>. <li>In June of 2017 the book, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Our-Friend-Mona-Remarkable-Martyr/dp/0983470146"><i>Our Friend Mona: The Remarkable Life of a Young Martyr</i></a> by Azadeh Rohanian Perry and Mark E Perry (with the assistance of Mona's mother, Mrs. Farkhundih Mahmudnizhad) was published by Circle of Spirit. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Shiraz.html">Shiraz</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Martyrs%2c_Shiraz_1983.html">Martyrs, Shiraz 1983</a>; <a href="../tags/Mona_Mahmudnizhad.html">Mona Mahmudnizhad</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Youth.html">Youth</a>; <a href="../tags/persecution%2c_Persecution%2c_Education.html">persecution, Persecution, Education</a>; <a href="../tags/Shahin_Dalvand.html">Shahin Dalvand</a>; <a href="../tags/Izzat_Janami_Ishraqi.html">Izzat Janami Ishraqi</a>; <a href="../tags/Mahshid_Nirumand.html">Mahshid Nirumand</a>; <a href="../tags/Simin_Sabiri.html">Simin Sabiri</a>; <a href="../tags/Tahirih_Arjumandi_Siyavushi.html">Tahirih Arjumandi Siyavushi</a>; <a href="../tags/Akhtar_Thabit.html">Akhtar Thabit</a>; <a href="../tags/Nusrat_Ghufrani_Yaldai.html">Nusrat Ghufrani Yaldai</a>; <a href="../tags/Zarrin_Muqimi-Abyanih.html">Zarrin Muqimi-Abyanih</a>; <a href="../tags/Ruya_Ishraqi.html">Ruya Ishraqi</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1984 16 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Shu’á’u’lláh ‘Alá’í, Hand of the Cause of God, passed away in Scottsdale, Arizona. (b. 16 November 1889) [BW19:594; VV123] <li>BW19: 159 says this was 17 November. <li>For his obituary see BW19:593–5. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the second contingent on the 29th of February, 1952. [MoCxxiii] <li>For a short biography "General" 'Alí see <a href="http://bahaichronicles.org/shuaullah-alai-neda-add-story/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. <li>See LoF335-338.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Scottsdale.html">Scottsdale</a>; <a href="../locations/Arizona.html">Arizona</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shuaullah_Alai.html">Shuaullah Alai</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Second_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Second Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1984</span> c. Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Dr. Ruhollah Taelim, a popular physician living in Kermanshah, was hanged in Tehran in 1984 at the age of 47 on charges of following the Bahá'í faith. For his story see <a href="https://iranwire.com/en/features/8804"><i>The Bahá'í Doctor Hanged for Refusing to Deny His Faith</i></a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Kermanshah.html">Kermanshah</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ruhollah_Taelim.html">Ruhollah Taelim</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Deaths.html">Persecution, Deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1985</span> 7 March</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Continental Board of Counsellor Lloyd Gardner. [<a href="../uhj_messages_1963-86_full%26chapter%3d6.html#660">Mess63-68p660] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_19/In_Memoriam">BW19p663-665</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1985 24 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">On the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations and in anticipation of the United Nations International Year of Peace, the Universal House of Justice addressed a message "To the Peoples of the World" inviting them to consider that a new social order can be fostered by all peoples’ seeing themselves as members of one universal family. This message, <i>The Promise of World Peace</i> was presented to world leaders and countless others during the United Nations International Year of Peace. [BBD174, 187–8; BW19:139, 155; VV59, 86–8, <a href="../uhj_promise_world_peace.html"><i>The Promise of World Peace</i></a>] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_20/The_Six_Year_International_Teaching_Plan_1986-1992#pg131">BW20p131</a> for the logistics involved in distributing it throughout the world. <li>Within six months national spiritual assemblies present copies to 167 world leaders, including 140 to leaders of independent countries. [BW19:139, 334–6]</li><li>For pictures see BW19:337–44.</li><li>For text see BW19:324–33. <li>See the compilation on <a href="../compilation_peace.html"><i>Peace</i></a> compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice. <li>See the <a href="https://www.bic.org/statements/bahai-international-community-and-world-peace#1ls9lwpkWkH4am5X.97">oral statement</a> from the Bahá'í International Community of the 17th of April 1986 addressed to the NGO committee for the University of Peace. <li>See the Message of the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20190118_001/1#451486170">18 January 2019</a> on the subject of world peace. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Worldwide.html">Worldwide</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice.html">Universal House of Justice</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Universal House of Justice, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/Promise_of_World_Peace_(statement).html">Promise of World Peace (statement)</a>; <a href="../tags/Statements.html">Statements</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/World_peace_(general).html">World peace (general)</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Letters_and_messages.html">Universal House of Justice, Letters and messages</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1986 21 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Islamic Research Academy at the Azhar University in Cairo published in a number of newspapers a lengthy opinion about the Bahá’í Faith in advance of the court cases of Bahá’ís due to be heard in February. [BW19:286] <li>"The essence of the statement is that the condemnation of the Bahá'ís should not be only based on charges of the Bahá'ís resuming activities and holding meetings, but rather on their beliefs. Consequently all Bahá'ís should be incriminated and not only those who allegedly have disobeyed a particular law." [Ref Enayat below] <li>For a refutation of this statement by the Bahá’í International Community, see BW19:288–96 and <a href="http://www.farstretchingriver.com/خطاب-مفتوح-المصريين-تابع/">"Far Stretching River"</a>. <li>Also see <a href="../enayat_commentary_alazhar_bahais.html"><i>Commentary on the Azhar's Statement regarding Bahá'ís and Bahá'ísm</I></a> by Moshen Enayat. <ul><li>"It (the commentary) was sent to the main daily Egyptian newspapers, all of which had published the Azhar statement under large headlines. It was also sent to some suitable senior officials, such as the Minister of Information and the Speaker of Parliament. To our knowledge no newspaper has published it. " <li>"The accusations listed in the statement are mostly repetitions of previous allegations, except for its inference that the unanimous opposition of Muslims to the Bahá'í Faith is a proof of its error; an assertion implicitly invoking the tradition attributed to the Prophet Muhammad that the unanimity of the Muslim nation cannot be infallible. The importance of the statement consisted in its attempt to make the condemnation of the Bahá'í Faith a doctrinal assertion, and as a consequence, tremendous pressure was exerted by some religious deputies on the speaker of the Egyptian parliament to pass a bill which stipulated that conversion to the Bahá'í Faith was an act of apostasy punishable by death."</ul></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Egypt.html">Persecution, Egypt</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Court_cases.html">Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/Criticism_and_apologetics.html">Criticism and apologetics</a>; <a href="../tags/Moshen_Enayat.html">Moshen Enayat</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1986</span> 31 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The announcement of the inaugural broadcast of Radio Bahá'í Panama. [Mess63-86p710] <li>It was situated in the Chiriqui area of western Panama as part of the Guaymi Educational Centre complex at Soloy. <li>Also see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802031749/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-1-18.html">One Country</a>. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1462/">BWNS1462</a> for a story on how this radio station served the community during the 2020 pandemic.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Boca_del_Monte.html">Boca del Monte</a>; <a href="../locations/Panama.html">Panama</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_radio.html">Bahai radio</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Institutes-2.html">Teaching Institutes</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai-owned_radio.html">Bahai-owned radio</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1986 - 1992</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Six_Year_Plan_(1986-1992)">Six Year Plan</a> (1986-1992) was launched. [AWH40, 42–4; BBRSM159; VV91] <li>In its message of <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19860102_001/1#290134928">2 January 1986</a> the Universal House of Justice announced a new process whereby the national goals of the new Plan were to be largely formulated by the National Spiritual Assemblies and the Boards of Counsellors. <li>See the message of the <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19860225_001/1#080822052">25 February 1986</a> for the major objectives and national goals of the plan. [Mess63-86p717-723] <li>See <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_20/The_Six_Year_International_Teaching_Plan_1986-1992">BW20p115</a> for the report on the Six Year Plan. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Six_Year_Plan_(1986-1992).html">Six Year Plan (1986-1992)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1986</span> 20 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The official opening of Radio Bahá'í Chile in Labranzo, Commune of Temuco. <li>The transmitter operated on 1160 kHz and served principally the indigenous population of Mapuche Indian community. [<a href"http://bahaihistoricalfacts.blogspot.com/2012/05/radio-bahai-chile-was-officially-opened.html">Bahá'í Historical Facts</a>] iiiii  <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1462/">BWNS1462</a> for a story on how this radio station served the community during the 2020 pandemic. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Labranzo.html">Labranzo</a>; <a href="../locations/Chile.html">Chile</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_radio.html">Bahai radio</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai-owned_radio.html">Bahai-owned radio</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1987 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Faced with unrelenting religious persecution involving a wide range of human rights violations, the Bahá'í Institute for Higher Education (BIHE) was founded in response to the Iranian government's continuing campaign to deny Iranian Bahá'ís access to higher education. <li>See <a href="http://www.bihe.org/">BIHE Website</a>. <li>BIHE developed several unique features which have become its defining strengths. Courses were delivered at the outset by correspondence, soon complemented by in-person classes and tutoring. Later on, leading-edge communication and education technologies were included. In addition, an affiliated global faculty (AGF) was established that comprised of hundreds of accredited professors from universities outside Iran who assisted BIHE as researchers, teachers and consultants. <li>The BIHE was to evolve such that it could offer 38 university-level programs across 5 faculties and continued to develop and deliver academic programs in Sciences, Engineering, Business and Management, Humanities, and Social Sciences. It provided and continues to provide its students with the necessary knowledge and skills to not only persevere and succeed in their academic and professional pursuits, but to be active agents of change for the betterment of the world. <li>The BIHE's commitment to high academic standards, international collaboration and its innovative teaching-learning environment has been increasingly recognized as graduates excelled in post graduate studies internationally. [<a href="http://www.bihe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=146&Itemid=236">See list</a>] These unique strengths of BIHE, together with the top-ranking marks of its students, have helped secure its graduates places at over 87 prestigious universities and colleges in North America, Europe, Australia and Asia (India). [<a href="http://denial.bahai.org/004.php">Closed Doors, Chapter IV<a/>; <a href="http://www.bihe.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=143&Itemid=231">BIHE</a>] <li>See the statement <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014092320/http://www.bic-un.bahai.org/99-0129.htm"><i>The Bahá'í Institute Of Higher Education: A Creative And Peaceful Response To Religious Persecution In Iran</i></a> presented by the Bahá'í International Community to the 55th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights under Agenda item 10 of the provisional agenda: "The Right to Education" in Geneva, 22 March - 30 April 1999. <li>See <a href="https://iranwire.com/en/bahais-of-iran/112553-dr-parviz-javid-bahai-pharmacologist-and-educational-pioneer/">Iran Wire 20 January 2023</a> for the notice of passing of Dr Parviz Javid, one of the three professors who are credited with founding the Bahá'í Institute for Higher Education. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_Institute_for_Higher_Education_(BIHE).html">Bahai Institute for Higher Education (BIHE)</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_Rights-2.html">Human Rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Education.html">Education</a>; <a href="../tags/persecution%2c_Persecution%2c_Education.html">persecution, Persecution, Education</a>; <a href="../tags/BIC_statements.html">BIC statements</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1989 5 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Dr Ugo Giachery (b. 13 May, 1896, Palermo, Sicily), Hand of the Cause of God, passed away while on a visit to Western Samoa. [BINS204:1; VV123] <li>He died while visiting Samoa and was interred on the mountainside at Tiapapata, Apia, in view of the Pacific Ocean. His funeral service was attended by by His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, the Prime Minister of Samoa, four Ministers of Cabinet, four Counsellors, five Auxiliary Board members, representatives of six national communities of the Pacific, and over two hundred believers from many parts of the country. [LoF241) <li>For the cable of the Universal House of Justice see BINS204:1. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the first contingent on the 24th of December, 1951. [MoCxxiii] <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Giachery">Wikipedia</a> <li>For a short biography see LoF223-242. <li>See <a href="https://bahaichronicles.org/ugo-giachery/">Bahá'í Chronicles</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tiapapata.html">Tiapapata</a>; <a href="../locations/Apia.html">Apia</a>; <a href="../locations/Samoa.html">Samoa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ugo_Giachery.html">Ugo Giachery</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_First_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, First Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1990 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The formation of the European Bahá'í Business Forum in France with members from 26 countries in Europe and elsewhere. [VV115] <li>Formed by a group of Bahá'ís active in business and management meeting in Chamonix, France, due to concern about the decline of ethics and values in business. <li>Forum created to promote the moral and spiritual wisdom and principles of the great religious traditions of the world (sources included Judaism, Hinduism, and Christianity as well as the 19th century revelation of Bahá'u'lláh) such as adherence to the principles of justice, respect, trustworthiness, integrity and unity. <li>Beginning as an informal network, its membership grew requiring the election of a Governing Board. <li> Members have attached importance to sharing their broad experience and to contributing to the improvement of management in emerging free-market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. [<a href="http://www.ebbf.org/">ebbf</a>] <li>See <a href="../couillard_history_ebbf.html"><i>The History of EBBF: Twenty-Five Years of Contributing to the Discourse of Ethics in Business</i></a> by Francois Couillard. <li>Under advice from the Universal House of Justice, EBBF changed its name from <b>European Bahá’í Business Forum</b> to the less parochial name <b>Ethical Business Building the Future</b>. [The above, pg45] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Chamonix.html">Chamonix</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a>; <a href="../locations/Europe.html">Europe</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/European_Bahai_Business_Forum_(EBBF).html">European Bahai Business Forum (EBBF)</a>; <a href="../tags/Business.html">Business</a>; <a href="../tags/Ethical_Business_Building_the_Future_(EBBF).html">Ethical Business Building the Future (EBBF)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1990 26 Jan </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Bahá'í Chair for World Peace was established at the University of Maryland's Centre for International Development and Conflict Management at the official signing of the Memorandum of Understanding. [AWH76; BINS217:7; VV108] <li> Professor Suheil Bushrui was appointed to the Chair in 1992. <li> For picture see VV108. <li>On the 12th of February the Universal House of Justice <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search?q=1990#s=messages-universal-house-justice">announced</a> that the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and the University of Maryland had signed a memorandum of understanding to establish "The Bahá'í Chair for World Peace" in its Centre for International Development and Conflict Management. <li>In 1992 Professor Suheil Bushrú’í was named as the first scholar to hold the Chair. [AWH76; VV108] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.us/community/news/2015/july-august-2015/endowment-to-ensure-continued-mission-of-bahai-chair/">The American Bahá'í</a> for information on the endowment to fund the Chair as well as the programs and activities. "As part of its threefold objective of research, education and publication, the Bahá’í Chair collaborates with academics and practitioners to provide inspiration and direction to students, faculty and leaders seeking solutions to the world’s great challenges through the study of Bahá'í perspectives." <li><a href="http://www.bahaichair.umd.edu/">Official website</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Maryland.html">Maryland</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_Chair_for_World_Peace.html">Bahai Chair for World Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/Suheil_Bushrui.html">Suheil Bushrui</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1990 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Eighty leaders of thought from around the world gathered at Landegg Academy for the first International Dialogue on the Transition to a Global Society. The event was co-sponsored by the University of Maryland, the Vienna Academy for the Study of the Future and the Landegg Academy. [VV109] <li>For documentation on the proceedings see <a href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?basket=1&sc1=1&noextract=1&look=basket&ll=1">UNESCO Documents and Publications</a>. <li>A second international dialogue took place in 1991 and a third in 1992. [VV109] </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Landegg.html">Landegg</a>; <a href="../locations/Switzerland.html">Switzerland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/University_of_Maryland.html">University of Maryland</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_Chair_for_World_Peace.html">Bahai Chair for World Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/Vienna_Academy.html">Vienna Academy</a>; <a href="../tags/Landegg_academy.html">Landegg academy</a>; <a href="../tags/Universities.html">Universities</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Conferences%2c_Other.html">Conferences, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first international dialogue on the transition of the global society</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1990 29 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Hand of the Cause of God H. Collis Featherstone in Katmandu, Nepal. He was born at Quorn, South Australia on May 5th, 1913. [BINS232:8, VV12, <a href="http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64">The Bahá'í Encyclopedia</a>, <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=112365954">Find a grave</a>] <li>For his obituary see BW20p809-818. <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed him among the third contingent on the 2nd of October, 1957. [MoCxxiii] <li>See <a href="http://bahairecollections.com/author/npande/">Bahá'í Recollections</a> for an article complete with pictures by Narenda Pande about Mr. Featherstone's last days and funeral. <li>See LoF434-448 for a biography. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/112365954/harold-collis-featherstone">Find a grave.</a> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Kathmandu.html">Kathmandu</a>; <a href="../locations/Nepal.html">Nepal</a>; <a href="../locations/Quorn.html">Quorn</a>; <a href="../locations/South_Australia.html">South Australia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause.html">Hands of the Cause</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Collis_Featherstone.html">Collis Featherstone</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Third_Contingent.html">Hands of the Cause, Third Contingent</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1991</span> 5 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The highest legal authority in Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court, overturned the decisions of a number of lower courts that had refused to register the by-laws of a Local Spiritual Assembly on the grounds that the authority granted to the National Spiritual Assembly in the document violated the legal principle requiring the autonomy of all legally incorporated associations. <li>The case was first brought before the District Court of Tübingen when the legal administrator refused to register the Local Assembly on the 8th of December, 1983. The decision was appealed on the 5th of May 1985 to the High State Court in Sturrgart and rejected on the 27th of January 1986. News of the decision caused other jurisdictions to demand that local assemblies amend their By-Laws or face cancellation of their existing incorporation. The National Spiritual Assembly was in danger of the same fate. An appeal was submitted in March of 1986. <li>The ruling affirmed Bahá'í community, by it’s right as a recognized religion, recognized by public knowledge and by the testimony of scholars of comparative religion, had the right to a legal identity. [AWH87] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19910421_001/1#945965079">Ridván Message 1991</a>. <li>For complete details of the case see <a href="../uhj_messages_1986_2001.html">Mess86-01p206-235</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tubingen.html">Tubingen</a>; <a href="../locations/Germany.html">Germany</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Local_Spiritual_Assembly.html">Local Spiritual Assembly</a>; <a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly.html">National Spiritual Assembly</a>; <a href="../tags/By-laws.html">By-laws</a>; <a href="../tags/Legal_recognition.html">Legal recognition</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1992 May 29</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Commemoration of the Centenary of the Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh at Bahjí and the walk from the German Settlement to the Shrine of the Báb, the circumambulation of the Shrine and the walk to the Seat of the Universal House of Justice for the viewing of a projected portrait of Bahá'u'lláh, and a candle-lit programme of prayers and readings. The 3 a.m. observances circled the globe in some 71,000 localities with prayers and readings beginning in the Eastern Pacific Ocean time zone and going west. At 1PM in the Seat of the Universal House of Justice, there was a viewing of the passport photo of Bahá'u'lláh taken in 1868. [BINS271:1–2; BW92–3:96–7; VV129–30, SDSC367-368] <li> For the tribute to Bahá'u'lláh by the Universal House of Justice see <a href="https://www.bahai.org/documents/the-universal-house-of-justice/tribute-universal-house-justice">BW92–3:31–6</a>. <li> For pictures see BINS271:10 and VV129, 130.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/World_Centre.html">World Centre</a>; <a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Shrine_of.html">Bahaullah, Shrine of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Shrine_of.html">Bab, Shrine of</a>; <a href="../tags/Centenaries.html">Centenaries</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Ascension_of.html">Bahaullah, Ascension of</a>; <a href="../tags/Holy_days.html">Holy days</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1992 18 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Counsellor Isobel Sabri, (b. 19 July, 1924) member of the International Teaching Centre in England. She was born in California in 1924. Letter from the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Canada to all Local Spiritual Assemblies dated the 16th of October 1992. [VV124] <li>She was buried at the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isobel_Sabri_grave_New_Southgate_Cemetery.JPG">New Southgate Cemetery</a> <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/173789539/isobel-sabri">Find a grave</a> <li>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Isobel_Sabri">Bahaipedia</a> for the message of condolence from the Universal House of Justice.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/California.html">California</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a>; <a href="../locations/United_Kingdom.html">United Kingdom</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Counsellors.html">Counsellors</a>; <a href="../tags/Isobel_Sabri.html">Isobel Sabri</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Teaching_Centre%2c_Members_of.html">International Teaching Centre, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1992</span> 2 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Shirin Fozdar (b. 1 March 1905 in Bombay (now Mumbai)) in Singapore. She was an Indian Bahá'í of Zoroastrian descent who was, along with her husband Dr. K. M. Fozdar, the first Bahá'í pioneers to Singapore in 1950. She was an inaugural member of the National Spiritual Assembly of South East Asia elected in Djakarta in 1957. <p> Shirin Fozdar was also notable for her work for women's rights founding the Singapore Council of Women which was responsible for the passing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Charter">Women's Charter</a> in the Singaporean Parliament in 1961. <p>The Singapore Management University implemented <i>The Shirin Fozdar Program</i> in 2009. It has a <a href="https://admissions.smu.edu.sg/financial-aid/shirin-fozdar-scholarship">scholarship</a> and an <a href="https://mediacast.smu.edu.sg/category/University+Events%3EShirin+Fozdar+Annual+Lecture/78389592">annual lecture</a> as well as community service projects. [<a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Shirin_Fozdar#References">Bahaipedia</a>; <a href="https://www.singaporememory.sg/contents/SMA-7e284fae-d0cd-45cc-90ee-23c65559303d">Singapore Memory</a>] <li>See the video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCgB9IUIdGU&feature=youtu.be"><i>Shirin Fozdar-a Bahá'í and a Champion of Women's Rights</i></a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2022/02/shirin-behjat-fozdar-an-example-to-womankind/">Bahá'í Blog 20 February 2022</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bombay.html">Bombay</a>; <a href="../locations/Singapore.html">Singapore</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Shirin_Fozdar.html">Shirin Fozdar</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">1993</span> Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In a commitment to education and the welfare of humanity, the Bahá’ís have setup 60 grassroots Bahá’í literacy schools and 30 Bahá’í primary health care workers were trained and deployed. The largest scale institution is the private school named the Bambino School in Lilongwe. A Bahá’í school started in January 1993 and in 2003 Bambino School had an enrolment of 1,100 from nursery level through secondary school and secretarial college and has high school graduation including taking the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/240/">BWNS240</a> from 1963 for a recap of the early Bahá'í history of Malawi. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Lilongwe%2c_Malawi.html">Lilongwe, Malawi</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bambino_School.html">Bambino School</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_school.html">Bahai school</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1993 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The English translation of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i> was published. [BW92–3:44] [CBN vol 5 no 10 Mar93 pg1] [CoB310-13 UHJ Message 5Mar93] [VV142] <li> For the significance of its publication see BW92–3:45–6. <li> For its place in Bahá'í literature see <a href="../aqdas_bahai_literature.html"</>BW92-3p45-6, p105-118</a>. <li>This date also marks the first publication in the West of <i>Questions and Answers</i>, a document comprising exclusively of answers Bahá’u’lláh revealed in response to questions about the laws of the <i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i>. See <a href="1910-00-04">Chronology 1910</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Kitab-i-Aqdas_(Most_Holy_Book).html">Kitab-i-Aqdas (Most Holy Book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Questions_and_Answers.html">Questions and Answers</a>; <a href="../tags/Zaynul-Muqarrabin_(Mulla_Zaynul-Abidin).html">Zaynul-Muqarrabin (Mulla Zaynul-Abidin)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1993 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Three_Year_Plan_(1993-1996)">Three Year Plan</a> (1993-1996) was launched. [VV142] <li> For statistics about the Bahá'í Faith at the beginning of the Plan see BW92–93p311–314 and BW93–94p323–326. <li>The objectives of the Three Year Plan. [Message <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19920930_002/1#493588399">30 September 1992</a>] <li>See <a href="See%20_a%20href%3d.html"https://bahai.works/Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99%C3%AD_World/Volume_24/The_Year_in_Review">BW95-96p65-68</a> for a summary of the achievements of the Three Year Plan. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Three_Year_Plan_(1993-1996).html">Three Year Plan (1993-1996)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Statistics.html">Statistics</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1993 16 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Marzieh Nabíl Carpenter Gail, the second child and eldest daughter of the first Persian-American marriage in the Bahá'í Faith between Persian diplomat Ali-Kuli Khan and Boston debutante Florence Breed. (b. 1 April, 1908) [BW1993-1994p320-321, <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=112651854">Find a grave</a>] <li>See AY91 for ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s praise of her as a child and confirmation and promises for the future. He commented that she had átish (fire) and namak (salt). [AY93] <li><a href="http://any-thing-bahai-resources.blogspot.com/2010/09/1912-abdul-baha-with-children-of-ali_08.html">Photo</a> of 'Abdu'l-Bahá with the children of Ali-Kuli Khan and Florence. <li>A translator (Arabic and Persian into English) and author. Poet Roger White would say of his friend: "She is the first lady of Bahá'í literature and I and many writers are indebted to her for leading the way." <li>Translations include: <i>The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys</i> (1945) and <i>The Secret of Divine Civilization</i> (1957) with her father; <i>Memorials of the Faithful</i> (1971); <i>Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá</i> (1976) with a Committee at the Bahá'í World Centre; <i>My Memories of Bahá'u'lláh</i> (1982). <li>Author of a dozen Bahá'í and non-Bahá'í books in addition to countless essays, articles, and short stories. Her remembrances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá are contained in <i>The Sheltering Branch</i> (1959), and those of His Exalted Sister in <i>Khanum: The Greatest Holy Leaf</i> (1981). <li>Many of her essays and pioneering stories are contained in <i>Dawn Over Mount Hira</i> (1976) and <i>Other People, Other Places</i> (1982). As well she wrote “Six Lessons in Islam” (1953), <i>Summon Up Remembrance</i> (1987), <i>Arches of the Years</i> (1991) and, “Bahá'í Glossary” (1955). [Bahá'í Studies Review, Vol 6, 1996] <li>See <a href="../chen_marzieh_gail_obituary.html">Obituary: Marzieh Nabil Carpenter Gail (1908-1993): Translator and Author, "Patron Saint" of Women Bahá'í Scholars </a> by Constance M. Chen. <li><a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Marzieh_Gail">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>For a more complete list of her writings and translations see <a href="../author/Marzieh%2bGail.html">Bahai-library</a>. iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/San_Francisco.html">San Francisco</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Marzieh_Gail.html">Marzieh Gail</a>; <a href="../tags/Ali_Kuli_Khan.html">Ali Kuli Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Florence_Breed.html">Florence Breed</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_scholars.html">Bahai scholars</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1995 (In the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i>Desinformation als Methode</i> by Udo Schaefer, Nicola Towfigh and Ulrich Gollmer. This book was written in response to a pseudo-academic <a href="1981-01-01.html">monograph</a> on the Bahá'í Faith by an embittered ex-Bahá'í, Francesco Ficicchia, claiming to be the standard work on the Faith and published in Germany under church auspices. For over 15 years the accusations raised in Ficicchia's book largely shaped public and academic perception of the Bahá'í Faith in German-speaking Europe, damaging its reputation with a picture of an authoritarian cadre-dominated cult with totalitarian, fascist goals. <li>was translated from the German to English by Dr Geraldine Schuckelt and published in 2000 under the title <i>Making the Crooked Straight; A Contribution to Bahá'í Apologetics</i> and is available from <a href="https://www.grbooks.com/george-ronald-publisher-books/academic-books/making-the-crooked-straight-1313356384">George Ronald Publishers</a>. <ul><li>In 2002 Denis MacEoin published a <a href="../maceoin_schaefer_crooked_straight.html">review</a>. <li>See <a href="https://bahai-studies.ca/past-issues/">Journal of Bahá'í Studies Vol 10 No 3-4</a> for a review by Peter Terry. </ul> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Germany.html">Germany</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/propaganda.html">propaganda</a>; <a href="../tags/persecution%2c_Iran-2.html">persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/propaganda%2c_counter.html">propaganda, counter</a>; <a href="../tags/Udo_Schaefer.html">Udo Schaefer</a>; <a href="../tags/Nicola_Towfigh.html">Nicola Towfigh</a>; <a href="../tags/Ulrich_Gollmer.html">Ulrich Gollmer</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1995 30 Aug – 8 Sep </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Some 400-500 Bahá'í women and men from more than 50 countries around the world participated in the NGO Forum on Women at the Fourth United Nations International Conference on Women held in the resort city of Huairou some 50 kilometers north of Beijing. <li>See <a href="http://www.onecountry.org/oc72/oc7208as.html">One Country Vol 7 Issue 2</a> for profiles of some of the attendees. <li>Bahá'í perspectives on equality were also shared with both Conference and Forum participants through distribution of <i>The Greatness Which Might Be Theirs</i> , a collection of Bahá'í International Community statements and essays by Bahá'ís reflecting on the Agenda and Platform for Action. The booklet's title is drawn from the words of `Abdu'l-Bahá: "As long as women are prevented from attaining their highest possibility, so long will men be unable to achieve the greatness which might be theirs." <ul> <li>Introduction: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219000137/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-8.html"><i>Religion as an Agent for Promoting the Advancement of Women at all Levels</i></a>. <li>Education: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219000143/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-9.html"<i>Educating Girls: An Investment in the Future</i></a>. <li>Health: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905143917/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-10.html"><i>Primary Health Care and the Empowerment of Women</i></a>. <li>Violence: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128112154/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-11.html"><i>Ending Violence Against Women</i></a>. <li>Economic Structures: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219000130/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-12.html"><i>Women in the Informal Sector in Malaysia</i></a>. <li>Power Sharing Bahá'í Law and Principle: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905034452/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-13.html"><i>Creating Legal and Institutional Structures for Gender Equality</i></a>. <li>Mechanisms for Advancement: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219000130/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-14.html"><i>UNIFEM/Bahá'í Project Raises Community Awareness</i></a>. <li>Human Rights: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219000130/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-15.html"><i>Protection of Women's Rights</i></a>. <li>Girl Child: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219001012/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-16.html"><i>The Girl Child: A Critical Concern</i></a>. <li>Appendix: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219000130/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-7-6-17.html"><i>The Status of Women in the Bahá'í Community</i></a>.</ul></li> <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/documents/essays/boyles-ann/towards-goal-full-partnership'"><i>Towards the Goal of Full Partnership: One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Advancement of Women</i></a> by Ann Boyles written in anticipation of the conference. It is a survey of the Bahá’í community's efforts to understand and practice the principle of equality between men and women. [BW93-94p237-275] </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Beijing.html">Beijing</a>; <a href="../locations/China.html">China</a>; <a href="../locations/Huairou%2c_China.html">Huairou, China</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Women.html">Women</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/BIC_statements.html">BIC statements</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1996 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Four_Year_Plan_(1996-2000)">Four Year Plan</a> (1996-2000) was launched with its focus on a single aim: a significant advance in the process of entry by troops. This work would require the informed participation of a great many souls and in 1996, the Bahá’í world was summoned to take up the vast educational challenge this entailed. It was called to establish a network of training institutes focused on generating an increasing flow of individuals endowed with the necessary capacities to sustain the process of growth. [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20210420_001/1#750707525">Ridván Message 2021</a>] <li> See message addressed To the Conference of the Continental Boards of Counsellors dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19951226_001/1#065508003">26 December 1995</a> concerning the Four Year Plan.<li> See message to the Bahá'ís of the World dated <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19951231_001/1#590892445">31 December 1995</a> announcing the new Plan. It was announced that Training Institutes would be established and they will be charged with developing human resources. The Counsellors and the Auxiliary Board members will be intimately involved in the establishment and operation of these institutes. The two arms of the Administrative Order will collaborate in the overseeing of the budget and planning program content, developing curricula and delivering courses. Should there be a board of directors then Auxiliary Board Members may serve on these bodies. <li> The Universal House of Justice sent a Ridván message and Four Year Plan instructions to the Bahá'ís of the World and separate messages to eight regions.<li> <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_001/1#203070720">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Bahá’ís of the World<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_007/1#315378761">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in North America: Alaska, Canada, Greenland and the United States<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_004/1#654631384">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in Australia, the Cook Islands, the Eastern Caroline Islands, the Fiji Islands, French Polynesia, the Hawaiian Islands, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Korea, the Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and the Western Caroline Islands<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_002/1#598129700">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in Africa<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_003/1#714649147">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_008/1#869501848">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in Cambodia, Hong Kong, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Macau, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_009/1#824668349">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in Western and Central Asia<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_005/1#966762095">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in Europe<li> <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/19960421_006/1#080285804">Riḍván 153</a> – To the Followers of Bahá’u’lláh in Latin America and the Caribbean<li> See <a href="../alexander_significance_four-year_plan.html">The Significance of the Four Year Plan</a> (PDF)by Andrew Alexander. <li>For the definitive report see <i>The Four Year Plan and the Twelve Month Plan, 1996-2001 Summary of Achievements</i> prepared under the supervision of the International Teaching Centre. <li>See <a href="../indexffc0.html?file=uhj_training_institutes_1998"><i>Training Institutes</i></a>, a document prepared for and approved by the Universal House of Justice, April 1998. <ul><li>The training institutes focused on generating an increasing flow of individuals endowed with the necessary capacities to sustain the process of growth. It was recognized that certain activities were a natural response to the spiritual needs of a population. Study circles, children’s classes, devotional meetings, and later junior youth groups stood out as being of central importance in this regard, and when woven together with related activities, the dynamics generated could give rise to a vibrant pattern of community life. [<a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20210420_001/1#750707525">Ridván Message 2021</a>]</ul> <il>See as well the publication <i>The Four Year Plan: Messages of the Universal House of Justice</i> </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Four_Year_Plan_(1996-2000).html">Four Year Plan (1996-2000)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Training_Institutes.html">Training Institutes</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1996 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The National Spiritual Assembly of Moldova was formed. Moldova had been an independent republic following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991and previously had been part of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Ukraine and Moldova. [BINS363:1–2; <a href="https://bahai.works/Bahá’í_World/Volume_25/Two_New_National_Spiritual_Assemblies#pg41">BW96-97p41</a>] <li>The National Convention was attended by Knight of Bahá'u'lláh Annemarie Kruger. At that time she was a pioneer in Bulgaria and was in a very advanced age. [<a href="http://candle9.blogspot.ca/2008/07/history-of-bahai-faith-in-moldova.html">Candle 9</a>] <li> See <a href="http://candle9.blogspot.ca/2008/07/history-of-bahai-faith-in-moldova.html">Candle9 28 July, 2008</a> for a history of the Faith. <li>The National Spiritual Assembly of the Ukraine was now an independent Assembly. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Moldova.html">Moldova</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assembly%2c_formation.html">National Spiritual Assembly, formation</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1997 30 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In its message of <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=19970530_001&f=f1-2">30 May 1997</a> the Universal House of Justice announced that they have authorized the formation of "State Bahá'í Councils" or "Regional Teaching and Administrative Committees" to be called "Regional Bahá'í Councils. Their intention was to provide a balance between centralization and decentralization. This structure had been in place in some countries, notably India, for some years prior to this time. See <a href="1986-05-23">23 May, 1986</a>. [TP87-90]<br> For a synopsis of the letter see <a href="../uhj_regional_councils_policies.html">The Establishment of Regional Bahá'í Councils in Certain Countries, Their Characteristics and Functions</a>.<br> The distinguishing effects of the establishment of Regional Bahá’í Councils were the following: <li>It provided for a level of autonomous decision making on both teaching and administrative matters, as distinct from merely executive action, below the National Assembly and above the Local Assemblies. <li>It involved the members of Local Spiritual Assemblies of the area in the choice of the members of the Council, thus reinforcing the bond between it and the local believers while, at the same time, bringing into public service capable believers who were known to the friends in their own region. <li>It established direct consultative relationships between the Continental Counselors and the Regional Bahá’í Councils. <li>It offered the possibility of forming a Regional Bahá’í Council in an ethnically distinct region which covered parts of two or more countries. In such a situation the Council was designated to work directly under one of the National Assemblies involved, providing copies of its reports and minutes to the other National Assembly. <li>The greater degree of decentralization involved in the devolution of authority upon Regional Bahá’í Councils required a corresponding increase in the capacity of the National Spiritual Assembly itself to keep fully informed of what was proceeding in all parts of the territory over which it had ultimate jurisdiction.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/State_Bahai_Councils.html">State Bahai Councils</a>; <a href="../tags/Regional_Bahai_Councils.html">Regional Bahai Councils</a>; <a href="../tags/National_Spiritual_Assemblies.html">National Spiritual Assemblies</a>; <a href="../tags/NSA.html">NSA</a>; <a href="../tags/Local_Spiritual_Assemblies.html">Local Spiritual Assemblies</a>; <a href="../tags/LSA.html">LSA</a>; <a href="../tags/Administration.html">Administration</a>; <a href="../tags/Regional_Council.html">Regional Council</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1999 ...and beyond</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Based on initial experiences, the Institute for Studies in Global Prosperity learned that many people – including many university students and young professionals were interested in exploring the concepts the Institute was working with, and were interested in developing the capacity to contribute to contemporary discourses through a framework that drew on insights from both science and religion. Therefore, the Institute initiated another line of action focused on raising capacity in university students and young adults to contribute to the discourse on science, religion and development, as well as to other discourses related to the betterment of society. The Institute now conducts a series of undergraduate and graduate seminars in a growing number of countries for this purpose. <li><a href="https://www.globalprosperity.org/lines-of-action/seminars-for-undergraduate-students">Seminars for Undergraduate Students</a> <ul><li>See <a href="../../isgpaustralia.orgwp-content/uploads/2017/06/ISGP-Brochure-2016.pdf">Australian brochure 2016</a> for a description of the course of study.</ul> <li><a href="https://www.globalprosperity.org/lines-of-action/seminars-for-university-students">Seminars for University Graduates</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Institute_for_Studies_in_Global_Prosperity_(ISGP).html">Institute for Studies in Global Prosperity (ISGP)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">1999 (in the year)</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mona Foundation was founded in 1999. The Foundation supports grassroots educational initiatives that provide education to all children, increase opportunities for women and girls, and emphasize service to the community. The goal is to alleviate global poverty and support community led transformation such that no child ever goes to bed hungry, is lost to preventable diseases, or is deprived of the gift of education for lack of resources. The core belief is that the keys to alleviating poverty are universal education, gender equality, and community building. <LI>The headquarters is located in Washington, DC with chapters in Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland and San Diego. There is a sister organization in Vancouver, Canada. [<a href="https://www.monafoundation.org/">Website</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.borgenmagazine.com/the-mona-foundation/">Borgen Magazine</a> for the Mona Foundation 20 years on.<p> The following are the results of the foundation’s work with partner organizations in 2020. <ul> <li>2,286,575 students enrolled (in-class and online) <li>3,145 teachers trained <li>23,494 parents trained <li>568 known service projects <li>833 schools served <li>3,246 known communities served (by schools or service projects) <li>864,705 individuals impacted by the Mona Foundation outreach programs</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Los_Angeles.html">Los Angeles</a>; <a href="../locations/Seattle.html">Seattle</a>; <a href="../locations/Portland.html">Portland</a>; <a href="../locations/San_Diego.html">San Diego</a>; <a href="../locations/Vancouver.html">Vancouver</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mona_Foundation.html">Mona Foundation</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_and_Economic_Development_Organizations.html">Social and Economic Development Organizations</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2000 19 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Hand of the Cause of God Amatu'l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum (born Mary Sutherland Maxwell) in Haifa. She was born in New York on 8 August 1910. [<a href="http://www.onecountry.org/e114/e11401as_Rabbani_passing.htm">One CountryVol.11,Issue4</a>, Mess86-01p699-700, <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20000119_001&f=f1-2">19 January, 2000</a>] <li>Shoghi Effendi had appointed her as a Hand of the Cause of God after the passing of her father, Hand of the Cause of God Sutherland Maxwell on the 26th of March, 1952. [MoCxxiv] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/documents/essays/nakhjavani-bahiyyih/tribute-amatulbaha-ruhiyyih-khanum"><i>A Tribute to Amatu’l-Bahá Ruhiyyih Khanum</i></a> by Violette Nakhjavani. <li><a href="https://bmb.imgix.net/2453064/2453064-master.jpg">Photo</a> of her Resting Place. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Amatul-Baha_Ruhiyyih_Khanum.html">Amatul-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum</a>; <a href="../tags/Mary_Maxwell.html">Mary Maxwell</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Hands_of_the_Cause%2c_Births_and_deaths.html">Hands of the Cause, Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2000 17 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mildred Mottahedeh in New York. She had been elected to the International Bahá’í Council, the first globally elected Bahá’í body and was the first Bahá'í International Community representative to the United Nations. She was born in Seabright, New Jersey, on 7 August 1908 and was 91. [<a href="http://www.onecountry.org/e114/e11415as_Mottehedeh.htm">One Country Jan-Mar 2000 Vol 11 Issue 4</a>; TP705-706; BW99-00p307-308] <li>See <a href="https://onthisdateinbahaihistory.blogspot.com/2019/02/february-17-on-this-date-in-2000.html">Blogspot</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/Seabright.html">Seabright</a>; <a href="../locations/New_Jersey.html">New Jersey</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/International_Bahai_Council.html">International Bahai Council</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/Mildred_Mottahedeh.html">Mildred Mottahedeh</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/Firsts%2c_Other.html">Firsts, Other</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first representative of Bahá'í International Community to UN</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2000 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">For a summary of achievements of the Four Year Plan see <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20210420_001/1#750707520">Ridván 2021 Message</a> paragraphs 4-6 for a synopsis of the Plan. <li>See <a href="../pdf/solas/alexander_significance_four-year_plan.pdf"><i>The Significance of the Four Year Plan</i></a> by Andrew Alexander. <li>See <a href="../pdf/solas/corvin_four-year-plan_legacy_irish.pdf"><i>A Personal Consideration of the Four Year Plan and its Legacy from an Irish Bahá'í Perspective</i></a> by Brian Corvin. <li>See <i>The Four Year Plan and the Twelve Month Plan, 1996-2001</i> prepared under the supervision of the International Teaching Centre and published by the Bahá'í World Centre.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Four_Year_Plan_(1996-2000).html">Four Year Plan (1996-2000)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2000 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The launch of the <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Twelve_Month_Plan_(2000-2001)">Twelve Month Plan</a> (2000-2001). [Message from the Universal House of Justice <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search#q=26%20november%2C%201999">26 November, 1999</a>] <li>See <a href="../uhj_plan_2000_introduction.html"><i>One-Year Plan, 2000: Introductory Letter</i></a> by the Universal House of Justice. <li>For the definitive report see the publication entitled <i>The Four Year Plan and the Twelve Month Plan, 1996-2001 Summary of Achievements</i> prepared under the supervision of the International Teaching Centre. <li>In its <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20000421_001/1#630737620">Ridván Message</a> the Universal House of Justice introduced the concept of the <a href=:http://bahai-library.com/wwwboard/messages01/786.html">"Area Growth Program"</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Twelve_Month_Plan_(2000-2001).html">Twelve Month Plan (2000-2001)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/Area_Growth_Program.html">Area Growth Program</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2000</span> 31 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1325 on <a href="../../documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/720/18/pdf/N00720185121.pdf?OpenElement"><b>Women, Peace and Security</b></a>. It was the first United Nations Security Council resolution to specifically mention the impact of conflict on women. <p>The Resolution formally acknowledged the changing nature of warfare, in which civilians are increasingly targeted, and women continue to be excluded from participation in peace processes. It specifically addressed how women and girls are disproportionally impacted by violent conflict and war and recognized the critical role that women can and were playing in peacebuilding efforts. UNSCR 1325 affirmed that peace and security efforts are more sustainable when women are equal partners in the prevention of violent conflict, the delivery of relief and recovery efforts and in the forging of lasting peace. <p> <li>The four pillars of the resolution were <i>Participation</i>, <i>Prevention</i>, <i>Protection</i>, <i>Relief & Recovery</i>. <li>It was the first formal and legal document from the Security Council that required parties in a conflict to prevent violations of women's rights, to support women's participation in peace negotiations and in post-conflict reconstruction, and to protect women and girls from wartime sexual violence. Specifically, the key provisions called for: <ul><li>Increase of representation and participation of women in decision-making at all levels. <li>Specific attention to gender-based violence in conflict situations. <li>Gender perspective in post-conflict processes. <li>Gender perspective in UN programming, reporting and in Security Council missions. <li>Gender perspective & training in UN peace support operations. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1325">Wikipedia</a>]</ul> <li>See <a href="../../www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/cdrom/documents/Background_Paper_Africa.pdf">Background Paper</a> by Françoise Nduwimana. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Women.html">Women</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2000</span> 2 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Creadell Johnetta Haley (b. 4 Jul 1916 in Pawhuska, Osage County, Oklahoma, USA) in Washington, DC. She was buried in the Quantico National Memorial Cemetery, Virginia. [<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14748335/creadell-johnetta-haley">Find a grave</a>; <a href="http://www.obeisancebaha.org/creadell-haley/">ObeisanceBaha</a>] <li>Her passion included mechanic and learning to fly. While studying for her pilot's license war broke out and so in September 1942 she joined the Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) of the Army. After military service, she enrolled in Wilberforce University, and also returned to the airfield where she was able to quickly receive her private pilot’s license. <li>She later left Wilberforce University to enroll in the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music, and later continued her music education at San Jose State University. It was during her time in California that she was introduced to the Baha’i Faith. <li>In the spring of 1967 she pioneered to Venezuela where she remained until her return to the United States in 1999. She then took up residence at St. Mary’s Court Apartments in the Foggy Bottom section of Washington, DC. <li>She is well-remembered for writing <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnXjndNrvVw"><i>Bahá'u'lláh</i></a> and <i>There Is Only One God</i>, both of which appear on the album <a href="http://badcatrecords.com/BadCat/FIREsnow.htm"><i>Fire and Snow</i></a>. Other songs include ("Love, Love, Love"; <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2BohwasNSs">"Sing His Praises"</a>; "It's Time To Be Happy"; "Baha'u'llah Is The Promised One"; "A New Race of Men" and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GESLy4H3KyE">"God Is One"</a>. <li>See <a href="https://www.hsqac.org/pioneering-pilot-s-missions-carried-her-skyward"><i>Pioneering pilot's missions carried her skyward</i></a> by </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Pawhuska%2c_OK.html">Pawhuska, OK</a>; <a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Creadell_Haley.html">Creadell Haley</a>; <a href="../tags/Pioneer.html">Pioneer</a>; <a href="../tags/Songs.html">Songs</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2001 8 - 17 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The inauguration of the International Teaching Centre Building at the World Centre with the meeting of the Institution of the Counsellors. Board members from 172 countries attended. <li>Message from the Universal House of Justice date 14 January, 2001 addressed <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20010114_001&f=f1-2">To the Conference Marking the Inauguration of the International Teaching Centre Building</a>. <li>This occasion was marked as "one of the historic happenings of the Formative Age". <a href="../uhj_ridvan_2000.html"> From the Ridván Message of 2000</a>] </li><li>Construction of the International Teaching Centre Building began in 1987 and was completed in October 2000. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/131">BWNS131</a>] <li>For a full account of the event see <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/131"> BWNS131</a> and BW00-01p4148. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Mount_Carmel.html">Mount Carmel</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/International_Teaching_Centre%2c_Seat.html">International Teaching Centre, Seat</a>; <a href="../tags/Arc_project.html">Arc project</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Counsellors.html">Counsellors</a>; <a href="../tags/Counsellors_conferences.html">Counsellors conferences</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Bahai_World_Centre_buildings%2c_monuments_and_gardens.html">- Bahai World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens</a>; <a href="../tags/World_Centre.html">World Centre</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2001 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The launch of the <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Five_Year_Plan_(2001-2006)">First Five Year Plan</a> (2001-2006). <li>See <a href="../nsa_five_year_plan.html">The Five Year Plan, 2001-2006</a> by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States <li>For the definitive report see <a href="../../www.tmanndesign.com/portfolio/sites/default/files/pdf/Five%20Year%20Plan%20report.html">The Five Year Plan, 2001-2006 Summary of Achievements and Learning</a> (PDF) published under the supervision of the International Teaching Centre. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Five_Year_Plan_(2001-2006).html">Five Year Plan (2001-2006)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/__Institute_process.html">* Institute process</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2001 23 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">At dusk on the evening of the 22nd of May, the opening of the Terraces of the Shrine of the Báb, a $250M project that begun ten years earlier and transformed the ancient barren face of the mountain into 19 majestic terraced gardens cascading down the length of the mountain. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/121/">BWNS121</a>; BW01-02p37-73] <li>See the message <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20010524_001&f=f1-2">To the Believers Gathered for the Events Marking the Completion of the Projects on Mount Carmel</a>. <li>The nineteen Canadian believers who had the extraordinary blessing of being present in the Holy Land for the official opening of the Terraces of the Shrine of the Báb were: Dr. Akouete Akakpo-Vida, Mr. Riel Aubichon, Mr. Garrett Brisdon, Mrs. Pearl Downie, Mrs. Nellie Ironeagle, Mrs. Aghdas Javid, Mr. Joseph Kowtow, Mrs. Joo Jong Kung, M. Fréderic Landry, Ms. Giselle Melanson, Mr. Borna Noureddin, Mr. James Patrick, Mrs. Valerie Pemberton-Piggott, Mlle. Cindy Poitras, Mrs. Janice Schlosser, Mlle. Caroline Simon, Mrs. Doris Toeg, Mrs. Linda Wilkinson, and Mme. Elizabeth Wright. In addition, several students from the Maxwell International Bahá'í School were present as members of the delegations from their home countries.</li><li>The event was attended by some 4,500 people, 3,300 of them Bahá'ís, as representative of more than 200 countries and territories. [<a href="http://www.onecountry.org/e131/e13101as_Terraces_opening.htm">One Country Vol.13 Issue 1</a>] <li>For the statement read by Dr. Albert Lincoln, Secretary-General of the Bahá'í International Community at the official opening of the flight of terraces see Ruhi 8.3 page 93. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/119/native/">BWNS119</a>] <li>See video <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TXliGA4IDE">From Darkness to Light</a> Recalling the Events at the Official Opening of the Terraces on Mount Carmel May 2001. <li>See <a href="../batchelor_opening_terraces.html"><i>The Opening of the Terraces (May 2001): Reflections of a Participant</i></a> by Thelma Batchelor. <li>Gyr Kvalheim was the Managing Director of the Inaugural Events Office. [<a href"https://news.bahai.org/story/118/native/">BWNS118</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a>; <a href="../locations/Mount_Carmel.html">Mount Carmel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Shrine_of.html">Bab, Shrine of</a>; <a href="../tags/Terraces.html">Terraces</a>; <a href="../tags/Dedications.html">Dedications</a>; <a href="../tags/Arc_project.html">Arc project</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Bahai_World_Centre_buildings%2c_monuments_and_gardens.html">- Bahai World Centre buildings, monuments and gardens</a>; <a href="../tags/World_Centre.html">World Centre</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2001 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">For Bahá'í World Statistic as of this date see <a href="../bolhuis_bahai_statistics_2001.html"><i>Bahá'í World Statistics August 2001 CE</i></a>, by the Department of Statistics of the Bahá'í World Centre.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Statistics.html">Statistics</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2001 23 - 25 Nov </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">International Consultative Conference on School Education in relation with Freedom of Religion and Belief, Tolerance and Non-discrimination, a United Nations conference was held in Madrid, Spain. <li>The Bahá'í International Community presented a statement, entitled <i>Belief and Tolerance: Lights Amidst the Darkness</i>. For the text of the document see <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/141">BWNS141</a> or on the <a href="https://www.bic.org/statements/belief-and-tolerance-lights-amidst-darkness#q7qVq00bXbsBgLYC.97">BIC Site</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Madrid.html">Madrid</a>; <a href="../locations/Spain.html">Spain</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations_conferences.html">United Nations conferences</a>; <a href="../tags/Tolerance.html">Tolerance</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/BIC_statements.html">BIC statements</a>; <a href="../tags/Statements.html">Statements</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/BIC_statements.html">BIC statements</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2002 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Universal House of Justice issued a letter addressed to the world’s religious leaders warning of “the danger posed by "the rising fires of religious prejudice" and called for decisive action against fanaticism and intolerance”. [<a href="http://www.onecountry.org/e141/e14101as_UHJ_Letter.htm">One Country Vol.14 Issue 1] </a> <li>For the text of the letter see <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#20020401_001">To the World's Religious Leaders</a>. <li>Also see <a href="http://www.onecountry.org/e141/e14102as_Perspective_UHJ_Letter.htm">One Country Vol.14 Issue 1</a> for an abridged version. <li>See also <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/200">BWNS200</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/168">BWNS168</a>, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/200">BWNS200</a>; BW'02-‘03pg79-98. <li>The essential message was that God is one and all religions are from that same God and that recognition of these truths is a prerequisite that must be at the heart of all religious discourse. Bahá'i institutions throughout the world delivered thousands of copies of this message to influential figures and the major faith communities. Although some were dismissed out of hand, in general the message was warmly welcomed. [<a href="2005-00-00"><i>One Common Faith</i></a> p.ii] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Letter_to_the_Worlds_Religious_Leaders.html">Letter to the Worlds Religious Leaders</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice.html">Universal House of Justice</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Letters_and_messages.html">Universal House of Justice, Letters and messages</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Basic_timeline.html">Universal House of Justice, Basic timeline</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Condensed.html">- Basic timeline, Condensed</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a>; <a href="../tags/Interfaith_dialogue.html">Interfaith dialogue</a>; <a href="../tags/Unity_of_religion.html">Unity of religion</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2002 26 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The inauguration of the Bahá'í radio station in Bulac, Philippines, located in a rural district some 30 kilometers from the city of San José on the main island of Luzon. <li>The station operated at 1584 kHz on the AM band, broadcasting at a power of 1,000 watts. Due to the flat topography of the region, it reached a wide area encompassing the entire province of Nueva Ecija and a portion of Tarlac and Pangasinan provinces, with a potential listenership of more than 2.3 million people. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/181">BWNS181</a>; <a href="https://www.onecountry.org/story/bahai-radio-station-launched-philippines">One Country</a>] <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1462/">BWNS1462</a> for a story on how this radio station served the community during the 2020 pandemic. <li><a href="https://file.bahai.media/1/19/1603800328-bahai-radio-participation-connect-people-pandemic-01.jpg">Picture </a> of the site.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bulac.html">Bulac</a>; <a href="../locations/Philippines.html">Philippines</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_radio.html">Bahai radio</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai-owned_radio.html">Bahai-owned radio</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2006 Ridván</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The launch of the <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Five_Year_Plan_(2006-2011)">Second Five Year Plan</a> (2006-2011). <li>For the achievements of Plan see <i>The Five Year Plan 2006-2011; Summary of Achievements and Learning</I>, prepared under the supervision of the International Teaching Centre, published by the Bahá'í World Centre, September 2011. <li>See Message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20051228_001/1#531811212">28 December 2005</a>. <li>See Message <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search?q=ridvan+153#s=messages-universal-house-justice">12 December 2011</a> a letter that has been labelled <i>Ruhi Institutes and the Five Year Plan</i>. <li>For the definitive report see <a href="../../bahaiebooks.org/wp-content/files_flutter/The_Five_Year_Plan_2011-2016_Summary.html">The Five Year Plan, 2006-2011 Summary of Achievements</a> (PDF) prepared under the supervision of the International Teaching Centre. <li>The core activities delineated for it were:<br> -Study Circles<br> -Children's Classes<br> -Devotional Gatherings<br> -Junior Youth Groups<br> -Intensive Programs of Growth in "A" Clusters<br> -One of the goals was the numerical goal of achieving Intensive Programmes of Growth in no less than 1,500 clusters throughout the world. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Five_Year_Plan_(2006-2011).html">Five Year Plan (2006-2011)</a>; <a href="../tags/Teaching_Plans.html">Teaching Plans</a>; <a href="../tags/__Institute_process.html">* Institute process</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2007 13 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the resolution entitled United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. [<a href="../../www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a>] <li>The vote was passed by a majority of 144 states in favour, 4 votes against (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States) and 11 abstentions (Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia, Georgia, Kenya, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Samoa and Ukraine). Since that time, the four countries voting against have reversed their position and now support the Declaration. [<a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html">Division for Social Policy and Development Indigenous Peoples website</a>] <li>In November 2010, Canada issued a <a href="https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374239861/1309374546142">Statement of Support</a> endorsing the principles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. <li>In November 2015, the Prime Minister of Canada asked the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs and other ministers, in the <a hef="https://pm.gc.ca/eng/mandate-letters">mandate letters</a>, to implement the declaration. <li>In May 2016, the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs <a hef="https://www.canada.ca/en/news.html">announced</a> Canada was now a full supporter, without qualification, of the declaration. <li>For an Historical Overview of the resolution see <a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html">Division for Social Policy and Development Indigenous Peoples website</a>. <li>The text of the Resolution <a href="http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/61/295">A/RES/61/295</a> has been published in a number of languages and is also available in an "Adolescent-Friendly Version of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/UN.html">UN</a>; <a href="../tags/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples.html">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a>; <a href="../tags/Indigenous_people.html">Indigenous people</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2007 12 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Human Rights Watch and the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights released a report that stated that Egypt should end discriminatory practices that prevented Bahá'ís and others from listing their true religion on government documents. <li>The 98-page report, titled <i>Prohibited Identities: State Interference with Religious Freedom,</i> focused on problems that have emerged from Egypt's practice of requiring citizens to state their religious identity on government documents but then restricting the choice to Islam, Christianity, or Judaism. "These policies and practices violate the right of many Egyptians to religious freedom," states the report. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/587">BWNS587</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/egypt1107/">HRW.org</a> for the full text of the report.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Cairo.html">Cairo</a>; <a href="../locations/Egypt.html">Egypt</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Egypt.html">Persecution, Egypt</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2008 5 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mahvash Sabet – a schoolteacher and mother of two and a member of the national-level administrative group for Iran, the Yaran – was arrested after having been summoned to Mashhad to discuss some matters regarding a Bahá'í burial. She subsequently spent 175 days in solitary confinement. On the 26th of May she was moved to Evin prison in Tehran. [<a href="http://www.news.bahai.org/human-rights/iran/yaran-special-report/">BWNS Special Report</a>] <li>This arrest marked a new wave of persecution of the Bahá'í Faith in Iran. <LI>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/10561/a-page-from-the-forgotten-history-of-the-events-leading-to-the-detention-of-the-yaran-e-iran-arrest-of-mahvash-sabet/">Iran Press Watch</a> 10561 for the background story to her arrest.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Mashhad.html">Mashhad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Arrests.html">Persecution, Arrests</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Evin_prison-2.html">Evin prison</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Mahvash_Sabet.html">Mahvash Sabet</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2008 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <i><a href="../osed_betterment_world.html">For the Betterment of the World: The Worldwide Bahá'í Community's Approach to Social and Economic Development</a></i> by Office of Social and Economic Development. It contained essays, photographs, and overviews of local projects around the world illustrating how Bahá'í principles of social and economic development were being carried out in practice. <li>See <a href="2018-04-27">2018-04-27</a> for an updated version.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/__Institute_process.html">* Institute process</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_and_economic_development.html">Social and economic development</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_action.html">Social action</a>; <a href="../tags/For_the_Betterment_of_the_World_(document).html">For the Betterment of the World (document)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2010 8 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The sentence of 20 years in prison was announced for members of the "Yaran-i-Iran" or "Friends of Iran" in Branch 28 of the Revolutionary Court presided over by Judge Moqayesseh (or Moghiseh)*. The charges were several: "espionage", "collaborating with enemy states", "insulting the sacred", "propaganda against the state" and "forming an illegal group". The prominent civil and human rights lawyer who defended them was Mr Abdolfattah Soltani. He would later serve a 13-year sentence in the Evin Prison for engaging in his profession. Another member of their legal defense team was the attorney Hadi Esmailzadeh who died in 2016 while serving a 4-year prison term for defending human rights cases. After the sentencing the seven Bahá'í leaders were sent to Raja’i prison in the city of Karaj (Gohardasht) , about 50 kilometers west of Tehran. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/789">BWNS789</a>] <LI>Raja’i prison in Mashhad has frequently been criticized by human rights advocates for its unsanitary environment, lack of medical services, crowded prison cells and unfair treatment of inmates by guards. [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohardasht_Prison">Wikipedia; <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/6315/transfer-of-the-seven-bahai-leaders-to-rajai-prison-in-karaj-gohardasht/">Iran Press Watch</a> 6315]. <li>Soon after their arrival four of the Yaran were transferred to room 17 in Section 6 of this notorious prison. Section 6 is infamous in human rights circles. It has often been the scene of bloody fighting among prisoners and it is considered extremely dangerous. It is where certain political prisoners have been sent to vanish. At first the Mafia-like gangs incarcerated in the same facility began to refer to the Yaran as “infidels”. The authorities also tried to pressure other prisoners to insult and belittle the newly-arrived Bahá'ís, but it appeared that most other prisoners refused to comply with this suggestion. In fact, it was reported that most other prisoners were showing considerable respect to the Bahá'ís and tried to be hospitable. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/6671/bahai-leaders-under-pressure-in-the-new-prison/">Iran Press Watch</a> 667] <li>* For a profile of Judge Mohammad Moghiseh see <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/17764/judge-mohammad-moghiseh/">Iran Press Watch</a> 17764 . </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Mashhad.html">Mashhad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Court_cases.html">Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Evin_Prison.html">Evin Prison</a>; <a href="../tags/Gohardasht_prison.html">Gohardasht prison</a>; <a href="../tags/Abdolfattah_Soltani.html">Abdolfattah Soltani</a>; <a href="../tags/Hadi_Esmailzadeh.html">Hadi Esmailzadeh</a>; <a href="../tags/Moghiseh.html">Moghiseh</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Prisons.html">Prisons</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2010 15 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In the face of the chorus of condemnation from governments and human rights organizations around the world for the 20-year sentence for the seven Bahá'í leaders, the Appeals court reduced the sentences from 20 to 10 years by removing charges such as “Espionage and Collaboration with Israel”. This information was verbally released to Ms. Sabet’s lawyer. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/793">BWNS793</a>, <a href="https://www.bic.org/news/prison-sentences-irans-bahai-leaders-reportedly-reduced-10-years-0#AVVi5lyeKZk2FuA8.97">BIC Report</a>] <li>See <a href"https://news.bahai.org/human-rights/iran/yaran-special-report/feature-articles/violations-of-legal-procedures.html">Violations of Legal Procedures</a> details on how the treatment of the Yaran (and other Bahá'ís) has violated their legal and constitutional rights. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/human-rights/iran/yaran-special-report/voices-of-support">Voices of Support</a> for a sampling of expressions of support from international figures and institutions as well as <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/810/">BWNS810</a>. <li>Amnesty International called for immediate support by asking for messages to be sent to the Head of the Judiciary, Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi. [<a href="../../iranpresswatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/amnesty_international_urgent_action.pdf">Amnesty International appeal</a>] </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Court_cases.html">Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2011 15 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of former Universal House of Justice member Dr. Peter J. Khan (b. 2 November, 1936 in New South Wales) in Brisbane, Australia. He was buried in the Toowong Cemetery in Brisbane. Dr Khan served as a member of the Universal House of Justice from 1987 until April 2010. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/840">BWNS840</a>, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/841">BWNS841</a>] <li>See <a href="http://int.search.myway.com/search/video.jhtml?n=7849a0d4&p2=%5EBSB%5Expt949%5ETTAB03%5Eca&pg=video&pn=1&ptb=32BC302E-0711-42BB-A69B-D3DE99E1A0BD&qs=&searchfor=Dr+Peter+Khan+Memorial+Video+YouTube&si=&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs=wtt&vidOrd=1&vidId=uEKOgbIDbLw">Dr Peter J. Khan Memorial </a> video. <li>See the <a href="https://www.bahaiblog.net/2011/08/what-makes-a-person-great-a-tribute-to-dr-khan/">tribute </a> on Bahá'í Blog. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Khan">Wikipedia</a>. <li>See <a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Peter_Khan">Bahaipedia</a>. <li><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/148765555/peter-jamel-khan">Find a grave</a>. He was buried in the Toowong Cemetery in Brisbane.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Peter_Khan.html">Peter Khan</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice.html">Universal House of Justice</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2011 1 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of former Universal House of Justice member Mr. Ian C. Semple (b. 2 December 1928 in New Barnet, Hertfordshire) in Switzerland. He served as a member of the Universal House of Justice from its inception in 1963 until his retirement in 2005. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/871">BWNS871</a>] <li>See <a href="https://bahaihistoryuk.wordpress.com/2012/03/21/ian-semple-1928-2011/">UK Bahá'í Histories</a>. <li>See <a href+"https://www.bahaiblog.net/2011/12/in-memory-of-mr-ian-semple/">Bahá'í Blog</a>. <li><a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Ian_Semple">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>Some <a href="../author/Ian%2bSemple">publications</a> by Ian Semple.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Switzerland.html">Switzerland</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ian_Semple.html">Ian Semple</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Members_of-2.html">Universal House of Justice, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2013 5 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Mas'ud Khamsi, former Counsellor member of the International Teaching Centre in Lima, Peru. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/943">BWNS943</a>; <a href="../pdf/h/handal_memoriam_masud_khamsi.pdf"><i> In Memoriam: Mas'úd Khamsí (1922-2013), Spiritual Father of Peru, Mentor and Counselor</i></a> by Boris Handal translated by Samuel Duboisme] <li><a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/943/slideshow/1/">Photo</a>. <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yW2UjUyvKO0">Slideshow</a> in Spanish. <li><a href="https://bahaipedia.org/Mas’ud_Khamsi">Bahaipedia</a>. <li>He was the son of one of "The Five Siyyids" (Sádát-i-Khams in Arabic), so named by Bahá'u'áh. For the story of this family see <a href="../pdf/h/handal_khamsis_cradle_gold.pdf"><i>The Khamsis: A Cradle of True Gold</i></a> by Boris Handal. Mas'ud Khamsi's story is told in this book (p111-239).</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Lima.html">Lima</a>; <a href="../locations/Peru.html">Peru</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Masud_Khamsi.html">Masud Khamsi</a>; <a href="../tags/Baqirof-Khamsi_(Sadat-i-Khams).html">Baqirof-Khamsi (Sadat-i-Khams)</a>; <a href="../tags/Counsellors.html">Counsellors</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Teaching_Centre%2c_Members_of.html">International Teaching Centre, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/In_memoriam-3.html">In memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2013 27 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In a message from the Universal House of Justice to all National Spiritual Assemblies it advised of the news of the destruction of the House of Bahá'u'lláh in Baghdad. (Bayt-i-A'zam) [<a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20130627_001&f=f1-4" >Message of 27 Jun 2013</a>; <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/search?q=17+July%2C+2013#s=messages-universal-house-justice">Message of 17 July, 2013</a>]<br> <li><q>Grieve not, O House of God, if the veil of thy sanctity be rent asunder by the infidels.</Q> [GWB114] <li><q><i>In truth, I declare, it shall be so abased in the days to come as to cause tears to flow from every discerning eye...And in the fullness of time, shall the Lord by the power of truth exalt it in the eyes of all the world, cause it to become the mighty standard of His domination, the shrine round which shall circle the concourse of the faithful. </i></q> [<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/BA/ba-101.html">BA99-100</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/961">BWNS961</a>] <li>See the compilation entitled <a href="https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/docs/vol8/House.htm"><i>The House of Bahá’u’lláh, Baghdád ‘Iráq</i></a>. <li>See "The Most Great House in Baghdad" [SA140-143] <li>See <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/god-passes-by/9#:~:text=Within%20its%20walls,world%2C%20is%20enshrined">GPB110</a> for the various designations of the Most Great House.<p><ul><q> Within its walls the “Most Great House of God,” His “Footstool” and the “Throne of His Glory,” “the Cynosure of an adoring world,” the “Lamp of Salvation between earth and heaven,” the “Sign of His remembrance to all who are in heaven and on earth,” enshrining the “Jewel whose glory hath irradiated all creation,” the “Standard” of His Kingdom, the “Shrine round which will circle the concourse of the faithful” was irrevocably founded and permanently consecrated. Upon it, by virtue of its sanctity as Bahá’u’lláh’s “Most Holy Habitation” and “Seat of His transcendent glory,” was conferred the honor of being regarded as a center of pilgrimage second to none except the city of ‘Akká, His “Most Great Prison,” in whose immediate vicinity His holy Sepulcher, the Qiblih of the Bahá’í world, is enshrined.</q></ul></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baghdad.html">Baghdad</a>; <a href="../locations/Iraq.html">Iraq</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/House_of_Bahaullah_(Baghdad).html">House of Bahaullah (Baghdad)</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2013 13 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of former Universal House of Justice member Mr. Hushmand Fatheazam in Vancouver, Canada. He served on the Universal House of Justice for forty years since 1963. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/964">BWNS964</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=14&v=S9ZFajkVGzE"><i>Life of Hushmand Fatheazam</i></a> as told by Fariborz Sahba.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Vancouver.html">Vancouver</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hushmand_Fatheazam.html">Hushmand Fatheazam</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/Births_and_deaths.html">Births and deaths</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2013 20 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Deloria Bighorn, chairperson of the National Spiritual Bahá'ís of Canada, presented, on behalf of the Bahá'í Community of Canada, a submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission at the BC National Event held in Vancouver from September 18th to the 21st. The formal presentation followed a panel organized by the Canadian Bahá'í Community and Reconciliation Canada. The previous week 250 people listened to Chief Doug White, Chief Dr. Robert Joseph, and Dr. Paulette Regan from the Commission discussing the challenge of reconciliation. [<a href="http://www.myrobust.com/websites/vancouver/index.php?p=719">T&R website</a>, <a href="https://news.ca.bahai.org/national-spiritual-assembly-presents-submission-truth-and-reconciliation-commission">CBN 24 September</a>, <a href="https://news.ca.bahai.org/vancouver-community-gathering-explores-journey-reconciliation">CBN</a> 9 February, 2018, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1248/">BWNS1248</a>] <li>For the text see <a href="https://www.ca.bahai.org/public-discourse/statements-and-reports#submission-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-2013%20">Submission of the Bahá’í Community of Canada to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> or download <a href="../../www.ca.bahai.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/1.%202013%20-%20Submission%20to%20the%20Truth%20and%20Reconciliation%20Commission.html">PDF</a>. <LI>The Bahá'í community also produced a short film, <a href="https://vimeo.com/131765992"><i>The Path Home</i></a>, which it screened in Ottawa in association with the final national gathering. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Vancouver.html">Vancouver</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Native_Americans.html">Native Americans</a>; <a href="../tags/Indigenous_people.html">Indigenous people</a>; <a href="../tags/Reconciliation.html">Reconciliation</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Documentaries.html">Documentaries</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/film.html">film</a>; <a href="../tags/The_Path_Home_(film).html">The Path Home (film)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2014 9 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Vahid Tizfahm, a former member of the imprisoned Yaran, wrote to his son, Samim, in which he recounted the imprisonment and martyrdom of his own father when he was yet a child. For the full text of the letter see <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/10181/a-bahai-community-leader-writes-to-his-son-from-evin-prison/">Iran Press Watch</A>10181.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Gohardasht.html">Gohardasht</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Vahid_Tizfahm.html">Vahid Tizfahm</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2014 14 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Some 500 people attend the unveiling of the design of the first local Bahá'í House of Worship in Norte del Cauca, Colombia [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1020">BWNS1020</a>] <li>Julian Gutierrez Chacon was the architect for the House of Worship. <li>The relationship between the environment of the region and the community was also expressed in the design of the House of Worship, which was inspired by the shape of the cocoa pod, a plant that grows abundantly in Colombia and was integral to the identity of the landscape and the lives and economy of the people. <li>See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1020">BWNS</a> for pictures.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Agua_Azul.html">Agua Azul</a>; <a href="../locations/Norte_del_Cauca.html">Norte del Cauca</a>; <a href="../locations/Colombia.html">Colombia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Colombia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Colombia</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Design.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Design</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Architecture.html">Architecture</a>; <a href="../tags/Architects.html">Architects</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first local Baha’i House of Worship in Colombia</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2014 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Fariba Kamalabadi, after having her fourth request to join her daughter Taraneh for her wedding denied, wrote her a letter from Evin Prison. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/11236/">Iran Press Watch</a>] <LI>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/11274/i-grew-up-away-from-my-mother-in-prison-meeting-halls/">Iran Press Watch</a> 11274 for Taraneh's story of how she grew up without her mother.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Evin_Prison.html">Evin Prison</a>; <a href="../tags/Prisons.html">Prisons</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Taraneh_Kamalabadi.html">Taraneh Kamalabadi</a>; <a href="../tags/Fariba_Kamalabadi.html">Fariba Kamalabadi</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2015 21 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The implementation of the Badí' Calendar on the first day of the tenth Váhid of the first Kull-i-Shay’ of the Bahá’í Era.<p> "Báb introduced the calendar and its broad pattern of periods and cycles, months and days. Bahá’u’lláh provided essential clarifications and additions. Aspects were elucidated by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, and arrangements for its adoption in the West were put in place at the direction of Shoghi Effendi, as described in the volumes of The Bahá’í World. Still, ambiguities surrounding some Islamic and Gregorian dates, as well as difficulties in the correlation of historical observances and astronomical events with explicit statements in the Text, left certain issues unresolved. When responding to questions concerning the calendar, both ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi left these matters to the Universal House of Justice. Of its many features, three required clarification for the calendar’s uniform application: the means for the determination of Naw-Rúz, the accommodation of the lunar character of the Twin Holy Birthdays within the solar year, and the fixing of the dates of the Holy Days within the Badí‘ calendar." [Message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20140710_001&f=f1">10 July, 2014</a>] (notes below extracted from the message)<p> <u>The Festival of Naw-Rúz:</u> The birthplace of the Abhá Beauty, will be the spot on the earth that will serve as the standard for determining, by means of astronomical computations from reliable sources, the moment of the vernal equinox in the northern hemisphere and thereby the day of Naw-Rúz for the Bahá’í world. <p> <u>The Festivals of the Twin Birthdays:</u> They will now be observed on the first and the second day following the occurrence of the eighth new moon after Naw-Rúz. This will result in the observance of the Twin Birthdays moving, year to year, within the months of Mashíyyat, ‘Ilm, and Qudrat of the Badí‘ calendar, or from mid-October to mid-November according to the Gregorian calendar. <p> <u>The dates of the Holy Days are:</u> Naw-Rúz, 1 Bahá; the Festival of Riḍván, 13 Jalál to 5 Jamál; the Declaration of the Báb, 8 ‘Aẓamat; the Ascension of Bahá’u’lláh, 13 ‘Aẓamat; the Martyrdom of the Báb, 17 Raḥmat; the Day of the Covenant, 4 Qawl; and the Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 6 Qawl. These dates have been fixed within the solar calendar in accordance with explicit statements of Bahá’u’lláh, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi. [Message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20140710_001&f=f1">10 July, 2014</a>] <li>See <a href="http://kcpo.rwi0f.top/hcIsnKY9Hy4/Introduction_to_Bad_Calendar/videoplayers.html">Introduction to Badí‘ Calendar</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Badi_calendar.html">Badi calendar</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Birth_of.html">Bahaullah, Birth of</a>; <a href="../tags/Bab%2c_Birth_of.html">Bab, Birth of</a>; <a href="../tags/Naw-Ruz.html">Naw-Ruz</a>; <a href="../tags/Holy_days.html">Holy days</a>; <a href="../tags/Twin_Holy_days.html">Twin Holy days</a>; <a href="../tags/Gradual_implementation_of_laws.html">Gradual implementation of laws</a>; <a href="../tags/Laws.html">Laws</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first use of the Badí calendar</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2015 17 July</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Some 300 people attended the unveiling of the design of the first local Bahá'í House of Worship in Battambang, Cambodia [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1062">BWNS1062</a>] <li>See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1062">BWNS1062</a> for pictures.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Battambang.html">Battambang</a>; <a href="../locations/Cambodia.html">Cambodia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Cambodia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Cambodia</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Design.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Design</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Architecture.html">Architecture</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first local house of worship in Cambodia</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2015</span> 26 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/12856/shiite-clerics-and-the-problem-of-bahaism/">Iran Press Watch</a> for an article entitled <i>Shi’ite Clerics and The “Problem” of Baha’ism</i> for an insight into the basis for criticism of the Bahá'í Faith by the clergy. The writer, Maryam Dadgar, speculates what Iran would have been like today if not for their intervention.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Maryam_Dadgar.html">Maryam Dadgar</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2015 15 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The groundbreaking ceremony of the first local Bahá'í House of Worship in Battambang, Cambodia was attended by some 200 community members. The event coincided with the commemoration of the Twin Holy Birthdays—the Birth of the Báb and the Birth of Bahá'u'lláh. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1082">BWNS1082</a>] <li>See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1082">BWNS1082</a> for pictures. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Battambang.html">Battambang</a>; <a href="../locations/Cambodia.html">Cambodia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Local.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Local</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Cambodia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Cambodia</a>; <a href="../tags/Foundation_stones_and_groundbreaking.html">Foundation stones and groundbreaking</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first local house of worship in Cambodia</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2016 8 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The earthworks for the Local Bahá'í House of Worship in Battambang, Cambodia was completed. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1100">BWNS1100</a>] <li>See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1100">BWNS1100</a> for pictures. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Battambang.html">Battambang</a>; <a href="../locations/Cambodia.html">Cambodia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Cambodia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Cambodia</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2016 22 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Some 700 people gathered on the temple land in the small village of Agua Azul, in the municipality of Villa Rica near Norte del Cauca, Colombia to participate in the groundbreaking ceremony of the first local Bahá'í House of Worship. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1109">BWNS1109</a>] <li>See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1109">BWNS1100</a> for pictures. <li>Following the groundbreaking ceremony the three-meter high central mound on which the 18-meter tall Temple will stand will be completed, and the foundational work for the surrounding auxiliary structures will be laid. In time, these structures will be painted in the bright colors traditional to buildings in Colombia.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Agua_Azul.html">Agua Azul</a>; <a href="../locations/Norte_del_Cauca.html">Norte del Cauca</a>; <a href="../locations/Colombia.html">Colombia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Local.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Local</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Colombia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Colombia</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Foundation_stones_and_groundbreaking.html">Foundation stones and groundbreaking</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first local House of Worship in Colombia, first local Mashriqu’l-Adhkar in Columbia</td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2016</span> 4 Aug</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">In a letter to National Spiritual Assemblies, communities were encouraged to establish electoral units on the basis of the cluster. The population of the country is divided by the number of National Convention delegates allowed by the Universal House of Justice to determine the number of electors per delegate. [<a href="../../bahaimauritius.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/muj-2016-08-04-delegues-en.pdf">4 August 2016</a>] <li>See <a href="1985-07-21.html">21 July 1985</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Elections.html">Elections</a>; <a href="../tags/National_Convention.html">National Convention</a>; <a href="../tags/Clusters.html">Clusters</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2016 16 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">For a progress report on the construction of the Local House of Worship in Battanbang, Cambodia see <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1120">BWNS1120</a> <li>See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1120">BWNS1120</a> for pictures.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Battambang.html">Battambang</a>; <a href="../locations/Cambodia.html">Cambodia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Cambodia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Cambodia</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2017 23 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Plans for the construction of the local Bahá'í House of Worship in Agua Azul, a village in Norte del Cauca, Colombia, reached an important milestone. Construction officially began in January after building contracts were formalized with a local firm in the region. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1153">BWNS1153</a>] <li> Concurrent with the building the House of Worship has been the reinforcement of activities that contributed to the spiritual and material progress of communities in and around Norte del Cauca. Inspired by the Temple, these community-building activities multiplied, and a spirit of prayer, devotion, and participation begun to increasingly permeate the area. <li> Parallel to this, the community undertook a reforestation project, designated for a "Bosque Nativo" or native forest on an 11-hectare piece of land adjacent to the Temple site to reintroduce native vegetation which had been decimated by years of monoculture plantations of sugarcane. <li>For pictures see <a href="http://news.bahai.org/multimedia/slideshow.php?storyid=1153">BWNS1153</a> <li>For development report dated the 14th of May, 2017 see <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1168/">BWNS1168</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Agua_Azul.html">Agua Azul</a>; <a href="../locations/Norte_del_Cauca.html">Norte del Cauca</a>; <a href="../locations/Colombia.html">Colombia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Colombia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Colombia</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2017 19 Sep</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Mahvash Sabet, one of the seven members of the former leadership group of the Bahá'ís in Iran known as the Yaran, was released after 10 years of confinement in Iran's notorious Evin and Raja'i Shahr prisons. <li>She had been arrested in March 2008 and was now 64 years old. Mrs. Sabet distinguished herself by the loving care and kindness she extended to her fellow prisoners. As has occurred with prisoners of conscience, writers, thought-leaders, and poets who have been wrongly imprisoned throughout history, the power of Mrs. Sabet's ideas and beliefs was only amplified by her persecution. The plight of its author attracted attention to this deeply moving collection of poetry, inspiring PEN International to feature Mrs. Sabet in a campaign to defend persecuted writers. Her poems also inspired a musical composition by award-winning composer Lasse Thoresen, performed at an international music festival in Oslo earlier this year. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1198/">BWNS1198<a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzs7rr7ajYU">Prison Poems</a>. For this publication she was recognized by PEN International at its 2017 <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/16/world/iran-prison-poet/index.html">International Writer of Courage</a>. <li>See CNN article <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/16/world/iran-prison-poet/index.html">Writing to survive: Bahá'í woman's poetry was her best friend in Iranian jail</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Karaj.html">Karaj</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Court_cases.html">Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Evin_prison-2.html">Evin prison</a>; <a href="../tags/Rajai_Shahr_prison.html">Rajai Shahr prison</a>; <a href="../tags/Prisons.html">Prisons</a>; <a href="../tags/Poetry.html">Poetry</a>; <a href="../tags/Music.html">Music</a>; <a href="../tags/Lasse_Thoresen.html">Lasse Thoresen</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2017 15 Nov</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Progress report on the construction of the local Bahá'í House of Worship in Norte del Cauca. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1222/">BWNS1222</a>] <ul><li> See <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1047/">BWNS1047</a> for information on the reforestation project in the vicinity of the Temple.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Norte_del_Cauca.html">Norte del Cauca</a>; <a href="../locations/Colombia.html">Colombia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Colombia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Colombia</a>; <a href="../tags/Environment.html">Environment</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2017 5 Dec</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The release of Behrooz Tavakkoli, 66, from prison after serving a 10-year term. He was the third member of the Yaran to be released. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/18533/third-member-yaran-completes-10-year-sentence/">Iran Press Watch18533</a>; <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/18536/new-hope-bahais-third-leader-released/">Iran Press Watch18536</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1225/BWNS1255">BWNS1225</a>] <li>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/966/behrouz-tavakkoli-a-profile-in-courage/">Iran Press Watch</a> February 1, 2009 for an interview with his son, Naeim. <li>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/993/they-dont-want-to-leave-a-trace-of-anything-bahai/">Iran Press Watch</a> February 5th, 2009 for an article that appeared in <i>McLean's Magazine</i> two days earlier. <li>See <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/1387/my-fathers-imprisonment/">Iran Press Watch</a> 1387 for the text of a talk given by his son Naeim about his father's imprisonment on February 18, 2009 in Ottawa. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Court_cases.html">Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2018 19 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The release of Mr. Vahid Tizfahm from the Rajaee Shahr Prison in Karaj after having completed his 10-year sentence. He was the sixth of the seven Bahá'í leaders to be released from prison. <br> <li>At this time the 10 year term of the remaining prisoner, Mr Afif Naeimi, had two months yet to serve. Due to a serious illness he was released to the custody of his family while receiving medical treatment under the proviso that he would return to prison when deemed medically fit. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1245/">BWNS1245</a>, <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/18872/coexistence-led-prisoners-becoming-acquainted-bahai-community-beliefs/">Iran Press Watch</a>, 29 March, 2018, <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/18879/story-four-bahai-prisoners/">Iran Press Watch</a> 30 March, 2018] <li>For his personal history see <a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/11757/heartfelt-notes-from-rajai-shahr-prison-in-karaj/">Iran Watch</a> 11557. <li>According to BIC, there were 97 Bahá'ís in prison as of 1 March. [<a href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/bahai-leader-released-1166215331">Middle East Eye</a> Tuesday 20 March 2018 12:39 UTC] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Tihran.html">Tihran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Yaran.html">Yaran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Arrests.html">Persecution, Arrests</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Court_cases.html">Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2018 21 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The design for the national Bahá'í House of Worship of Papua New Guinea (PNG) was unveiled. <li>Originally from New Zealand, Rodney Hancock—one of two individuals who brought the Bahá'í Faith to PNG in the 1950s—was asked to unveil the temple design before the audience of over 300 visitors. <li>The architectural team—composed of indigenous architect from PNG Henry Lape and Saeed Granfar—also addressed the audience. They explained that the “search for a universal theme” for the temple was “a profound challenge in a country with more than 700 distinct cultural groups. <li>The central edifice of the House of Worship will have a seating capacity of 350. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1246/">BWNS1246</a>, <a href="http://www.emtv.com.pg/national-bahai-house-of-worship-of-png-design-unveiled/">EMTV.com<a/> 3 April, 2018] <li><a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1246/slideshow/1/">Concept photo's</a>. <li>From the <a href="http://media.bahai.org.pg/2018/05/26/bahai-house-of-worship/">website</a> of the department of External Affairs for the Bahá'ís of Papua New Guinea. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Port_Moresby.html">Port Moresby</a>; <a href="../locations/Papua_New_Guinea.html">Papua New Guinea</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_National.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, National</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Design.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Design</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Port_Moresby.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Port Moresby</a>; <a href="../tags/Architecture.html">Architecture</a>; <a href="../tags/Architects.html">Architects</a>; <a href="../tags/Rodney_Hancock.html">Rodney Hancock</a>; <a href="../tags/Henry_Lape.html">Henry Lape</a>; <a href="../tags/Saeed_Granfar.html">Saeed Granfar</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2018 23 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Sayyid Abdul-Malik Badreddin Al-Houthi, the Secretary-General of Yemen’s Shia political party Ansar Allah, accused the Bahá'ís of seeking to create disunity among Muslims. In a televised speech broadcast to a wide audience within and outside of Yemen, he vehemently vilified and denounced the Bahá'í Faith, further intensifying the ongoing persecution of the Bahá'ís in that country. It was reported that the Houthis had also launched a social media campaign against Bahá'ís. "The Yemeni Initiative for Defending Bahá'í Rights", a human rights organization, said in a Facebook post that Al-Houthi’s incitement coincided with incitements against Ahmadis, Christians, intellectuals, scientists, and activists, as well as “a number of Islamic doctrines.” [<a href="https://conatusnews.com/houthis-bahais-dividing-muslims/">Conatus News</a> 28 March, 2018] <li>See <a href="https://www.bic.org/news-articles-about-abdel-malek-al-houthi-statements-against-bahais">BIC News</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Yemen.html">Yemen</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Yemen.html">Persecution, Yemen</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Other.html">Persecution, Other</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution.html">Persecution</a>; <a href="../tags/Human_rights.html">Human rights</a>; <a href="../tags/Sayyid_Abdul-Malik_Badreddin_Al-Houthi%2c.html">Sayyid Abdul-Malik Badreddin Al-Houthi,</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2018 30 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The announcement of the election of the 12th Universal House of Justice. Those elected were Paul Lample, Chuungu Malitonga, Payman Mohajer, Shahriar Razavi, Stephen Hall, Ayman Rouhani, Stephen Birkland, Juan Francisco Mora, and Praveen Mallik. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1258/">BWNS1258</a>] <li>The Twelfth International Bahá'í Convention was held from the 29th of April until the 2nd of May. In the election of the Universal House of Justice over 1,300 ballots were cast by representatives of 160 national communities. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1256/">BWNS1256</a>, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1257/">BWNS1257</a>, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1259/">BWNS1259</a>, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1261/">BWNS1261</a>] <LI>See <a href="https://vimeo.com/309917756">Vimeo</a> for a short film of the International Convention by Farideh Baki-Nasseri. <li>The film <i><a href="http://www.bahai.org/widening-embrace/">A Widening Embrace</a></i> was screened at the Convention, enriching the consultations of the delegates. It is a documentary film about the community-building efforts of the Bahá'í world. Many of the themes discussed over the days of the Convention were highlighted in the practical examples presented in the documentary which tells the story of the transformation of communities unfolding throughout the world by featuring the process in 24 communities representing different realities and contexts. The 77-minute film, which was commissioned by the Universal House of Justice, was made available in English, Spanish, French, Russian, Arabic, and Persian. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1260/">BWNS1260</a>] . <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/Haifa.html">Haifa</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Paul_Lample.html">Paul Lample</a>; <a href="../tags/Chuungu_Malitonga.html">Chuungu Malitonga</a>; <a href="../tags/Payman_Mohajer.html">Payman Mohajer</a>; <a href="../tags/Shahriar_Razavi.html">Shahriar Razavi</a>; <a href="../tags/Stephen_Hall.html">Stephen Hall</a>; <a href="../tags/Ayman_Rouhani.html">Ayman Rouhani</a>; <a href="../tags/Stephen_Birkland.html">Stephen Birkland</a>; <a href="../tags/Juan_Francisco_Mora.html">Juan Francisco Mora</a>; <a href="../tags/Praveen_Mallik.html">Praveen Mallik</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Election_of.html">Universal House of Justice, Election of</a>; <a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Members_of-2.html">Universal House of Justice, Members of</a>; <a href="../tags/Conventions%2c_International.html">Conventions, International</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Widening_Embrace%2c_A_(film).html">Widening Embrace, A (film)</a>; <a href="../tags/Documentaries.html">Documentaries</a>; <a href="../tags/Documentaries%2c_BWC.html">Documentaries, BWC</a>; <a href="../tags/__Institute_process.html">* Institute process</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_action.html">Social action</a>; <a href="../tags/Social_and_economic_development.html">Social and economic development</a>; <a href="../tags/Farideh_Baki-Nasseri.html">Farideh Baki-Nasseri</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2018 22 Jul</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The dedication of the second local Bahá'í House of Worship in the world in Norte del Cauca, Colombia. News of this project was announced in <a href="2012-04-21-02.html">2012</a> along with other projects in Battambang, Cambodia; Matunda Soy, Kenya; Bihar Sharif, India; and Tanna, Vanuatu. (For information on the first local Mashriqu’l-Adhkár see <a href="2017-09-01">here</a>.) The event marked the opening of a month-long inauguration period. In a series of weekly visits to the Temple, 1,500 people were expected to participate in a special program called “My First Visit to the Bahá'í House of Worship.” <li>In the Ridván Message of 2012 the Universal House of Justice announced that national Mashriqu’l-Adhkárs would to be raised up in two countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Papua New Guinea and that the first local Houses of Worship were to be built in Battambang, Cambodia; Bihar Sharif, India; Matunda Soy, Kenya; Norte del Cauca, Colombia; and Tanna, Vanuatu. This was the second of those local Mashriqu’l-Adhkárs to have been completed. [<a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20120421_001&f=f1-2">Ridván 2012 Message</a>] <li>See the message from the Universal House of Justice dated <a href="http://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/#d=20140801_001&f=f1">1 August 2014</a> where they pointed out the "the dynamic interaction between worship and endeavours to uplift the spiritual, social, and material conditions of society" and recalled the construction of the Mashriqu’l-Adhkárs in Turkistan and in America. <li>The local Bahá'í House of Worship in Norte del Cauca, Colombia, included a budding native forest, called the Bosque Nativo, that aimed to restore the region's indigenous plants. <a href="https://vimeo.com/281045426">This video</a> in Spanish describes the Bosque Nativo's features. <li>The Universal House of Justice was represented by Mrs. Carmen Elisa de Sadeghian who read a <a href="http://universalhouseofjustice.bahai.org/activities-bahai-community/20180722_001">letter</a> addressed to the attendees. “This House of Worship stands now as a symbol of the beauty inherent in the noble people of this region and its design evokes the generosity of their land,” stated the letter, dated 22 July 2018. Also in attendance were Mr. Gustavo Correa and Dr. Farzam Arbab, two former members of the Universal House of Justice, as well as the mayors of four neighbouring towns. [<a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1275/">BWNS1275</a>] <li>A musical group sang and dancers performed a piece titled “The Soul of Norte del Cauca,” about the arrival of the Bahá'í Faith to the region and how Bahá’u’lláh’s teachings are given expression in the hopes and aspirations of the people. The group also performed a song called "La Cumbia del Jardinero" which was made available on <a href="https://soundcloud.com/bahaiworldnewsservice">SoundCloud</a>. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1304/slideshow#img-9">photo</a> of the Greatest Name. <p> <ins><strong>Specifics</ins></strong> <br> <ul> <ul><STRONG>Location:</STRONG> Aqua Azul, Notre del Cauca, Columbia<br> <STRONG>Property acquired:</STRONG>December, 2013<br> <STRONG>Design unveiled:</STRONG> 13 September, 2014 <br> <STRONG>Groundbreaking:</STRONG> 22 May, 2016 <br> <STRONG>Construction Period:</STRONG> January 2017 to July 2018<br> <STRONG>Site Dedication:</STRONG> 22 July, 2018<br> <STRONG>Architect:</STRONG>Mr. Gutierrez Chacón<br> <STRONG>Architectural firm:</STRONG>CUNA Engineering and Sustainable Architecture<br> <STRONG>Seating:</STRONG> <br> <STRONG>Dimensions:</STRONG>The Temple is 18 metres tall. Inside height is 15 metres.<br> <STRONG>Cost:</STRONG> <br> <STRONG>Dependencies:</STRONG> <br> <STRONG>References:</STRONG> <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1020/">BWNS1020</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1047/">BWNS1047</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1109/">BWNS1109</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1153/">BWNS1153</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1168/">BWNS1168</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1222/">BWNS1222</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1240/">BWNS1240</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1249/">BWNS1249</a>; <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1268/">BWNS1268</a>, <a href="http://news.bahai.org/story/1277/">BWNS1277</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Agua_Azul.html">Agua Azul</a>; <a href="../locations/Norte_del_Cauca.html">Norte del Cauca</a>; <a href="../locations/Colombia.html">Colombia</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Gutierrez_Chacon.html">Gutierrez Chacon</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Quick_facts.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Quick facts</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Colombia.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Colombia</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Local.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Local</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Dedications.html">Dedications</a>; <a href="../tags/Quick_facts.html">Quick facts</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;">first...the dynamic interaction between worship and endeavours to uplift the spiritual, social, and material conditions of society</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2018 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The publication of <a href="https://uofrpress.ca/Books/M/Man-of-the-Trees"><i>Man of the Trees: Richard St. Barbe Baker, the First Global Conservationist. </i></a> by Paul Hanley. It was published by the University of Regina Press. <ul>Richard St. Barbe Baker was an inspirational visionary and pioneering environmentalist who is credited with saving and planting billions of trees. He saved lives, too, through his ceaseless global campaign to raise the alarm about deforestation and desertification and by finding effective, culturally sensitive ways for people to contribute to a more peaceful and greener world. He was also an Edwardian eccentric whose obsession with trees caused him to neglect his family; the devout son of an evangelical preacher who became a New Age hero; an unapologetic colonial officer fired for defending indigenous Africans; a forester who rarely had a steady income; a failed entrepreneur and inventor; a proud soldier and peace activist; a brilliant writer, speaker, and raconteur who made wild claims about the effectiveness of his conservation efforts. His encounters with historical figures like FDR, Nehru, and George Bernard Shaw are eye-popping, as were his accomplishments.</ul> <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1292/">BWNS1292</a>. <li>See <a href="1982-06-09-01.html">9 June 1982</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Regina.html">Regina</a>; <a href="../locations/Saskatchewan.html">Saskatchewan</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Richard_St.html">Richard St. Barbe Baker</a>; <a href="../tags/Man_of_the_Trees.html">Man of the Trees</a>; <a href="../tags/Paul_Hanley.html">Paul Hanley</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2019 18 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">On this, the 100th anniversary of the commencement of the <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/paris-peace">Paris Peace Conference</a>, the Universal House of Justice released a <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20190118_001/1#276724432">message regarding World Peace</a>. <li>See <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1378/">BWNS1368</a> for a short video entitled <i>100 years on, remembering ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s call for peace in the First Tablet to The Hague</i>. The Central Organization for a Durable Peace in The Hague was one of the preliminary steps taken that lead to the Paris Peace Conference.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a>; <a href="../locations/The_Hague.html">The Hague</a>; <a href="../locations/Netherlands.html">Netherlands</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Universal_House_of_Justice%2c_Letters_and_messages.html">Universal House of Justice, Letters and messages</a>; <a href="../tags/Paris_Peace_Conference.html">Paris Peace Conference</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Peace_Conferences.html">International Peace Conferences</a>; <a href="../tags/Promise_of_World_Peace_(statement).html">Promise of World Peace (statement)</a>; <a href="../tags/Peace.html">Peace</a>; <a href="../tags/World_peace_(general).html">World peace (general)</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%">2019 5 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The announcement of the publication of <a href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/call-divine-beloved/1#959114648"><i>The Call of the Divine Beloved</i></a> by the Bahá'í World Centre. The book contained revised translations of <i>The Seven Valleys</i> and <i>The Four Valleys</i> as well as five newly published selections from Bahá’u’lláh’s writings, including <i>Rashḥ-i-‘Amá</i> (The Clouds of the Realms Above). This tablet is considered to be among the first if not the first revealed by Bahá'u'lláh after being apprised that He was to be the Manifestation of God. <li>For more information about this Tablet and its significance see <a href="1852-10-01">1852 (between Aug - Nov)</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/BWC.html">BWC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Call_of_the_Divine_Beloved_(book).html">Call of the Divine Beloved (book)</a>; <a href="../tags/Haft_Vadi_(Seven_Valleys).html">Haft Vadi (Seven Valleys)</a>; <a href="../tags/Chahar_Vadi_(Four_Valleys).html">Chahar Vadi (Four Valleys)</a>; <a href="../tags/Rashh-i-Ama_(Sprinkling_from_the_Cloud_of_Unknowing).html">Rashh-i-Ama (Sprinkling from the Cloud of Unknowing)</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahaullah%2c_Writings_of.html">Bahaullah, Writings of</a>; <a href="../tags/Publications.html">Publications</a>; <a href="../tags/Translation.html">Translation</a>; <a href="../tags/BWNS.html">BWNS</a>; <a href="../tags/Mysticism.html">Mysticism</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2019</span> 11 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">‘Ali Nakhjavani, (b. 19 September, 1919 in Baku, Azerbaijan) former member of the Universal House of Justice (1963-2003), passed away in Molsheim, Alsace, France. He was 100 years old. The Universal House of Justice requested all National Assemblies that memorial services be held for him. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1361/">BWNS1361</a>] <li>After his father's death when he was two years old, his family was advised by 'Abdu'l-Bahá to move to Haifa where he grew up. In 1939 he received the Bachelor of Arts degree with distinction from the American University of Beirut, and then in the early 1940s he relocated to Iran, residing first in Tehran, then Tabriz and finally in Shiraz. In 1950 he was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís Iran where he served until the following year.<li> In 1951 he and his family moved to Uganda to assist with the development of the Bahá'í community in that country. He made his living as a teacher and lecturer. During his early years there, Enoch Olinga became a Bahá'í, and in 1953 Mr Nakhjavání and his wife Violette, along with Mr Olinga and two other Bahá'ís, travelled from Uganda to Cameroon to help spread the Bahá'í Faith in that country. <li>From 1954-61 he was a member of the Auxiliary Board in Africa, and later from 1956 to 1961 he was served on the Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly of Central and East Africa.<li> In 1961 he was elected to the International Bahá'í Council and so moved to Haifa. In 1963 he was elected to the Universal House of Justice during its inaugural convention, and served as a member of that body until 2003. [<a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/203936820/ali-yullah-nakhjavani">Find a grave</a>] <li>For a video tribute to Mr Nakhjavani see <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_l-2nIRZfQ">YouTube</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Baku.html">Baku</a>; <a href="../locations/Azerbaijan.html">Azerbaijan</a>; <a href="../locations/Beirut.html">Beirut</a>; <a href="../locations/Lebanon.html">Lebanon</a>; <a href="../locations/Molsheim.html">Molsheim</a>; <a href="../locations/France.html">France</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Ali_Nakhjavani.html">Ali Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; <a href="../tags/American_University_of_Beirut.html">American University of Beirut</a>; <a href="../tags/Enoch_Olinga.html">Enoch Olinga</a>; <a href="../tags/Violette_Nakhjavani.html">Violette Nakhjavani</a>; <a href="../tags/International_Bahai_Council.html">International Bahai Council</a>; <a href="../tags/Auxiliary_Board_Members.html">Auxiliary Board Members</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 27 Jan</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Baha’i International Community expressed its concern with the surge in persecution by the Iranian authorities against the Bahá'í community. It had the appearance of an institutional decision that impacted Bahá'ís across the country. <li>By restricting applicants of the new Iranian national identification card to select only one of the four recognized religions—i.e. Islam, Christianity, Judaism or Zoroastrianism—those belonging to other faiths, including Bahá'ís, were forced to either lie about their beliefs or remain deprived of the most basic civil services, such as applying for a loan, cashing a check, or buying property. <li> A court has ruled that all of the properties belonging to the Bahá'ís in the village of Ivel be confiscated on the basis that Bahá'ís have “a perverse ideology” and therefore have no “legitimacy in their ownership” of any property. This outrageous decision is despite the fact that Baha’is have been resident in the area and owned properties there for generations, reaching as far back as the mid 1800s. <li>In the previous three months alone, dozens of Bahá'ís were arrested and dozens more received religiously-motivated sentences, for a combined prison term of nearly one hundred years. Individual Bahá'ís were sentenced to upwards of ten years in prison; in yet another case the gold used by a Bahá'í in his jewelry business was called for to be confiscated. <li>In the previous three months, Bahá'ís also experienced multiple home raids, attacks on properties, confiscation of possessions, dismissals from employment, and continued denial of access to higher education. In one case, a Bahá'í home was entirely destroyed. In another instance, a non-Bahá'í employer was forced to provide a list of her Bahá'í employees and then to dismiss them from employment. <li> A relentless campaign of misinformation about the Bahá'í Faith targeting the Iranian public has continued in full force in the news and social media. Thousands of such anti-Bahá'í propaganda have circulated in 2019 alone. [<a href="https://www.bic.org/news/bahais-punished-being-truthful-about-their-faith">BIC 27 January 2020</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.bic.org/focus-areas/situation-iranian-bahais/current-situation?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=df90568237af88d14749e4f8e5f069012e2d076e-1609866560-0-ATDMvoaNDRyuxFvWGWN60wcjVcEsLY1bHtZxvMYbwZ3Hw5LzyGHGoZbtxp9KY2zkgbpz5il3yY6igrA-R2Kuo-ISGyJeAkSN7c3pCWZSx5CeiEjkQMFtj1sH0z_CKQBm-4Jj_QwXL27mNhP2y981iAIDuKXgA0PbtmqUPzr-J7pX9RH-_-bmcu8RI81PPvcMqx81U9228hURuKkR69d_o9NyXiMugVOqHVGg1LASraoENPmky9XhtbR-QvldvdOB78zUd6WA6N3mppz9OcAquvw7zDKh1E6o0BWkrhjHfCqz9ctFTuKSdLd78h2BrfmVTgBpjqcY9IzJK7gP7tWKhsZq9mtQpFhH6FOcDuu7Kam_YMjweEllZ51QFoOf6zKs7A">an update</a> on the situation of the Bahá'ís in Iran from the Bahá'í International Community as of August 2020. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a>; <a href="../locations/Ivel.html">Ivel</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 5 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The establishment of the International Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance (IRFBA) in Washington DC created to promote Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that all peoples have freedom to believe or not believe, to change faith, to meet alone for prayer or together for worship. At its inception, the Alliance had 27 founding members. They published a declaration, written in cooperation with the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB) that set out the guiding principles of the Alliance. The ministers of the alliance meet once a year on a rotating basis. [<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2020/02/06/us-launches-the-first-ever-international-religious-freedom-alliance/?sh=b5eab9b40e64">Forbes Magazine</a>; <a href="../../sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Delbrasonu/en-us/file/International%20Religion%20or%20Belief%20Alliance%20UNGA%20statement%20-%2001_12_2020.pdf">Joint Statement</a>; <a href="https://www.state.gov/international-religious-freedom-or-belief-alliance/#:~:text=WHAT%20IS%20THE%20ALLIANCE%3F,to%20the%20Declaration%20of%20Principles">Website</a>] <li>See <a href="https://2017-2021.state.gov/answering-the-call-to-advance-religious-freedom/index.html">Press Statement</a> and <a href="https://www.state.gov/declaration-of-principles-for-the-international-religious-freedom-alliance/">Declaration of Principles for the International Religious Freedom Alliance</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Washington_DC.html">Washington DC</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/The_International_Religious_Freedom_or_Belief_Alliance.html">The International Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance</a>; <a href="../tags/IRFBA.html">IRFBA</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 2 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Bahá'í International Community-Brussels hosted a conference entitled <i>A Vision for A Society of the Future? A Brainstorming Session on AI</i>. [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_unJJIwLWI&t=8s">YouTube</a>; <a href="https://us20.campaign-archive.com/?u=15ec3a26a2f5e505d32dc130c&id=28a53cce4d">BIC website</a>] <li>See <a href="https://www.upliftingwords.org/post/assumptions-about-human-nature-shape-the-design-of-ai-technology">Uplifting Words</a> for a brief report on the brainstorming session.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Brussels.html">Brussels</a>; <a href="../locations/Belgium.html">Belgium</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 22 Mar</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">Houthi-controlled Court of Appeal upheld the preliminary ruling that ordered the execution of Hamed bin Haydara. He was not allowed to attend the trial nor was he allowed to have anyone defend him. The court ruling also ordered that his properties, as well as those of the Bahá'í institutions in the country, be confiscated. [<a href="https://republicanyemen.net/archives/23500?fbclid=IwAR1p7xdYC0rBQ3EoICWxQIasXxKqivcEcGCwiBEpjymvk7WZyWBI0r67R3E">Republican Yeman</a> dated 22 March 2020] <li> In January 2018, Mr. Haydara was sentenced to public execution. Eighteen court hearings have been held since then, and the last one was scheduled to have taken place on March 31, before being brought forward unexpectedly to the 22nd of March. This hearing took place after more than six years of unjustified detention, false and unfounded allegations, and harsh and degrading treatment of Mr. Haydara. <li>In recent years, the first instance court in Sana'a has not only tried Mr. Haydara but has targeted more than twenty members of the Bahá'í community, including members of the Bahá’í administrative structure. Mr. Haydara was one of six Bahá'ís detained in Yemen for their beliefs at the time of this hearing. <li>The case of Mr. Haydara has received widespread media attention since his detention. See <a href="https://www.bic.org/situation-in-yemen/reports-situation-yemen">Media Coverage and Statements on the Persecution of the Bahá'ís in Sana'a, Yemen</a>. <li>Bahá’ís have been systematically persecuted since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. The Iranian state even formulated its own state doctrine in 1991 with the aim of eliminating Bahá'í as a viable community in Iran and abroad. The persecution was exported to Yemen via the influence on the Houthis. [<a href="https://iran.bahai.de/2020/03/gerichtsverhandlung-des-jemenitischen-bahai-hamed-bin-haydara-unerwartet-auf-heute-vertagt/?fbclid=IwAR1gEbdSWa99igwCH6prDsLc5ZqbXHWOPbVHRhAEzkGSq6IceSOOppkUFzw">Website of the Bahá’í community in Germany</a>] <li>For further information see <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1403/">BWNS 1303</a>; <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1232/">BWNS 1232</a>; <a href="https://www.bic.org/news/court-hearing-yemeni-bahai-unexpectedly-rescheduled-tomorrow">BIC 21 March 2020</a>; <a href="https://www.bic.org/news/sanaa-court-upholds-death-sentence-against-yemeni-bahai?fbclid=IwAR3k8g7taJcJ-BlqNxIQkGv12lm0CUlZNAvitXmen_Ts637sgCNnRSlF9FI">BIC 23 March 2020</a>; <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1036/">BWNS 1036</a>. <li><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/yemen-huthirun-court-upholds-death-sentence-against-bahai-prisoner-of-conscience/">Amnesty International</a>.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Sanaa.html">Sanaa</a>; <a href="../locations/Yemen.html">Yemen</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hamed_bin_Haydara.html">Hamed bin Haydara</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Court_cases.html">Persecution, Court cases</a>; <a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Yemen.html">Persecution, Yemen</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 29 Apr</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The design for the local Bahá'í House of Worship to be built in Bihar Sharif was unveiled. (Due to the coronavirus situation, the announcement was made online in lieu of a ceremony that would have marked the historic event.) News of this project was announced in <a href="2012-04-21-02.html">2012</a> along with other projects in Battambang, Cambodia; Matunda Soy, Kenya; Norte del Cauca, Colombia; and Tanna, Vanuatu. <li>The architectural firm <a href="https://www.spacematters.in/">Space Matters</a> of New Delhi was selected and the project was the creation of the founders of the firm, Moulshri Joshi, Amritha Ballal, and Suditya Sinha. <li>The <a href="https://archplusdesign.com/design-of-bahai-house-of-worship-in-bihar-sharif-unveiled/">design</a>. <li>See article in <a href="https://architecturelive.in/bahai-temple-bihar-spacematters/">Architecture Live</a>. <ul><li>For an interview with the architects see <a href="../../c48725c0-364b-4da5-a411-4d896af4789e.filesusr.com/ugd/d91ce4_d3337708f5ac46d285e94e86a5c61b3a.pdf">Surface Magazine</a> (PDF).</ul> <li>Drawing on patterns found in the Madhubani folk art of Bihar and the region’s long architectural heritage, the firm created a design with a repeating pattern of arches. The domed edifice will step up from nine arches at the base, multiplying until each segment appears to merge into a single geometry. Openings at the center of the dome and in each ring of arches will reduce the weight of the ceiling while allowing gentle light to filter in. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1421/">BWNS1421</a>] <li><a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1421/slideshow/1/">Slideshow</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Bihar_Sharif.html">Bihar Sharif</a>; <a href="../locations/New_Delhi.html">New Delhi</a>; <a href="../locations/India.html">India</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar_(House_of_Worship).html">Mashriqul-Adhkar (House of Worship)</a>; <a href="../tags/Mashriqul-Adhkar%2c_Local.html">Mashriqul-Adhkar, Local</a>; <a href="../tags/-_Basic_timeline%2c_Expanded.html">- Basic timeline, Expanded</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 25 May</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">George Floyd, an African-American man, was killed during an arrest by four police officers. Subsequently a memorial was set up for him on the site where he died. [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_George_Floyd">Wikipedia</a>] <li>The memorial was about one block from the Minneapolis Bahá'í Center. See <a href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/64365229/the-american-bahai-august-september-october-2020-o-v51n04">The American Bahá’í - August/September/October 2020 • V51N04</a> for the story of how the Bahá'í community reacted to the crisis in their neighbourhood. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Minneapolis.html">Minneapolis</a>; <a href="../locations/Minnesota.html">Minnesota</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/George_Floyd.html">George Floyd</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 2 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Hossain Banadaki Danesh in Victoria, BC <li>His major publications were: <ul><li><i>The Violence Free-Society: A Gift for Our Children</i>. Bahá’í Studies. Vol. 6. 1979. <li><i>Unity: The Creative Foundation of Peace</i>. Bahá’í Studies Publications, Ottawa 1986. <li><i>The Psychology of Spirituality</i>. Paradigm Publishing, Manotick, Ontario 1994. <li><i>The Violence Free Family. Building Block of a Peaceful Civilization</i>. Bahá’í Studies Publications, Ottawa, Canada 1995. <li><i>Conflict-Free Conflict Resolution (CFCR): Process and Methodology.</i> with Roshan Danesh. Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, Fall. (March 21, 2004). <li><a href="http://www.unityfaithreason.org/about-the-author.html"><i>Unity of Faith and Reason in Action</i></a> 2010. <li><i>The Unity-Based Family. An Empirical Study of Healthy Marriage, Family, and Parenting</i>. H.B. Danesh, MD, FRCP(C), with Azin Nasseri, PhD. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 1 edition (1 April 2017). </ul> <li>For a more complete list see his <a href="http://www.hbdanesh.org/publications.html">website</a>. <li>Documents by Hossain Danesh on <a href="../author/Hossain%2bDanesh.html">Bahai-library.com</a>. <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqr36GiFta-_J3iYT7RO5iw">YouTube</a>. <li>See <a href="http://www.hbdanesh.org/">his website</a>. iiiii </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Victoria_BC.html">Victoria BC</a>; <a href="../locations/Canada.html">Canada</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Hossain_Danesh.html">Hossain Danesh</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2020</span> 21 Oct</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The Bahá'í International Community launched the statement entitled <a href="../../www.bic.org/sites/default/files/pdf/un75_20201020.pdf"><i>A Governance Befitting: Humanity and the Path Toward a Just Global Order</i></a> on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. The launch event, which welcomed some 200 attendees across the world, was an invitation to further exploration and one of many contributions the BIC is making to discussions about the need for systems of global cooperation to be strengthened. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1461/">BWNS1461</a>] <p> The statement, which was released in <a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1451/">September</a>, highlights the need for systems of global cooperation to be strengthened if humanity is to address the serious challenges of our time and seize the immense opportunities of the coming years for progress. <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_RIKfSKnZU&feature=emb_rel_end">YouTube</a> <li>See <a href="https://t.co/9XRz8Alwmb">a perspective piece</a> on the statement by journalist and anthropologist Temily Tavangar. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a>; <a href="../locations/United_States.html">United States</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/United_Nations.html">United Nations</a>; <a href="../tags/Statements.html">Statements</a>; <a href="../tags/BIC_statements.html">BIC statements</a>; <a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#f0fff0;"><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2021</span> 3 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">To mark the 25th anniversary of the landmark <b>Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action</b> that resulted from the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, the Bahá'í International Community released a film that reflected on the advances made toward the goals for gender equality articulated in the declaration. <br>The feature-length film called <i>Glimpses into the Spirit of Gender Equality</i> premiered at a virtual screening before a gathering of UN officials, ambassadors of member states, non-governmental organizations, and other civil society actors. <UL>“The film examines advances in the area of equality of women and men at the level of the grassroots and their connection with the conversations that have been unfolding at the UN, drawing on examples inspired by Bahá’í community-building efforts in different countries around the world,” said Saphira Rameshfar, Representative of the BIC.</ul> <li>The film available on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqOeUNMEpAI">YouTube</a>. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1485/">BWNS1485</a>] <li>For the response to this film see <a href="https://www.bic.org/news/ambassadors-respond-bic-film-glimpses-spirit-gender-equality">BIC News</a>. </td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/New_York.html">New York</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Bahai_International_Community.html">Bahai International Community</a>; <a href="../tags/film.html">film</a>; <a href="../tags/Gender.html">Gender</a>; <a href="../tags/Equality.html">Equality</a>; <a href="../tags/Saphira_Rameshfar.html">Saphira Rameshfar</a>; <a href="../tags/Glimpses_into_the_Spirit_of_Gender_Equality.html">Glimpses into the Spirit of Gender Equality</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2021</span> 5 Feb</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">More than 40 prominent members of Canada’s legal community, including former Supreme Court judges and justice ministers, have penned an open letter to the Chief Justice of Iran, Ebrahim Raisi, in order to draw attention to what they call “an alarming new chapter” in Iran’s state-sanctioned persecution of its Bahá'í religious minority. Their letter came in response to a series of court rulings in 2020 that sanctioned the confiscation of the properties of dozens Bahá’ís in the village of Ivel in northern Iran justifying the seizure and sale of land on the grounds their religion denies them the right to own property. [<a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-former-canadian-judges-justice-ministers-and-scholars-decry-irans/">Globe & Mail</a> 8Feb21] <li>For a complete report see <a href="https://opa.bahai.ca/areas-focus/situation-iran-yemen/ivel/"><i>Land confiscation and mass displacement of Bahá'ís in Iran</i></a>. <li>For the letter and the list of signatories see <a href="https://openletter-ivelbahais.ca/"><i> Open Letter to the Chief Justice of the Islamic Republic of Iran</i></a>. <li>Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney included his signature on this open letter. [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1488/">BWNS1488</a>] <li>Letter from the <a href="../../www.bahai.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Bahai-statment.pdf">American Islamic Congress</a>. <li><a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/21861/muslim-leaders-former-canadian-pm-denounce-confiscation-bahai-homes/">Iran Press Watch</a>. <li><a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/21841/open-letter-nobel-laureate-torsten-wiesel-decrying-irans-seizures-bahai-lands/">Open letter by Nobel Laureate Torsten Wiesel</a>. <li><a href="https://www.publicaffairs.bahai.org.uk/single-post/shaykh-ibrahim-mogra-statement-on-persecution-of-bahá-ís-in-ivel">Statement by Shaykh Ibrahim Mogra</a> Chair of the Virtues Ethics Foundation and one of the leading Islamic scholars in the United Kingdom. <li>A "Twitter Storm" was organized using <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TWoyFUzUIE"><b>#ItsTheirLand</b></a> on the 22nd and 23rd of February. <li>The Canadian Foreign Minister, Marc Garneau, said his government was “concerned” by the ruling, urging Iran to “eliminate all forms of discrimination based on religion or belief.” The call was echoed by officials in Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, Brazil, the United States, the European Parliament and the United Nations. <li>Support also came from the All India Tanzeem Faiahul Muslimeen and the all India Safi Association. [<a href=:https://news.bahai.org/story/1490/">BWNS1480</a>] <li>See the letter of support from South Africa's <a href="../../www.bahai.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Letter-1.pdf">Legal Resources Centre</a>. The LRC was established in 1979 to use the law as an instrument of justice, challenging the legal structures of apartheid. Since its inception, the LRC has always engaged in strategic legal interventions aimed at ensuring that all persons regardless of the race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation realise and enjoy their fundamental human rights. <li>Ahmed Shaheed, the UN’s Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Religion or Belief, said he stood in solidarity with the Bahá’ís in Iran “who are facing systemic persecution [and] egregious rights violations.” [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1495/">BWNS1495</a>] <li>A webinar was held at the European Parliament on the situation in Ivel with participation from European Union officials and a former UN Special Rapporteur, Miloon Kothari. Additionally, the Chair of the European Parliament delegation for relations with Iran, Cornelia Ernst, called the Bahá’ís a “particularly vulnerable community” and condemned the Iranian government’s “disastrous policies towards the Bahá’ís.” [<a href="https://news.bahai.org/story/1495/">BWNS1495</a>] <li>The Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights strongly condemned the continued persecution of the Bahá'í community in Iran. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/21985/rwchr-statement-condemning-iranian-persecution-bahais/">Iran Press Watch</a>] <li>Canadian MPs from all five political parties recorded a video calling on the Iranian authorities: “Enough is enough”. [<a href="http://iranpresswatch.org/post/21958/wide-reaching-solidarity-expressed-bahais-facing-persecution-iran/">Iran Press Watch</a>] <a href="../abbreviations_bahai_writings.html"><span style="font-size:75%;">[key]</span></a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Ivel.html">Ivel</a>; <a href="../locations/Mazandaran.html">Mazandaran</a>; <a href="../locations/Iran.html">Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/Persecution%2c_Iran.html">Persecution, Iran</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" class="chronoul" width="10%"><span style="color:#000;">2022</span> 6 Jun</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul">The passing of Jim (James Eugene) Seals, (b. 17 October 1941 or 1942 in Sidney, Texas) singer, musician and songwriter was announced on <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CefNbh1N0Sg/">social media</a> by a relative, Bradley Seals. He passed away in Nashville, TN. [<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jun/10/jim-seals-obituary">The Guardian 10 June 2022</a>] <li>See his <a href="https://www.bahai.us/remembering-musician-jimmy-seals-1941-2022/">obituary</a> on the site of the Bahá'ís of the United States. <li>See <a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=seals+and+crofts">YouTube</a>. <li>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals_and_Crofts">Wikipedia</a> for their career trajectory and disography. <li>This <a href="https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&start=2022-05-31&end=2022-06-11&pages=Seals_and_Crofts|Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith">chart</a>, courtesy of Steven Kolins, shows the internet traffic generated by the announcement of his passing.</td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../locations/Sidney%2c_TX.html">Sidney, TX</a>; <a href="../locations/Nashville%2c_TN.html">Nashville, TN</a></td> <td valign="top" class="chronoul" style="font-size:.9em;"><a href="../tags/In_Memoriam.html">In Memoriam</a>; 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